RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
File Name: 14a0176p.06
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
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JOSEPH MOYER, ┐
Plaintiff-Appellant, │
│
│ No. 13-1396
v. │
>
│
METROPOLITAN LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY, │
Defendant-Appellee. │
┘
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Michigan at Flint.
No. 4:12-cv-10766—Gershwin A. Drain, District Judge.
Decided and Filed: August 7, 2014
Before: COOK and STRANCH, Circuit Judges; CARR, District Judge. *
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COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: David B. Grant, GRANT BUSCH & KIRSCHNER, Southfield, Michigan, for
Appellant. David M. Davis, HARDY, LEWIS & PAGE, P.C., Birmingham, Michigan, for
Appellee.
STRANCH, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CARR, D.J., joined. COOK,
J. (pp. 8–10), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
*
The Honorable James G. Carr, United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio, sitting by
designation.
1
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 2
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OPINION
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STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Joseph Moyer, an ERISA plan participant, appeals the district
court’s dismissal for untimeliness of his action against the plan’s claim administrator,
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MetLife), seeking recovery of unpaid ERISA plan
benefits. Because MetLife failed to include notice of the time limits for judicial review in its
adverse benefit determination letter, we REVERSE.
I. Background
As an employee of Solvay America, Inc., Moyer participated in Solvay’s ERISA-
governed Long Term Disability Plan. When Moyer applied for disability benefits in 2005,
MetLife initially approved his claim, but reversed its decision in 2007 after determining that
Moyer retained the physical capacity to perform work other than his former job. Moyer filed an
administrative appeal, and MetLife affirmed the revocation of benefits on June 20, 2008.
Moyer’s adverse benefit determination letter included notice of the right to judicial review but
failed to include notice that a three-year contractual time limit applied to judicial review. The
Summary Plan Description (SPD) failed to provide notice of either Moyer’s right to judicial
review or the applicable time limit for initiating judicial review.
On February 20, 2012, Moyer sued MetLife, seeking recovery of unpaid plan benefits
under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). MetLife moved to dismiss, arguing that the plan’s three-year
limitations period barred Moyer’s claim. The district court agreed, noting that the plan
documents—which were not sent to plan participants unless requested—stated in the Claims
Procedure section of the plan that there was a three-year limitations period for filing suit. It
concluded that MetLife provided Moyer with constructive notice of the contractual time limit for
judicial review. Moyer now appeals, requesting equitable tolling.
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 3
II. Analysis
We review de novo the district court’s holding that the plan’s contractual limitations
period barred Moyer’s claim under § 1132(a)(1)(B). See Fallin v. Commonwealth Indus., Inc.,
695 F.3d 512, 515 (6th Cir. 2012).
Courts uphold contractual limitations periods embodied in ERISA plans as long as the
period qualifies as “reasonable.” Med. Mut. of Ohio v. k. Amalia Enters. Inc., 548 F.3d 383, 390
(6th Cir. 2008). Here, the administrative record contains a plan document of approximately
50 pages that includes a section on Claims Procedure providing that “[n]o lawsuit may be started
more than 3 years after the time proof [of a claim] must be given.” R. 12-4, Long Term
Disability Plan, Page ID 1065. Past decisions of this court have upheld as reasonable similar
three-year limitations periods. See Rice v. Jefferson Pilot Fin. Ins. Co., 578 F.3d 450, 454 (6th
Cir. 2009); Med. Mut. of Ohio, 548 F.3d at 390–91; Morrison v. Marsh & McLennan Cos., 439
F.3d 295, 301–02 (6th Cir. 2006). This time limit for seeking judicial review was not provided
to Moyer in the correspondence revoking his benefits or in the SPD.
A. Adverse Benefit Determination Letter
Being unaware of the contractual time limit, Moyer filed his complaint late. He asks us
to toll the filing deadline, alleging that MetLife breached its obligations under ERISA by failing
to include in his benefit revocation letter the time limit for seeking judicial review. We agree
with Moyer that on the date his revocation letter was sent, it was required to include the time
limit for judicial review. We turn to the ERISA “Claims procedure” statute, 29 U.S.C. § 1133, to
explain why.
The dissent argues that we may not examine the requirements for claim-denial letters
because Moyer’s arguments failed to specifically reference that statute and that regulation. We
do not see our review as so narrowly circumscribed. Moyer argues in his brief, as he did before
the district court, that MetLife’s correspondence with him—including specifically the adverse
benefit determination letter—was required to include the time limits for judicial review. The
issue, therefore, was properly raised and we may consider the relevant arguments, including
application of the appropriate ERISA provisions.
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 4
ERISA § 1133 governs adverse benefit determination letters. It explicitly authorizes the
Secretary of Labor to establish regulations explaining the meaning of the statute and requires that
the statute be applied “[i]n accordance with regulations of the Secretary.” 29 U.S.C. § 1133; see
Kent v. United of Omaha Life Ins. Co., 96 F.3d 803, 806 (6th Cir. 1996). The regulations require
that benefit denial letters provide: “[a] description of the plan’s review procedures and the time
limits applicable to such procedures, including a statement of the claimant’s right to bring a civil
action . . . following an adverse benefit determination on review.” 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1
(emphasis added). The claimant’s right to bring a civil action is expressly included as a part of
those procedures for which applicable time limits must be provided.
Cases of and in our sister circuits support this conclusion. See Ortega Candelaria v.
Orthobiologics LLC, 661 F.3d 675, 680 (1st Cir. 2011) (“[The employer] was required by
[29 C.F.R. § 2560.503–1(g)(1)(iv)] to provide [the employee] with notice of his right to bring
suit under ERISA, and the time frame for doing so, when it denied his request for benefits.”
(emphasis added)); McGowan v. New Orleans Empl’rs Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n, 538 F.App’x
495, 498 (5th Cir. 2013) (finding that a benefit termination letter substantially complied with
29 C.F.R. § 2560.503–1(g)(1)(iv) because, in addition to enclosing the benefit booklet and
specifying the pages containing the review procedures and time limits, the letter “mentioned
McGowan’s right to file suit under § 502(a) of ERISA, as well as the one-year time limit”);
White v. Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada, 488 F.3d 240, 247 n.2 (4th Cir. 2007) (emphasizing
that the right to bring a civil action is an integral part of a full and fair benefit review and that the
adverse benefit determination letter must include the relevant information related to that right)
(abrogated on other grounds by Heimeshoff v. Hartford Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 134 S. Ct. 604, 612
(2013)); see also Novick v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 764 F.Supp.2d 653, 660–64 (S.D.N.Y.
2011) (concluding that 29 CFR § 2560.503–1(g) requires that the adverse benefit determination
letter include the time limits for judicial review); Solien v. Raytheon Long Term Disability Plan
#590, No. CV07-456 TUC DCB, 2008 WL 2323915, at *8 (D. Ariz. June 2, 2008) (holding that
“[j]udicial review is an appeal procedure for an adverse benefit determination and is therefore a
part of the claim procedures covered by these regulations, especially when the time limit for
filing a judicial action is established contractually by the Plan”).
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 5
Our recent opinion in Engleson v. Unum Life Insurance Company of America supports
this conclusion as well. 723 F.3d 611 (6th Cir. 2013). In Engleson, the plaintiff claimed that the
insurance company “was required to disclose his right to seek review in federal court and the
contractual time limitation attached to that right in its claim denial letters.” Id. at 617. Engleson
held that such notice was not required for that plaintiff but added that the regulations were
different now, and “[h]ad these events transpired a year later, [the plaintiff] would have a
colorable ERISA violation.” Id. at 618. The version of the regulations that Engleson held would
have given rise to a colorable ERISA violation claim is the version in force in this case.
Engleson also noted that the Fourth Circuit’s opinion in White, 488 F.3d at 247 n.2, suggests this
same conclusion—that “the scope of § 1133 and the notice derived therefrom includes both
internal and judicial mechanisms for review.” Engleson, 723 F.3d at 618–19. Engleson did not
follow White, however, because “Unum was under no regulatory obligation” at that time. Id.
MetLife was subject to the regulatory obligation recognized in Engleson and White when
it revoked Moyer’s benefits; its failure to include the judicial review time limits in the adverse
benefit determination letter renders the letter not in substantial compliance with §1133. As part
of our substantial compliance analysis, we consider whether the adverse benefit determination
letter fails to fulfill the purposes of §1133 “that the claimant be notified of the reasons for the
denial of the claim and have a fair opportunity for review.” Kent, 96 F.3d at 807.
Relying on language from Wenner v. Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada, 482 F.3d 878,
882 (6th Cir. 2007), the dissent contends that the purpose of §1133 is limited to assuring review
by the plan fiduciary. But that statement in Wenner was bound to its facts—that the adverse
benefit determination letter failed to provide the plaintiff information on his right to have the
benefit decision reviewed by the named fiduciary. Id. It does not discount the statutory and
regulatory language that applies to judicial review. Wenner, moreover, also properly stated the
general purpose of §1133 by noting, “[a]s this court has repeatedly said, the purpose of § 1133 is
to ‘notify[ ] Plaintiff of [the plan administrator’s] reasons for denying his claims and affording
him a fair opportunity for review.’” Id. (quoting Moore v. LaFayette Life Ins. Co., 458 F.3d
416, 436 (6th Cir. 2006)). Substantial compliance entails provision of all that is necessary to
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 6
satisfy the purpose of §1133—notice of the reasons for denial and a fair opportunity for the type
of review that is appropriate under the particular facts of the case.
Our sister circuits apply this general statement of the purpose of §1133 when analyzing
substantial compliance and, where applicable to the facts of the case, specifically note that part
of the purpose of §1133 is to ensure effective judicial review. Brown v. J.B. Hunt Transp. Servs.,
Inc., 586 F.3d 1079, 1086 (8th Cir. 2009) (“One of the purposes of § 1133 is to provide
claimants with sufficient information to prepare adequately for any further administrative review
or for an appeal to the federal courts.”); Gagliano v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 547 F.3d
230, 235 (4th Cir. 2008) (“The purpose of the ERISA mandated appeal process is an important
one. That process enables a claimant who is denied benefits to have an impartial administrative
review, but also make an administrative record for a court review if that later occurs.”); Brogan
v. Holland, 105 F.3d 158, 165 (9th Cir. 1997) (“To substantially comply with the regulation, the
Trustees must have supplied the beneficiary with a statement of reasons that, under the
circumstances of the case, permitted a sufficiently clear understanding of the administrator’s
position to permit effective review.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
The exclusion of the judicial review time limits from the adverse benefit determination
letter was inconsistent with ensuring a fair opportunity for review and rendered the letter not in
substantial compliance. Moreover, “[a] notice that fails to substantially comply with these
[§ 1133] requirements does not trigger a time bar contained within the plan.” Burke v. Kodak
Ret. Income Plan, 336 F.3d 103, 107 (2d Cir. 2003).
Where an insurance company’s failure to comply with the procedural requirements of
§1133 represents a “significant error on a question of law,” a related claim should be remanded
to the appropriate body for review. VanderKlok v. Provident Life & Acc. Ins. Co., Inc., 956 F.2d
610, 616–17 (6th Cir. 1992); see also McCartha v. Nat’l City Corp., 419 F.3d 437, 444 (6th Cir.
2005) (“If the denial notice is not in substantial compliance with § 1133, reversal and remand to
the district court or to the plan administrator is ordinarily appropriate.”). Moyer was denied his
right to judicial review as a result of MetLife’s failure to comply with §1133. The appropriate
remedy is to remand to the district court so that Moyer may now receive judicial review.
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 7
B. Summary Plan Description
Moyer also claims that MetLife breached 29 U.S.C. §1022 by failing to include notice of
the right to judicial review and the applicable time limit in the SPD. We need not address this
issue because we have already established that MetLife’s inadequate adverse benefit
determination letter requires that the district court hear Moyer’s benefit appeal.
III. Conclusion
We accordingly REVERSE and REMAND to the district court to consider Moyer’s
judicial appeal of his adverse benefit determination.
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 8
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DISSENT
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COOK, Circuit Judge, dissenting. In reversing the district court, the majority decides an
unargued and unpreserved issue. Contrary to the majority’s characterization of his argument,
Moyer nowhere contends that the claim-denial letter violated 29 U.S.C. § 1133. Indeed, Moyer’s
brief neither mentions the legal requirements for claim-denial letters nor cites § 1133 or its
implementing regulation, 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1. In both the district court and on appeal,
Moyer rested his argument on 29 U.S.C. § 1022—the statute that governs summary plan
descriptions—referring to the claim-denial letter only in passing. MetLife thus had no reason to
respond to arguments under § 1133, and the district court never considered § 1133. The majority
nevertheless interprets that statute to require claim-denial letters to include a warning setting
forth the time limit for bringing a civil action under ERISA.
Ample authority counsels against the majority’s approach. “[W]e rely on the parties to
frame the issues for decision and assign to courts the role of neutral arbiter of matters the parties
present.” Greenlaw v. United States, 554 U.S. 237, 243 (2008); accord Carducci v. Regan,
714 F.2d 171, 177 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (Scalia, J.) (“The premise of our adversarial system is that
appellate courts do not sit as self-directed boards of legal inquiry and research . . . .”). And in the
argument-forfeiture context, our precedent holds that “[a]rguments not squarely presented to the
district court are not reviewed on appeal.” Thomas M. Cooley Law Sch. v. Kurzon Strauss, LLP,
--- F.3d ---, 2014 WL 2959066, at *4 (6th Cir. 2014); cf. United States v. Layne, 706 F.3d 741,
756 (6th Cir. 1999) (“[I]ssues adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some
effort at developed argumentation, are deemed waived . . . .”). This rule “eases appellate review
by having the district court first consider the issue [and] ensures fairness to litigants by
preventing surprise issues from appearing on appeal.” Rice v. Jefferson Pilot Fin. Ins. Co.,
578 F.3d 450, 454 (6th Cir. 2009). These considerations apply with even greater force to
arguments never raised by the parties.
Moreover, whether 29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1 requires a claim-denial letter to state the
limitations period for civil actions presents a more difficult issue than the majority
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 9
acknowledges, buttressing my view that it errs in interpreting that regulation without the benefit
of briefing. True, had Moyer argued that MetLife’s claim-denial letter violated § 1133, dicta in
Engleson suggests that he would “have a colorable ERISA violation.” See Engleson v. Unum
Life Ins. Co. of Am., 723 F.3d 611, 618 (6th Cir. 2013). Yet, courts elsewhere split on whether
the regulation requires a claim-denial letter to inform a plan participant of both their right to
bring a civil action and the action’s limitations period. Compare Ortega Candelaria v.
Orthobiologics LLC, 661 F.3d 675, 680 (1st Cir. 2011) (holding that a claim-denial letter must
include the limitations period for civil actions) and Novick v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 764 F. Supp.
2d 653, 66064 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (same), with Heimeshoff v. Hartford Life & Accidental Ins. Co.,
No. 3:10cv1813 (JBA), 2012 WL 171325, at *67 (D. Conn. Jan. 20, 2012) (holding that a
claim-denial letter complied with the regulation despite omitting the civil action limitations
period) and Koblentz v. UPS Flexible Emp. Benefits Plan, No. 12-CV-0107-LAB, 2013 WL
4525432, at *4 & n.5 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2013) (same).
The Fifth Circuit’s decision in McGowan v. New Orleans Employers International
Longshoremen’s Ass’n, 538 F. App’x 495 (5th Cir. 2013), did not hold that a claim-denial letter
must always include the time limit to bring an ERISA action. Rather, it held that the letter at
issue there—which included the appropriate limitations period—“substantially complied” with
§ 1133 even though it failed to include the time limit for submitting an appeal to the plan
administrator. Id. at 498. Likewise, the Fourth Circuit noted merely that “[t]he civil action is
treated as an integral part of [a full and fair review]” before quoting the regulation. White v. Sun
Life Assurance Co. of Canada, 488 F.3d 240, 247 n.2 (4th Cir. 2007). And that decision offered
no opinion about the requirements of § 1133.
In its validating an unpreserved claim, the majority gives short shrift to the “substantial
compliance” test that “[t]his circuit applies . . . to determine whether § 1133’s notice
requirements have been met.” Wenner v. Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada, 482 F.3d 878, 882
(6th Cir. 2007). Under our test, “[i]f the communications between the administrator and
participant as a whole fulfill the twin purposes of § 1133, the administrator’s decision will be
upheld even where the particular communication does not meet those requirements.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted). The “twin purposes” of § 1133 are “(1) to notify the
No. 13-1396 Moyer v Metro. Life Ins. Page 10
claimant of the specific reasons for a claim denial, and (2) to provide the claimant an opportunity
to have that decision reviewed by the fiduciary.” Id.; see also 29 U.S.C. § 1133.
Had Moyer presented an argument under § 1133, MetLife could have plausibly
responded that its correspondence to Moyer, taken as a whole, fulfilled the purposes of § 1133
and substantially complied with its notice requirements despite omitting the limitations period.
See McGowan, 538 F. App’x at 498 (holding that pension fund substantially complied with
ERISA despite failure to include time limit to submit request for review). But the majority
deprives MetLife of this opportunity by taking up this issue and ruling in Moyer’s favor sua
sponte, short-circuiting the adversarial process. All this precedes the majority’s issuance of a
precedential decision on an issue unbriefed by either party.
I would decide the only issue briefed by Moyer and considered by the district court:
whether MetLife’s failure to disclose the limitations period in the summary plan description
violated § 1022 and 29 C.F.R. § 2520.102-2(b), thereby entitling Moyer to equitable tolling. On
that issue, I would affirm the district court’s well-reasoned opinion.
I respectfully dissent.