Filed 8/7/14 In re Fred F. CA1/4
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION FOUR
In re FRED F., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, A140481
v.
(Napa County
FRED F., Super. Ct. No. JV16764)
Defendant and Appellant.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Fred F. (appellant) was ordered to pay direct victim restitution in the amount of
$23,063.92. He contends on appeal, as he did in the juvenile court below, that the
injuries for which restitution was ordered were not reasonably related to his conduct, nor
was the restitution award reasonably related to his future rehabilitation. We disagree, and
affirm.
II.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUNDS
On March 29, 2011, a juvenile wardship petition (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 602,
subd. (a)) was filed by the Napa County District Attorney’s Office alleging that appellant
committed felony resisting arrest (Pen. Code, § 148, subd. (a)(1)), and two misdemeanor
counts of vandalism (Pen. Code, § 594, subd. (b)(2)(A)), and cutting a utility line (Pen.
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Code, § 591). As to the felony count, it was also alleged that appellant resisted arrest
with the specific intent to promote, further, and assist a criminal street gang, and to
benefit the gang, within the meaning of Penal Code section 186.22. subdivision (d).
Subsequently, appellant was declared a ward of the court following his admissions
to allegations of misdemeanor resisting arrest and vandalism. He also admitted as true
the criminal street gang enhancement alleged in the petition. He was placed on probation
with conditions imposed.
A supplemental wardship petition was filed on December 20, 2011, alleging
appellant had committed a misdemeanor crime by giving false information to a police
officer (Pen. Code, § 148.9, subd. (a)), and that he had violated the terms of his probation
by violating his curfew condition by his consumption of alcohol, and by associating with
persons known to him to be members of a criminal street gang. The probation officer’s
detention report noted that appellant, then 15 years old, “was attending a party well past
curfew where there were numerous known Norteño criminal street gang members.”
There were large amounts of alcohol and marijuana at the party, and appellant ran from
law enforcement when they arrived to break up the party. The report noted also that
although appellant had not been a ward of the court for very long, “his involvement with
criminal street gangs and his substance abuse history is very concerning.” Appellant
thereafter admitted he had violated his probation by staying out after curfew and
drinking. Appellant was continued as a ward of the court and his probation extended on
January 11, 2012.
Less than one month later, a supplemental wardship petition was filed alleging two
misdemeanor counts of prowling (Pen. Code § 647, subd. (h)), and trespass (Pen. Code
§ 602, subd. (m)). The supplemental petition also alleged that appellant had violated the
terms of his probation by violating his curfew condition, and by consuming alcohol.
Appellant thereafter admitted the charges. In a subsequent probation report filed in
connection with the supplemental petition disposition, the author noted that appellant
admitted prior involvement with the Norteño street gang, and that he had been identified
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as such by law enforcement. Appellant was continued as a ward of the court and his
probation extended on March 14, 2012.
On December 12, 2012, the Napa County District Attorney filed a subsequent
delinquency petition (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 602, subd. (a)) and probation violation notice
(id. at § 777), which alleged that appellant committed assault with a deadly weapon (Pen.
Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1)), and assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily
injury (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(4)). The petition also alleged a violation of probation
by appellant possessing alcoholic beverages and associating with a gang. A special
allegation was also contained in the petition alleging that appellant committed the
assaults for the benefit of a criminal street gang (Pen. Code, § 186.22, subd. (b)(1)(A)).
A detention report filed that same day by the probation department described the
incidents underlying the most recent filing as arising out of a fight occurring on
August 17, 2012 (the August 17 incident). The fight involved several individuals,
including appellant, and included the use of weapons including batons, chains and knives.
At least one victim was reported to have been stabbed. During the event, appellant threw
a bottle at another victim causing injury. Early the next morning after the fight, police
interviewed appellant at his home during which the odor of alcohol was detected. A test
confirmed that he had been drinking.
On December 7, 2012, the probation department conducted a search of appellant’s
residence. An individual known to be a street gang member was found in the garage,
along with two open bottles of beer, five unopened bottles of beer, and a liter bottle of
vodka.
Appellant entered into a negotiated disposition on February 25, 2013, wherein the
court granted the prosecutor’s motion to add as count four that appellant disturbed the
peace for the benefit of a criminal street gang, a felony (Pen. Code, §§ 415, 186.22,
subd. (d)). Appellant then admitted count three (violation of probation) and the new
count four. The court found the admitted count (count four) to be a felony. On the
prosecutor’s motion, the court dismissed counts one and two and the street gang
enhancement pertaining to those two allegations.
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On April 3, 2013, the court continued appellant’s wardship and placed him at
home with terms, including that he be ordered to pay victim restitution. On October 2,
2013, appellant challenged the proposed restitution. At the December 4, 2013 continued
restitution hearing, the court ordered appellant to pay restitution in the amount of
$23,063.92.
Appellant timely appealed the restitution order.
III.
DISCUSSION
Appellant does not challenge the amount of the restitution order. Indeed, the
reasonableness of that amount was conceded by his counsel at the restitution hearing
below. Instead, he contends that the trial court erred in assessing any restitution against
him because there was no causal connection between the crimes he admitted and the
victim’s injuries.
On appeal, we review the trial court’s order regarding restitution fines and victim
restitution for abuse of discretion. (People v. Gemelli (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 1539,
1542; People v. Keichler (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1039, 1045.) We will not reverse the
order unless it is arbitrary and capricious. (People v. Gemelli, supra, at p. 1542.) If there
is a rational and factual basis for the amount of restitution ordered, an abuse of discretion
will not be found. (Ibid.)
When imposed as a condition of probation, restitution is not limited to losses
directly caused by the minor’s criminal conduct. (People v. Lai (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th
1227, 1247-1248; In re T.C. (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 837, 847; In re I.M. (2005) 125
Cal.App.4th 1195, 1209-1210.) “That a defendant was not personally or immediately
responsible for the victim’s loss does not render an order of restitution [as a condition of
probation] improper. . . . [T]he question simply is whether the order is reasonably related
to the crime of which the defendant was convicted or to future criminality.” (In re I.M.,
supra, at p. 1209; People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, 1123; People v. Lent
(1975) 15 Cal.3d 481, 486-487.)
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Thus, “[a] condition of probation will not be held invalid unless it ‘(1) has no
relationship to the crime of which the offender was convicted, (2) relates to conduct
which is not itself criminal, and (3) requires or forbids conduct which is not reasonably
related to future criminality . . . .’ [Citation.]” (People v. Lent, supra, 15 Cal.3d at
p. 486.) “This test is conjunctive—all three prongs must be satisfied before a reviewing
court will invalidate a probation term. [Citations.] As such, even if a condition of
probation has no relationship to the crime of which a defendant was convicted and
involves conduct that is not itself criminal, the condition is valid as long as the condition
is reasonably related to preventing future criminality. [Citation.]” (People v. Olguin
(2008) 45 Cal.4th 375, 379-380; In re T.C., supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 847.)
For example, in In re I.M., supra, 125 Cal.App.4th 1195, the minor, a gang
member, acted as an accessory after the fact to a murder committed by a fellow gang
member. He had approached the victims along with the shooter. After the shooter issued
a gang challenge and shot at the victims, the minor and the shooter ran away together,
and the minor held the gun for the shooter. On these facts, In re I.M. held a restitution
order requiring the minor to pay for the victim’s funeral expenses was reasonably related
to his offense of being an accessory after the fact. (Id. at pp. 1208-1210.) Although the
minor’s offense of being an accessory after the fact took place after the murder occurred,
the minor had been “promoting and assisting gang conduct” that led to the loss. (Id. at
p. 1210.) The restitution order thus served a rehabilitative purpose by making the minor
aware of the consequences of his gang membership “by compelling him to share
responsibility for the gang-related activities in which he in some way participated.”
(Ibid.) It also forced him to face the “emotional and financial effects of gang-related
activity on the family of the victim,” and was therefore directly related to his future
criminality. (Ibid.)
These authorities compel our affirmance of the trial court’s restitution order here.
There is no question that the incident on August 17, 2012, which resulted in the stabbing
of the victim, arose out of a fight involving multiple individuals. Although there is no
evidence that appellant was the combatant who actually stabbed the victim, he admitted
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that his participation in the event was a felony disturbance of the peace and that this
conduct was for the benefit of a criminal street gang.
Therefore, we conclude that the restitution order relating to the victim’s medical
expenses and other losses were reasonably related to the crime admitted by appellant,
which included the street gang enhancement. Certainly, there was not abuse of discretion
in the juvenile court implicitly finding a nexus between appellant’s conduct and the
injury to the stabbing victim.
Even more compelling is the evidence that the restitution order was reasonably
related to curbing future criminal misconduct by appellant. The August 17 incident was
not appellant’s first involvement with criminal activities. He admitted the truth of
allegations of misdemeanor resisting arrest and vandalism, as well as the criminal street
gang enhancement alleged in the first wardship petition filed on March 29, 2011. The
Welfare and Institutions Code section 790 report ordered by the juvenile court as part of
the disposition relating to that initial wardship petition expressed serious concern about
appellant’s behavior, including his potential for future criminality: “. . . Since being
enrolled at Liberty High School the minor has been involved in a verbal altercation with a
rival gang member. . . . During the alleged offense, he was stopped in the area of a gang
altercation wearing clothing which appeared to be gang related and admitted to the
arresting officers he associates with Norteños. . . . During the course of the dispositional
interview, it appeared to the undersigned that the minor was not taking the Court process
seriously. The minor accepted no responsibility for his behavior and showed no remorse
during his interview. . . . Due to the minor’s multiple areas of concern, including
apparent gang association, substance abuse, his parents[’] inability to control his
behavior, and his apparent disregard for the Court and probation process, it appears he is
in need of more services than a grant of Deferred Entry of Judgment will provide.”
Several months later, as alleged in a supplemental wardship petition filed in
December 2011, the probation department noted in its detention report that then-15-year-
old appellant “was attending a party well past curfew where there were numerous known
Norteño criminal street gang members.” There were large amounts of alcohol and
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marijuana at the party, and appellant ran from law enforcement when they arrived to
break up the party. The report notes also that although appellant had not been a ward of
the court for very long, “his involvement with criminal street gangs and his substance
abuse history is very concerning.” As noted above, appellant admitted the charge and
that he had violated his probation by staying out after curfew and drinking.
Less than one month later, yet another supplemental petition was filed which
resulted in appellant admitting a violation of probation, including being out past curfew
and drinking alcohol.
The dispositional report filed in connection with the August 17 incident and
appellant’s subsequent probation violation when he was found with a Norteño gang
member in his home with alcohol present, profiled appellant’s escalating delinquency.
The report reemphasized appellant’s seemingly intractable substance abuse problems, his
ongoing associations with criminal street gang members, and perhaps most of all, his lack
of responsibility and acknowledgement that his conduct was unacceptable and was
causing harm to himself, his family, and others. Indeed, the report concluded by pointing
out that appellant continued to have an ongoing association with gang members, and a
persistent failure to acknowledge a problem with alcohol: “The target areas of concern
the minor needs to address to be successful on probation and to reduce possible
recidivism include peer relations and attitudes/orientation.” Thus, the report concludes
that “[t]he minor needs to realize the gravity of the situation, as well as the negative
effects his gang involvement has on his family.” Among the probation terms and
conditions recommended by the report is that “[appellant] pay restitution to the victims
“in an amount to be determined.”
There is no doubt that the imposition of restitution was directly related to reducing
appellant’s future criminality—the probation report says as much. Moreover, the record
confirms that appellant was found repeatedly to be in violation of his original probation
by associating with criminal street gang members, and by engaging in underage drinking.
He also exhibited indifference to the juvenile court processes, disregarded efforts to
rehabilitate and reform him, and showed an unwillingness to accept responsibility for the
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consequences of his actions. This evidence is precisely the type of factual underpinning
courts have examined in upholding restitution awards to curb future misconduct. (In re
I.M., supra, 125 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1208-1209 [“Penal Code section 1203.1 confers
broad power on the courts to impose conditions to foster rehabilitation and to protect
public safety. [Citation.] This power includes ordering restitution, if such a condition is
reasonably related to the crime of which the defendant was convicted or to future
criminality”]; a proper restitution order in a juvenile case “ ‘may serve the salutary
purpose of making [the juvenile] understand that he has harmed . . . individual human
beings, and that he has a responsibility to make them whole.’ [Citation.]” (In re S.S.
(1995) 37 Cal.App.4th 543, 550.)
Appellant points out passages in the record where he was commended for taking
affirmative steps to disassociate himself from further gang and criminal activities, and
counsel notes that appellant had not come before the juvenile court again since the
disposition and restitution hearings giving rise to this appeal. Certainly, these are signs
that appellant may indeed be reforming his conduct. However, these recent efforts do not
negate the serious and protracted period of time leading up to, and including, the event
during which the victim received very serious injury, during which appellant exhibited a
seemingly incorrigible attitude towards rehabilitation. In light of the totality of this
record there was ample evidence supporting the order of restitution, and we discern no
abuse of discretion in imposing the award in this case.
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IV.
DISPOSITION
The restitution order in the amount of $23,063.92 is affirmed.
_________________________
RUVOLO, P. J.
We concur:
_________________________
REARDON, J.
_________________________
RIVERA, J.
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