Supreme Court
No. 2010-50-C.A.
(P2/94-3350A)
State :
v. :
Linda A. Diamante. :
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before
publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers are requested to
notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme Court of Rhode Island, 250
Benefit Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone 222-
3258 of any typographical or other formal errors in order that
corrections may be made before the opinion is published.
Supreme Court
No. 2010-50-C.A.
(P2/94-3350A)
State :
v. :
Linda A. Diamante. :
Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.
OPINION
Justice Robinson, for the Court. The defendant, Linda A. Diamante, appeals from the
Superior Court’s denial of a motion in which she sought the sealing of a particular judicial
record.1 This case came before the Supreme Court pursuant to an order directing the parties to
appear and show cause why the issues raised in this appeal should not be summarily decided.
After a close review of the record and careful consideration of the parties’ arguments (both
written and oral), we are satisfied that cause has not been shown and that this appeal may be
decided at this time. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the order of the Superior
Court.
I
Facts and Travel
On October 24, 1994, defendant was charged by criminal information (P2/94-3350A)
with felony assault with a dangerous weapon in violation of G.L. 1956 § 11-5-2 (Count One) and
1
The motion at issue in this case was actually entitled “Motion to Expunge/Seal Record.”
For the sake of brevity, we shall hereinafter refer to it simply as a “motion to seal.”
-1-
willful or malicious injury to property in violation of G.L. 1956 § 11-44-1 (Count Two). In July
of 1995, Count One was dismissed in consideration of defendant pleading nolo contendere to
Count Two.2 The defendant was sentenced to one year of probation and was ordered to make
restitution.
Nearly a decade later, on March 5, 2004, defendant filed, in the Superior Court for
Providence County, a motion to seal with respect to both of the counts contained in P2/94-
3350A.3 That motion was denied in its entirety by a justice of the Superior Court on February
16, 2005. The defendant confines herself on appeal to the hearing justice’s denial, in reliance
upon G.L. 1956 § 12-1-12.1(a), of her motion with respect to Count One; she does not appeal the
denial of her motion as it related to Count Two.
When explaining her rationale for denying defendant’s motion to seal as it related to
Count One, the hearing justice stated:
“The defendant * * * was seeking * * * to have the charges
that were dismissed in * * * 1995 sealed, because they were
dismissed pursuant to [Rule] 48(a) or [Rule] 48(b) by the Court.
* * * The State objected to that, indicating under the statute, Rhode
Island General Laws 12-1-3.1,[4] the defendant is not entitled to
2
Count One was dismissed pursuant to Rule 48(a) of the Superior Court Rules of Criminal
Procedure.
3
In 1992, defendant was charged with reckless driving and obstructing a police officer in
P3/92-3798A. She pled nolo contendere to the reckless driving charge, and the charge of
obstructing a police officer was dismissed. The defendant was sentenced to one year of
probation.
It should be noted that, in her order of February 16, 2005, the hearing justice denied
defendant’s motion to seal relative to those 1992 charges, as she had done with respect to the
1994 charges. The defendant does not appeal that denial. Consequently, this Court will focus
only on the 1994 charges.
4
As is reflected in the block quote in the text, supra, the transcript contains a reference to
“Rhode Island General Laws 12-1-3.1.” That reference is inaccurate since there is no § 12-1-3.1
in the General Laws. However, in view of the fact that the hearing justice accurately made
-2-
sealing a dismissed charge unless acquitted of all counts in a
criminal case. The statute does seem to say that. I don’t know how
we can interpret that any differently. So, I have to deny those
motions.”
The defendant appealed the hearing justice’s denial of her motion to seal as it related to Count
One of the October 1994 criminal information.5
II
Issue on Appeal
On appeal, defendant contends that the hearing justice erred in denying the motion to seal
the record relative to the dismissed 1994 charge of felony assault with a dangerous weapon.
Specifically, defendant argues that § 12-1-12(a) and § 12-1-12.1(a) are in conflict because, in her
view, § 12-1-12(a) mandates the sealing of all court records relating to a charge on which an
individual has been exonerated, whereas § 12-1-12.1(a) allows for a motion to seal court records
only when an individual has been “acquitted or otherwise exonerated of all counts in a criminal
case.” (Emphasis added.)
III
Standard of Review
This Court reviews questions of statutory construction in a de novo manner. Downey v.
Carcieri, 996 A.2d 1144, 1149 (R.I. 2010); see also Planned Environments Management Corp. v.
Robert, 966 A.2d 117, 121 (R.I. 2009); State v. Briggs, 934 A.2d 811, 814 (R.I. 2007). It is a
reference to certain critical language in § 12-1-12.1(a) (“all counts in a criminal case”), we deem
the erroneous statutory reference to be of no moment.
5
We note that defendant’s appeal was filed prior to the entry of a final order in the
Superior Court, which occurred on April 12, 2013. Nonetheless, under circumstances such as the
instant case presents, this Court will treat a premature appeal as timely filed. See In re Kayla N.,
900 A.2d 1202, 1206 n.6 (R.I. 2006); see also State v. Espinal, 943 A.2d 1052, 1057 n.4 (R.I.
2008) (citing Article I, Rule 4(b) of the Supreme Court Rules of Appellate Procedure).
-3-
fundamental principle that, “when the language of a statute is clear and unambiguous, this Court
must interpret the statute literally and must give the words of the statute their plain and ordinary
meanings.” Accent Store Design, Inc. v. Marathon House, Inc., 674 A.2d 1223, 1226 (R.I.
1996); see also DeMarco v. Travelers Insurance Co., 26 A.3d 585, 616 (R.I. 2011); Sidell v.
Sidell, 18 A.3d 499, 504 (R.I. 2011). It is only when a statute is ambiguous that we “apply the
rules of statutory construction and examine the statute in its entirety to determine the intent and
purpose of the Legislature.” Tarzia v. State, 44 A.3d 1245, 1252 (R.I. 2012) (internal quotation
marks omitted); see also Downey, 996 A.2d at 1150.
IV
Analysis
A
The Relevant Statutes
The two statutes at issue in this appeal are § 12-1-12(a) and § 12-1-12.1(a). At the time
of the trial justice’s decision, § 12-1-12(a) provided as follows:
“Any fingerprint, photograph, physical measurements, or other
record of identification, heretofore or hereafter taken by or under
the direction of the attorney general, the superintendent of state
police, the member or members of the police department of any
city or town or any other officer authorized by this chapter to take
them, of a person under arrest, prior to the final conviction of the
person for the offense then charged, shall be destroyed by all
offices or departments having the custody or possession within
sixty (60) days after there has been an acquittal, dismissal, no true
bill, no information, or the person has been otherwise exonerated
from the offense with which he or she is charged, and the clerk of
court where the exoneration has taken place shall, consistent with §
12-1-12.1, place under seal all records of the person in the case
including all records of the division of criminal identification
established by § 12-1-4; provided that the person shall not have
been previously convicted of any felony offense. Any person who
shall violate any provision of this section shall be fined not
exceeding one hundred dollars ($100).”
-4-
Similarly, at that time, § 12-1-12.1(a) provided as follows:
“Any person who is acquitted or otherwise exonerated of all counts
in a criminal case, including, but not limited to, dismissal or filing
of a no true bill or no information, may file for the sealing of his or
her court records in the case, provided, that no person who has
been convicted of a felony shall have his or her court records
sealed pursuant to this section.”6
A disposition amounting to exoneration is one of the preconditions for relief under both
of these statutes, and the parties agree that defendant was clearly “exonerated” of Count One in
the 1994 information due to the fact that the state dismissed that charge.
The defendant asserts that the hearing justice erred in denying the motion to seal because,
defendant submits, §§ 12-1-12(a) and 12-1-12.1(a) are in conflict. The defendant posits that the
conflict exists because § 12-1-12(a) provides for the sealing of all court records by the clerk of
the court within sixty days after exoneration, provided the person has not previously been
convicted of a felony and, therefore, the sealing of her court record pertaining to Count One,
6
Sections 12-1-12(a) and 12-1-12.1(a) were amended by the General Assembly effective
July 15, 2013 by P.L. 2013, ch. 301, § 1. The amendment did not result in any material,
substantive changes that would affect the instant case. The amended portion of § 12-1-12(a)
reads as follows:
“(2) Any person previously convicted of any felony offense
shall not be entitled to relief under this section except for those
records in cases of acquittal after trial.”
“(3) Any person who shall violate any provision of this
section shall be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars ($100).”
As amended § 12-1-12.1(a) reads:
“Any person who is acquitted or otherwise exonerated of
all counts in a criminal case, including, but not limited to,
dismissal or filing of a no true bill or no information, may file a
motion for the sealing of his or her court records in the case,
provided, that no person who has been convicted of a felony shall
be entitled to relief under this section except for those records in
cases of acquittal after trial.”
-5-
pursuant to § 12-1-12(a), is mandatory and not discretionary. However, § 12-1-12.1(a) provides
for the sealing of all court records only when a person is exonerated of “all counts in a criminal
case.” According to defendant’s reading of the statutes, § 12-1-12(a) requires the sealing of
court records that § 12-1-12.1(a) does not allow to be sealed. The defendant avers that, because
of the alleged conflict, this Court should not rely merely on the plain language of the statute.
The state counters, contending that the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a) clearly requires
exoneration of all counts in a criminal case in order for the individual to be eligible to have his or
her record sealed. Moreover, the state argues, § 12-1-12(a) deals with the destruction of physical
identification records whereas § 12-1-12.1(a) deals with court records. The state also points out
that the only time that court records are mentioned in § 12-1-12(a), a specific reference to the
sealing requirements of § 12-1-12.1(a) is made. Consequently, the state contends: (1) that there
is no conflict between the two statutory provisions; and (2) that this Court should affirm the trial
justice’s decision because it is based on the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a).
Pursuant to our canons of statutory construction, we first address whether or not the
statute in question has a plain meaning and is, as such, unambiguous. See DeMarco, 26 A.3d at
617; State v. DiCicco, 707 A.2d 251, 253 (R.I. 1998). If we find the statute to be unambiguous,
we simply apply the plain meaning and our interpretive task is done. See, e.g., State v. Graff, 17
A.3d 1005, 1010 (R.I. 2011) (“[W]e have indicated that a clear and unambiguous statute will be
literally construed.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); State v. Oliveira, 882 A.2d 1097, 1110
(R.I. 2005) (“[W]hen we examine an unambiguous statute, there is no room for statutory
construction and we must apply the statute as written.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). We
end the process of statutory construction upon concluding that a statute has a plain meaning
because “our ultimate goal is to give effect to the General Assembly’s intent,” and we have
-6-
repeatedly observed that the plain language of a statute is the “best indicator of [legislative]
intent.” Olamuyiwa v. Zebra Atlantek, Inc., 45 A.3d 527, 534 (R.I. 2012) (internal quotation
marks omitted); see also Martone v. Johnston School Committee, 824 A.2d 426, 431 (R.I. 2003)
(“[O]ur ultimate goal is to give effect to the General Assembly’s intent * * * [and] [t]he best
evidence of such intent can be found in the plain language used in the statute.”); Fleet National
Bank v. Clark, 714 A.2d 1172, 1177 (R.I. 1998) (“If the language is clear on its face, then the
plain meaning of the statute must be given effect and the Court should not look elsewhere to
discern the legislative intent.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Little v. Conflict of Interest
Commission, 121 R.I. 232, 237, 397 A.2d 884, 887 (1979) (“It is a primary canon of statutory
construction that statutory intent is to be found in the words of a statute, if they are free from
ambiguity and express a reasonable meaning.”).
We begin by scrutinizing § 12-1-12.1(a), an enactment that relates to judicial records.
That statute expressly requires a dismissal of all counts in a criminal case for an individual to be
eligible to have his or her record of a dismissed charge sealed: “Any person who is acquitted or
otherwise exonerated of all counts in a criminal case * * * may file a motion for the sealing of
his or her court records in the case * * * .” (Emphasis added.) We detect no ambiguity in the
General Assembly’s use of the words “all counts.” The General Assembly certainly “has not
sounded an uncertain trumpet” since the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a) clearly requires that an
individual be exonerated of all counts in a criminal case in order to have the record in that case
sealed. State v. Calise, 478 A.2d 198, 201 (R.I. 1984) (“In the case at bar the Legislature has not
sounded an uncertain trumpet.”). Any other interpretation would require this Court to ignore the
statute’s pellucid “all counts” language and, in essence, rewrite the statute—thereby flying in the
face of the fundamental principle that a court should not rewrite a statute enacted by the General
-7-
Assembly. See Calise, 478 A.2d at 201 (stating that the Court has “neither the authority nor the
competence to rewrite” a statutory definition); see also Dodd v. United States, 545 U.S. 353, 359
(2005) (stating that a court is simply “not free to rewrite [a] statute that Congress has enacted”).
Moreover, we have repeatedly held that a Court may not “broaden statutory provisions by
judicial interpretation unless such interpretation is necessary and appropriate in carrying out the
clear intent or defining the terms of the statute.” State v. Santos, 870 A.2d 1029, 1032 (R.I.
2005) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Rivera v. Employees’ Retirement System of
Rhode Island, 70 A.3d 905, 910 (R.I. 2013) (“[W]e have noted that [w]here there is no
ambiguity, we are not privileged to legislate, by inclusion, words which are not found in the
statute.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Iselin v. Retirement Board of the Employees’
Retirement System of Rhode Island, 943 A.2d 1045, 1049 (R.I. 2008) (“[O]ur assigned task is
simply to interpret the act, not to redraft it * * * .”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Accordingly, we conclude that the hearing justice appropriately applied the plain language of
§ 12-1-12.1(a) in denying defendant’s motion to seal, as she was required to do. See State v.
Manocchio, 743 A.2d 555, 558 (R.I. 2000) (stating that the Superior Court does not possess an
“inherent power to disregard the specific criteria and limitations on the expungement and sealing
of * * * records that are set forth in the statute”); see generally Green v. Biddle, 21 U.S. (8
Wheat.) 1, 89-90 (1823) (“[W]here the words of a law * * * have a plain and obvious meaning,
all construction, in hostility with such meaning, is excluded.”); see also Graff, 17 A.3d at 1010-
12 (finding error in a trial justice’s overly expansive interpretation of a statute). When we apply
the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a), we reach precisely the same conclusion as did the hearing
justice: pursuant to that statute, defendant was not entitled to have her record pertaining to Count
-8-
One sealed because she opted to plead nolo contendere to Count Two, and, consequently, she
was not exonerated of “all counts[.]”
The defendant contends that, in spite of the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a), we must go
beyond the plain meaning in our analysis because the just cited statute, in defendant’s view, is in
conflict with § 12-1-12(a). Upon review of both statutes, however, we are unable to perceive the
presence of any conflict. The pertinent language of § 12-1-12(a), which defendant submits is in
conflict with § 12-1-12.1(a), reads as follows: “[W]ithin sixty (60) days after there has been an
acquittal, dismissal, no true bill, no information, or the person has been otherwise exonerated
from the offense with which he or she is charged, the clerk of court where the exoneration has
taken place shall, consistent with § 12-1-12.1, place under seal all records of the person in the
case including all records of the division of criminal identification established by § 12-1-4
* * * .” (Emphasis added.) Even if we assume arguendo that defendant’s contention is correct
and that § 12-1-12(a) is mandatory, there is no conflict created in view of the clear reference in §
12-1-12(a) to § 12-1-12.1. It is a basic canon of statutory construction that “the Legislature is
presumed to have intended each word or provision of a statute to express a significant meaning,
and the court will give effect to every word, clause, or sentence, whenever possible.” State v.
Bryant, 670 A.2d 777, 779 (R.I. 1996); see also State v. Reis, 430 A.2d 749, 752 (R.I. 1981).
The General Assembly specifically and unambiguously required that the sealing of records under
§ 12-1-12(a) be consistent with § 12-1-12.1. Accordingly, we conclude that there is no conflict
between § 12-1-12(a) and § 12-1-12.1(a) because § 12-1-12(a) requires the sealing of court
records only when doing so would be permissible under § 12-1-12.1(a). As a result, we hold that
the hearing justice did not err by hewing to the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a) when passing
upon defendant’s motion to seal.
-9-
B
The Defendant’s Further Arguments
The defendant has set forth some further arguments to support her contention that the
hearing justice’s order was in error. We address these arguments briefly. The defendant
contends that § 12-1-7 is also in conflict with § 12-1-12.1(a) because § 12-1-7 requires that the
Attorney General maintain only a record of information of “all persons who shall be or shall
have been convicted of [a] felony, or imprisoned for violating any of the military, naval, or
criminal laws of the United States or of any state, and of all well-known and habitual criminals
from wherever procurable.” According to defendant, the duty of the Attorney General pursuant
to § 12-1-7 does not include the maintenance of records of those individuals who have been
convicted of a misdemeanor or had charges against them dismissed. The defendant posits that
§ 12-1-7 is in conflict with § 12-1-12.1(a) because § 12-1-12.1(a) prohibits the sealing of records
that § 12-1-7 does not require the Attorney General to maintain. However, we perceive no
conflict between the fact that the Attorney General is required by statute to maintain only records
of felony convictions and the fact that the courts are prohibited from sealing a dismissed felony
charge when there was a plea of nolo contendere to an accompanying misdemeanor charge, as
occurred in the instant case. Each of the two statutory provisions clearly applies to an entirely
different governmental body, and consequently the statutes are not even arguably in conflict.
See Olamuyiwa, 45 A.3d at 534 (stating that, when a statute is clear and unambiguous the Court
gives the words in the statute their plain and ordinary meaning). Moreover, defendant’s
contention that these two statutes are in conflict, even if it were meritorious, does not change the
conclusion that this Court has made—viz., that the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a) requires
- 10 -
exoneration on all counts in a criminal case before an individual is eligible to have his or her
record sealed.
Finally, defendant further argues that the General Assembly “did not intend for those
individuals with a companion misdemeanor charge to be prohibited from destruction of all other
‘felony’ charges that they were exonerated of * * * .” The defendant, citing the difficulties that
an individual encounters when there is a record of his or her arrest, contends that there is no
legitimate law enforcement purpose in maintaining the record of charges on which she has been
exonerated. Once again, while we do not minimize the challenges that a record of arrest can
pose, defendant’s contentions are unavailing due to the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a)—and a
statute’s plain language is “the best indicator of legislative intent.” Graff, 17 A.3d at 1010; see
also Santos, 870 A.2d at 1032. We are not the branch of Rhode Island government responsible
for policy-making; accordingly, any remedy to such hardship as may result from the application
of the plain language of § 12-1-12.1(a) would fall within the competence of the General
Assembly. See Air Distribution Corp. v. Airpro Mechanical Co., Inc., 973 A.2d 537, 542 (R.I.
2009); see generally, Massachusetts Financial Services, Inc. v. Securities Investor Protection
Corp., 545 F.2d 754, 757-58 (1st Cir. 1976).
Accordingly, we hold that the hearing justice did not err when she denied the defendant’s
motion to seal Count One, pursuant to § 12-1-12.1(a), because the defendant had not been
exonerated of all counts in the criminal case.
V
Conclusion
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the Superior Court’s denial of the
defendant’s motion to seal. The record may be returned to that tribunal.
- 11 -
RHODE ISLAND SUPREME COURT CLERK’S OFFICE
Clerk’s Office Order/Opinion Cover Sheet
TITLE OF CASE: State v. Linda A. Diamante.
CASE NO: No. 2010-50-C.A.
(P2/94-3350A)
COURT: Supreme Court
DATE OPINION FILED: January 30, 2014
JUSTICES: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Flaherty, Robinson, and Indeglia, JJ.
WRITTEN BY: Associate Justice William P. Robinson III
SOURCE OF APPEAL: Providence County Superior Court
JUDGE FROM LOWER COURT:
Associate Justice Susan E. McGuirl
ATTORNEYS ON APPEAL:
For State: Aaron L. Weisman
Department of Attorney General
For Defendant: Lara E. Montecalvo
Office of the Public Defender
State v. Linda A. Diamante
Combined Opinion