Filed 8/8/14 P. v. Melendez CA1/1
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
A140048
v.
OMAR MEJIA MELENDEZ, (San Mateo County
Super. Ct. No. SC076673A)
Defendant and Appellant.
In this matter we are asked to review the trial court’s ruling on the admission of
statements made by defendant to police. Defendant challenges the statements based on
violations of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 (Miranda) and voluntariness. We
have reviewed the challenged interrogation in this instance and, like the trial court, we
find no violation of defendant’s rights under either principle. We therefore affirm.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
On August 29, 2013, a jury found defendant guilty of 24 counts of lewd and
lascivious conduct with a child under 14 years of age. (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a).) On
October 16, 2013, the trial court sentenced defendant to 24 years in state prison.
Defendant timely appealed.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
During 2009, after coming to the United States from Honduras, defendant moved
into the home of his cousin, U., and his cousin’s family in Daly City, California. At the
time, U. was married to Mrs. C., and they had two children, C.C. and D.C. The youngest,
1
D.C., was born in April 2001 and she was nine years old when defendant began to live
with the family.
Defendant lived in this home for approximately two years. Mrs. C. worked at her
job three days a week and U. worked seven days a week. During this two-year period,
defendant would often watch the two children after school while the parents were at
work. At no time did Mrs. C. observe any inappropriate behavior between defendant and
D.C., nor did the mother note her daughter was uncomfortable when defendant was also
present.
A short time after defendant began living in the home, he showed to D.C. a video
on his cell phone in which a naked man and woman have sexual relations. D.C.
mentioned this event to her parents. U. confronted defendant and asked to review the cell
phone, but the father saw no such film on the device. Shortly after this incident,
defendant began to fondle and touch D.C. when she came home from school. As D.C.
related, he would touch her in any place he wanted, including her breasts and vagina.
Sometimes, defendant would invite both D.C. and C.C. into his bedroom so he could play
with the children with the lights turned off. He indicated he had hidden money in the
room and they should try finding it in the dark. While the two children searched the
darkened room, defendant would fondle D.C. in her private areas under her clothing.
This conduct made D.C. feel very uncomfortable.
In addition, there were times when defendant would kiss D.C. on the mouth and
suck on her breasts when the two were alone in his room. The sucking caused discomfort
to the minor. She also disliked kissing defendant.
On at least one occasion, C.C., while playing the “look for money” game in the
dark, heard the sound of defendant kissing D.C. on the mouth. The boy told one of his
uncles about this and the uncle asked D.C. what was happening in defendant’s room. The
uncle accused D.C. of allowing defendant to kiss her.
2
On the stand, D.C. related a specific incident when defendant actually touched her
vagina in her bedroom. It was during the morning and defendant stood over her while
she was in bed. He put his finger inside her pajamas and then began to touch her vaginal
area. She also related another time defendant exposed his penis to her as he and the
minor were in bed together. She actually touched his penis as she tried to move away.
Over time, defendant would pull D.C. by the waist towards him and cover her
mouth as she tried to move away from him. Altogether, D.C. believed defendant engaged
in inappropriate touching of her private area once or twice a week while she attended the
third grade. The parts of her body defendant touched would be different from time to
time. She did ask him to stop.
The minor did not tell her mother about these acts because she “never thought of
it.” D.C. did tell her close friend Ana. She did this because Ana had told the minor she
was also touched by a man. D.C. told Ana about her own experiences because she did
not want Ana to think she was the only one being harmed this way. Ana alerted the
police about what was happening to D.C. They came to D.C.’s home and spoke with her.
The minor also spoke with Detective Ron Harrison at the Keller Center and admitted
defendant touched her vagina two or three times. After telling Harrison about these acts,
D.C. felt much better.
Detective Harrison spoke with D.C. at the Keller Center when the girl was 11
years old. She told the detective the events happened very regularly with occasional, but
not prolonged, intervals. There were gaps of a few days but not anything longer. These
incidents happened any day during the school week. After speaking with D.C. at the
Keller Center, he had Mrs. C. make a phone call to defendant about some of D.C.’s
comments. However, defendant made no admissions.
The prosecution also presented the detailed testimony of expert witness Miriam
Wolf. She is employed as a licensed clinical social worker and forensic interview
specialist at the Keller Center in the San Mateo Medical Center. She handles the victims
3
of child sexual abuse. She was presented as an expert on child sexual abuse
accommodation syndrome as it is developed in scientific literature. She testified
regarding the syndrome as it was manifested in the behavior of D.C. during the time of
the alleged molestation attributed to defendant.
Detective Harrison met with defendant at his workplace and brought him to the
Daly City police station on June 1, 2012. Also present was Detective Cecilia Garay, a
certified Spanish interpreter. The officers videotaped this meeting with defendant and it
was played to the jury at trial. A transcript of the interview was also provided to the jury.
In the interview, defendant indicated he was 44 years old and worked as a dish washer in
San Francisco. He stated he had no reason to believe he had done anything wrong.
Defendant admitted he had been living for a period with his cousins and their
daughter, D.C. Defendant stated initially he had never touched the girl. The officers
indicated they believed defendant was not interested in hurting D.C., only to be nurturing
and loving. He responded that he was not familiar with “that case.” He maintained he
did not play games in the dark with D.C. or her brother, and that he did not even touch
her by mistake.
As the interview continued and defendant continued to deny any improper
conduct, Harrison then indicated he had obtained the DNA of a male from the person of
D.C. and he was going to match the evidence with a sample from defendant. They told
him that DNA told the truth.
At this juncture, defendant stated that when he moved into the home in Daly City,
D.C. would jump on him and play with him while he visited with his cousins. He
believed this was a normal thing for a child. Later, D.C. would try to sleep on top of
defendant. He was taking care of her, usually after he had worked his shift and her
parents were at their jobs. He was tired at the time and the girl would just get on top of
him. “That was it.” D.C. just would be “clinging to people.” Again, defendant stated he
always respected the girl.
4
Detective Harrison then discussed the phone call from Mrs. C. where she indicated
D.C. accused defendant of touching her. Defendant stated that Mrs. C. was confused. He
told the mother he had no relations with D.C.
The officer told defendant that since he was not telling him the truth, he was going
to take a swab of saliva to compare it with evidence the police had. Defendant stated any
testing would not indicate he had relations with the girl. Harrison then said he would
take the saliva and compare it with what was found on the body of D.C.; the police
wanted him to tell the truth.
With this comment, defendant told the police he had no bad intentions towards the
girl. She would jump on him and “throw herself on me.” He affirmed she would kiss
him on the mouth, but defendant would tell her not to do this because they were family.
Defendant told D.C. that his cousins would find out about this conduct and he would be
in trouble. Defendant acknowledged that D.C. was nine years old during this period.
Defendant admitted that while he was in bed, the minor would come into his room
and jump on top of him. She would kiss him and he felt she was “promiscuous.” She
would become angry when he refused to massage her breasts, but he did put his mouth on
D.C.’s breasts at times.
The game that defendant played in the dark with D.C. and C.C. was devised by the
minor girl. It enabled her to have him touch her private area without C.C. knowing
because he was busy trying to find the hidden money. The interview with the police
continued with defendant indicating the minor was the provocative one who would
demand he embrace or touch her on a regular basis. Even when he was tired from work,
she would persist in demanding his physical attention to her. In the end, defendant did
only what he was asked to do by the girl; since he was compliant, there was nothing he
did wrong.
In his trial, defendant testified in his defense. He indicated he was born in
Honduras and had only a sixth-grade education. He came to the United States at the age
5
of 38, leaving behind his wife and five children. He testified he never played any games
with D.C. and did not have physical contact with her. He never showed her a video with
a couple engaging in sexual intercourse. He did not touch her in any way.
Regarding his statements to the police presented in the video exhibit, defendant
testified he did not comprehend what they were discussing with him. Being asked
questions by police made him nervous. When he was nervous, he tended to make false
statements. He acknowledged he made these false comments because he was nervous
during the interview. He did not do anything wrong to the child.
ANALYSIS
The trial court conducted a hearing based on defendant’s motion to suppress his
statements to Detective Harrison with Detective Garay as the Spanish interpreter. The
hearing focused on the review of the taped interview and arguments of counsel. After
that review, the trial court concluded on the issue of Miranda that there was an
interrogation of defendant, but that he was not in custody at the time of the interrogation
even though he had travelled with police from work to the Daly City police station. “The
issue with regard to Miranda is whether there was interrogation and whether the person
was in custody. There clearly was interrogation. [¶] Whether or not the person was in
custody. And the test is a preponderance one under the federal standard. And the issue is
what would a reasonable person have taken from the circumstances. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] He
was told he was free to go. He was never disabused of that idea that he was free to go.
Under those circumstances, and based on the reasonable circumstances, and not based on
the defendant’s upbringing and not based on how he unequally interpreted words or
activity but rather what a reasonable person would do under those circumstances. And
under that standard, it is clear to me that the defendant was not under arrest and was not
under the functional equivalent of arrest and thus . . . the statement of the defendant is
admissible.”
6
As an appellate court, we have a standard of review for Miranda custody issues.
The review is one of fact, subject to our assessment of substantial evidence. (People v.
Clair (1992) 2 Cal.4th 629, 678.) “In reviewing a trial court’s Miranda ruling, we accept
[the trial court’s] resolution of disputed facts and inferences and its evaluations of
credibility, if supported by substantial evidence.” (People v. Bacon (2010) 50 Cal.4th
1082, 1105.) We then “independently determine, from the undisputed facts and facts
properly found by the trial court, whether the challenged statement was illegally obtained.
[Citation.]” (Ibid.) While we make an independent determination from our review of the
record below, we also give “ ‘great weight to the considered conclusions’ of a lower court
that has previously reviewed the same evidence. [Citation.]” (People v. Jennings (1988)
46 Cal.3d 963, 979.)
On the separate issue of voluntariness raised by defendant, it is the burden of the
prosecution to establish “ ‘by a preponderance of the evidence, that a defendant’s
confession was voluntary. . . . [¶] Under both state and federal law, courts apply a
“totality of the circumstances” test to determine the voluntariness of a confession. . . . On
appeal, the trial court’s findings as to the circumstances surrounding the confession are
upheld if supported by substantial evidence, but the trial court’s finding as to the
voluntariness of the confession is subject to independent review. [Citation.]’ ” (People v.
Holloway (2004) 33 Cal.4th 96, 114.)
Miranda warnings are required if the individual is undergoing “custodial
interrogation.” (Miranda, supra , 384 U.S 436, 444.) “[T]he ultimate inquiry is simply
whether there is a ‘formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement’ of the degree
associated with a formal arrest.” (California v. Beheler (1983) 463 U.S. 1121, 1125.)
The fact defendant was taken from work to a police station does not amount to evidence
of custody. In People v. Moore (2011) 51 Cal.4th 386, a murder suspect was not in
custody even though he interviewed at the sheriff’s office. (Id. at pp. 397-398.) He
freely went with the officers to the station and was told he was free to leave and would
7
eventually be driven home. (Ibid.) In People v. Chutan (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 1276, the
defendant was invited to the police station, expressly told he was not under arrest, and
driven away after he gave a statement. (Id. at pp. 1282-1283.)
The test of custody is based on “objective circumstances of the interrogation, not
on the subjective views harbored by either the interrogating officers or the person being
questioned.” (Stansbury v. California (1994) 511 U.S. 318, 323.) We examine how a
reasonable person in the suspect’s position would have understood his situation to be.
Even if the police officers themselves suspect the defendant has committed a crime, this
notion does not make the questioning custodial. (People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal.4th
312, 384, superseded by statute on another ground as stated in Verdin v. Superior Court
(2008) 43 Cal.4th 1096, 1106.)
Here, the trial court found an interrogation took place. That prong of Miranda was
satisfied. However, the court found that defendant was not in custody, and ample
evidence supports the determination. We concede the fact defendant was questioned at
length at the police station. However, the officers advised him he was not under arrest;
he could stop talking at any time and they would take him back to work. There were no
restraints or cuffs used here. Detective Garay was assisting in Spanish during the
meeting.
It is also obvious defendant felt comfortable stating and restating his version that
D.C. was a promiscuous young girl who planned enticing him. While the officers kept
bringing defendant back to the alleged improper touching of the victim, he presented his
claim the girl was a young handful who sought his attention regularly.
It is true Detective Harrison misled defendant on the existence of DNA evidence
from the victim before defendant advanced his claim D.C. was the aggressor in the
relationship. By itself, however, deception is compatible with lawful police
interrogation. “So long as a police officer’s misrepresentations or omissions are not of a
kind likely to produce a false confession, confessions prompted by deception are
8
admissible in evidence.” (People v. Chutan, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 1280, emphasis
in original.) In Frazier v. Cupp (1969) 394 U.S. 731, the police falsely advised the
defendant his accomplice had confessed and was captured. (Id. at p. 737.) As was
observed by our Supreme Court, “Nor did the detective’s deceptive statements offend any
constitutional guaranty. The detective implied at various times that he knew more than
he did or could prove more than he could. Such deception regarding the evidence was
permissible, for it was not ‘ “of a type reasonably likely to procure an untrue statement.” ’
[Citation.] In sum, the prosecution met its burden of proof to show the statements were
voluntary.” (People v. Jones (1998) 17 Cal.4th 279, 299.) Our Supreme Court has
concluded a false statement that fingerprints found on a wallet incriminated the suspect
were not the type of deception that would procure an involuntary confession. (People v.
Farnam (2002) 28 Cal.4th 107, 182.) Naturally, if deception regarding fingerprint
evidence is tolerable, the purported existence of DNA evidence is of similar import.
A review of the video interview in this case leads us to conclude defendant’s
statements were not involuntary. To be obtained in violation of the Fifth Amendment,
the statements must be extracted by threats or violence, obtained by direct or indirect
promises, or secured by improper influence. (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal.4th 342,
404.) A confession is not voluntary when it is coerced by physical intimidation or
psychological pressure. (Townsend v. Sain (1963) 372 U.S. 293, 307, overruled on
another ground in Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes (1992) 504 U.S. 1, 5.) Again, as noted
above, this is an assessment based on the totality of the circumstances.
Here, the trial court implicitly concluded the statements of defendant to Detective
Harrison were voluntary. It made the conclusion after reviewing the video and listening
to counsel’s arguments. We reviewed the same exhibit. At two instances, defendant
laughed with the officers. Defendant seemed calm and alert during the questioning. He
felt comfortable enough to argue the alleged victim’s sexual instincts were the cause of
his predicament. Additionally, at no time did the police indicate to defendant the matter
9
would go away if he gave them what they wanted. Also, the authorities hold that police
misstatements on the strength of their case does not provide a necessary finding of
involuntariness. (People v. Musselwhite (1998) 17 Cal.4th 1216, 1240-1241.)
In his brief, defendant references People v. Esqueda (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 1450
(Esqueda) to support his claim the statements were involuntary. However, that case is
easily distinguished from our case. In Esqueda, the police falsely advised the defendant
they had a dying declaration from the victim, found his fingerprints at the crime scene,
and had at least one additional eyewitness to the crime. (Id. at p. 1485.) The accused
was interrogated in that case for a period in excess of eight hours with little interruption.
(Ibid.) The subject was told by the police the specific facts he had to acknowledge to
stop the interrogation. (Id. at pp. 1485-1486.) Finally, he was frankly told that if he did
not talk, it would result in more serious charges. (Id. at pp. 1485-1486.) Our facts are
not remotely akin to the improper conduct in that case. (Id. at p. 1486.) Under the
totality of the circumstances, we must concur with the ruling of the trial court on the
admissibility of the statements by defendant. The denial of the motion to preclude
defendant’s statements during the trial is affirmed.
DISPOSITION
Based on our review of the issues in this case, we affirm the judgment.
_________________________
Dondero, J.
We concur:
_________________________
Margulies, Acting P.J.
_________________________
Banke, J.
10