Filed 8/12/14 P. v. Cruz CA2/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE, B249039
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. VA118152)
v.
OMAR CRUZ,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County.
Michael A. Cowell, Judge. Affirmed.
Peter Gold, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, James William Bilderback II and
Alene M. Games, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_______________________
In an information filed by the Los Angeles District Attorney, defendant and
appellant Omar Cruz was charged with murder. (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a))1 It was
alleged that appellant personally used a firearm within the meaning of section 12022.53,
subdivisions (b), (c), and (d). It was also alleged that the offense was committed for the
benefit of a criminal street gang within the meaning of section 186.22, subdivision
(b)(1)(C).
Appellant pleaded not guilty and denied the allegations. Trial was by jury. The
jury found appellant guilty of second degree murder and found the firearm enhancement
to be true. It found the gang enhancement to be not true.
The trial court denied probation and sentenced appellant to 40 years to life in
prison. He was awarded credit for days of actual custody. And, he was ordered to pay
various fines.
Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal. On appeal, he argues that the trial court
abused its discretion and violated his constitutional right to a fair trial when it allowed the
prosecution to introduce gang-related evidence.
We affirm.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
I. Prosecution Evidence
In December 2010, Carolina Torres (Torres) had been dating appellant for around
two to three months. He did not tell her that he belonged to a gang, but she assumed that
he did because of his “Lott” tattoos. Torres had seen appellant carry a gun in his
waistband two or three times, but she never asked him about the gun.
On December 24, 2010, Torres picked up appellant at his apartment complex on
Carmelita Avenue in Huntington Park. They left to get some food and then returned to
the parking lot of the apartment complex and ate in the car. A man approached the car
and asked if appellant wanted a beer. Appellant said that he did, but to give him a
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
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minute. The man walked towards a dumpster in the parking lot. When they finished
their meal, appellant left to throw away the trash. Appellant left Torres in the car while
he joined a group of men near the entrance to the apartment complex. Torres distracted
herself with music and her phone.
Appellant returned to Torres with a beer in his hand and said that he would not be
long. Appellant also said that an enemy from “East Los” was there. When appellant
returned to check on Torres a second time, she said that she was cold. Appellant got her
a blanket from his apartment. Then he returned to the group of men drinking beer.
Juan Arnaldo Villalva Lopez (Villalva) lived in the same apartment complex. He
was drinking beer with a group of about five men when appellant approached. Villalva
had seen appellant around the complex many times, but only knew him by sight.
Villalva noticed that there was some tension between appellant and another man in
the group (Jesus Cardenas Salas (Salas)) who Villalva did not know. At one point,
appellant said that he “had something” and patted his waistband. Villalva did not see a
gun. Villalva did not hear any talk regarding gangs and did not know if any gang claimed
the area where he lived.
When appellant returned to Torres a third time, she was frustrated and said that
she wanted to leave. Appellant got in the car and Torres started to drive to an area they
called “the U.” It was a nearby street where they had more privacy and regularly had sex
in the car.
Appellant told Torres to stop the car. He got out and said that he was going back
to his apartment because he had forgotten something. He told her to wait for him.
Villalva was still near the entrance of the apartment complex when he heard
gunshots coming from Carmelita Avenue. Villalva went inside his apartment. He later
identified appellant from a photographic line up as being part of the group drinking beer.
Appellant returned to Torres around 10 to 15 minutes later and said, “‘Hurry up.
Let’s go.’” They drove to “the U,” had sex, and spent the night in the car. They drove to
Torres’s house at around 8:00 a.m. and cleaned up.
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Huntington Park Police Officer Cliff Lohner responded to the scene at around
4:00 a.m. He noticed broken glass on the ground next to a vehicle, in a pool of reddish
liquid, along with some shell casings. A man in the driver’s seat had multiple gunshot
wounds to the face and chest.
Dr. David Whiteman, a forensic pathologist, performed the autopsy on Salas.
Salas died from multiple gunshot wounds to the head and chest. Dr. Whiteman discussed
nine separate gunshot wounds, two of which had “stippling,” which indicated that the gun
was fired at close range. He collected four bullets from Salas’s body. Salas did not have
any tattoos.
Huntington Park Police Officer Gabriel Alpizar investigated the case. He
interviewed Villalva at the police station a few hours after the shooting. Villalva said that
he had been drinking beer in the parking lot with a group of men, including appellant.
Villalva said that appellant and another man seemed to have “some tension” even though
Villalva did not hear any aggressive conversation. At one point, appellant lifted his shirt
to show his waistband and said something to the effect that he had “this” in case he
needed to take care of business. Villalva did not see a gun. Someone asked to touch the
gun, but appellant said that he did not allow people to touch it.
Officer Alpizar interviewed Torres three days after the shooting. Torres said that
she and appellant entered her residence at around 9:30 a.m. on the morning of the
shooting. She saw appellant “opening the gun” and place it between the mattresses in the
bedroom.
Huntington Park Police Officer Steve Thoreson participated in the interview of
Torres. Torres said that appellant sometimes hid his gun at her residence. She let the
officers search her bedroom. Officer Thoreson discovered appellant’s gun in Torres’s
bedroom, wrapped in a plastic bag, under a dresser drawer.
Appellant called the police station later that day and went in to be interviewed.
After he was arrested, appellant managed to get loose from the handcuffs and escape.
Appellant was rearrested on January 7, 2011; he was found in the trunk of a vehicle
parked at the police impound lot.
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Appellant’s fingerprints were found on the plastic bag wrapped around the gun.
DNA found on the handgun was consistent with appellant’s DNA profile. Los Angeles
Deputy Sheriff Ivan Chavez, a firearms expert, identified appellant’s gun as a Heckler
and Koch semi-automatic. Bullets recovered by the coroner and bullets recovered from
the victim’s vehicle were fired from appellant’s gun, though a few of the bullets were too
badly damaged for comparison. Eight casings found at the scene were fired from
appellant’s gun. Appellant’s ammunition magazine had a nine-round capacity.
Los Angeles County Sheriff Deputy Eduardo Aguirre testified as a gang expert.
He was familiar with appellant’s gang, “The Lott” or “Lott 13.” The gang had around
150 members spread among three cliques. Appellant was an admitted Lott gang member.
The shooting occurred in a neighborhood claimed by the Lott gang. It is common for
gang members to shoot at perceived rivals. Deputy Aguirre would expect a confrontation
between a Lott gang member and a member of East Los Angeles, a rival gang. When
given a hypothetical consistent with the evidence presented at trial, Deputy Aguirre
opined that the shooting was committed for the benefit of appellant’s gang. Deputy
Aguirre stated that gang crimes intimidate people living in the neighborhood and
dissuades them from reporting crimes to the police. Gang members gain respect by
committing violent crime in the name of their gang.
II. Defense Evidence
Appellant testified that he had belonged to the Lott gang for about three years. His
gang claimed the neighborhood where he lived. He was 21 years old at the time of trial.
He had been dating Torres for around three months.
On the night of the shooting, appellant was drinking beer with a group of men
behind his apartment complex. He had seen Salas before and had no problems with him.
While they were drinking, Salas was “being a little too friendly” with appellant, such as
hugging him like they were close friends. Appellant thought that Salas’s behavior was
inappropriate, but he shrugged off Salas’s contact. Appellant knew that Salas was “just
messing with” him. Salas was whispering to another man and laughing at appellant.
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Appellant felt disrespected. Appellant had a loaded gun in his waistband, but he did not
show anyone his gun. There were no conversations pertaining to gangs that evening.
Appellant and Torres left the parking lot and were on their way to have sex in the
car. Appellant told Torres to stop the car and wait. He forgot something and he was
going to run back to his apartment. He intended to buy some marijuana from a neighbor.
As appellant approached the parking lot of his apartment complex, he saw Salas
vomiting near a car. Salas spit in appellant’s direction and appellant objected to where it
landed. Salas and appellant exchanged some unpleasantries. Salas pushed appellant and
appellant nearly fell down. Appellant was angry and approached Salas as he was getting
into his car. Appellant pulled out his gun and banged on the car window, which
shattered. Salas grabbed for appellant’s gun and they struggled to gain control. Salas
was much bigger than appellant and when it appeared that Salas was stripping away the
gun, appellant pulled the trigger and emptied the magazine clip into Salas. According to
appellant, he closed his eyes or “kind of like blanked out.”
Appellant ran back to Torres’s car, but did not tell her what happened. They drove
to their private spot and had sex.
DISCUSSION
Appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of
his gang involvement.
A. Relevant Proceedings
During trial, outside the presence of the jury, the trial court expressed concern
about the gang enhancement allegation because the evidence, so far, indicated that the
victim was not a gang member. The prosecution argued that the evidence showed that
appellant told Torres that one of his enemies from “East Los” was at the gathering and
later, when appellant and Torres were driving away, appellant asked her to stop the car
and he ran back to the apartment complex, where he shot and killed Salas. The trial court
stated, “I’m not indicating a ruling. I’m expressing my concern on this one issue.”
Thereafter, Deputy Aguirre testified as an expert on the Lott 13 gang, including their
cliques, primary activities, and other elements in support of the gang enhancement
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allegation under section 186.22, subdivision (b). Deputy Aguirre also testified that two
Lott gang members had been convicted of crimes and were in prison.
At the close of the People’s case, defense counsel argued that the evidence was
insufficient to support the gang enhancement. The prosecutor argued that appellant told
his girlfriend that an enemy from East Los was in the group. Further, Villalva testified
that appellant and Salas appeared to have some tension between them and appellant, at
one point, started talking about the gun in his possession and raised his shirt to expose his
waistband. Additionally, appellant lived in an area claimed by his Lott 13 gang. Later
that same day, appellant shot and killed Salas. In sum, there was not “an absence of
evidence” that the shooting was gang-related. The trial court stated that the gang
enhancement was “the weakest part of the People’s case,” but it was not enough to take
the issue away from the jury. Ultimately, the jury found the gang enhancement not to be
true.
Appellant filed a motion for a new trial, arguing that the gang evidence was
prejudicial and, without it, a jury “would very likely reach a different verdict.” The
prosecutor pointed out that appellant admitted that he was carrying a loaded gun at the
time, that he confronted the victim, “and couldn’t provide an explanation as far as how
the victim received the number of gunshot wounds that he did receive.” The trial court
ruled as follows: “I do agree that the jury was not unduly influenced, not only because
they found the gang allegation to be untrue, despite the People’s contention this was a
murder committed for that purpose, but they also found this to be a second degree
murder. In other words, they may have given some credence to the defendant’s story of a
confrontation at the scene of the car, notwithstanding the fact that he got out and went
back to the scene. But they did not find this was willful, deliberate, and premeditated.
And I think the jury assimilated and evaluated the evidence in a fair and legitimate
manner. [¶] I see there is no basis to grant the motion for a new trial. I think the gang
evidence was properly admitted. And I find that there’s no insufficiency in the evidence
to require that the verdict be set aside.”
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B. Standard of Review
“A trial court’s admission of evidence, including gang testimony, is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. [Citations.] The trial court’s ruling will not be disturbed in the
absence of a showing it exercised its discretion in an arbitrary, capricious, or patently
absurd manner that resulted in a miscarriage of justice.” (People v. Avitia (2005) 127
Cal.App.4th 185, 193; People v. Memory (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 835, 858; People v.
Olguin (1994) 31 Cal.App.4th 1355, 1369.) Even when an abuse of discretion is found,
“[t]he erroneous admission of gang or other evidence requires reversal only if it is
reasonably probable that appellant would have obtained a more favorable result had the
evidence been excluded.” (People v. Avitia, supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at p. 194.) It is
appellant’s burden on appeal to establish an abuse of discretion and prejudice. (People v.
Garcia (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 261, 275.)
C. No Error
Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency in reason to prove or disprove any
disputed fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action.” (Evid. Code,
§ 210.) Evidence is relevant if it tends logically, naturally, and by reasonable inference to
establish material facts, including intent and motive. (People v. Tully (2012) 54 Cal.4th
952, 1010.) The definition of relevant evidence is “manifestly broad.” (In re Romeo C.
(1995) 33 Cal.App.4th 1838, 1843.)
Gang evidence, including evidence about a defendant’s gang membership, is
generally admissible if it is relevant to a material issue in the case other than criminal
disposition, is not more prejudicial than probative, and is not cumulative. (People v.
Samaniego (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1167; People v. Albarran (2007) 149
Cal.App.4th 214, 223 (Albarran).) “Evidence of the defendant’s gang affiliation—
including evidence of the gang’s territory, membership, signs, symbols, beliefs and
practices, criminal enterprises, rivalries, and the like—can help prove identity, motive,
modus operandi, specific intent, means of applying force or fear, or other issues pertinent
to guilt of the charged crime.” (People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1049.)
Gang evidence is not admissible if introduced “only to ‘show a defendant’s criminal
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disposition or bad character as a means of creating an inference the defendant committed
the charged offense. [Citations.]’ [Citations.] In cases not involving a section 186.22
gang enhancement, it has been recognized that ‘evidence of gang membership is
potentially prejudicial and should not be admitted if its probative value is minimal.
[Citation.]’ [Citation.] Even if gang evidence is relevant, it may have a highly
inflammatory impact on the jury. Thus, ‘trial courts should carefully scrutinize such
evidence before admitting it.’” (People v. Avitia, supra, 127 Cal.App.4th at pp. 192–
193.)
Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the gang evidence.
The evidence was important to support the gang enhancement allegation. It was also
relevant to the motive and intent of the shooter. After all, appellant was carrying a loaded
gun when he joined the group of men. He returned to the group, instead of leaving, after
telling Torres that an enemy from East Los was there.2 Appellant later returned to the
area and shot the victim to death. From this evidence, the jury could have permissibly
inferred that the shooting was for the benefit of his gang.
Appellant’s reliance upon Albarran is misplaced. In that case, the defendant was
convicted of attempted murder, shooting at an inhabited dwelling (the home of Michael
Bacelis (Bacelis)), and attempted kidnapping for carjacking. (Albarran, supra, 149
Cal.App.4th at pp. 217–218.) The prosecution’s gang expert testified that the defendant’s
gang committed a number of criminal offenses, including robberies, drive-by shootings,
2 Appellant argues that Torres’s testimony is unreliable because she only revealed
appellant’s statement that he had seen an enemy from “East Los” after she learned that
appellant had been cheating on her with another woman. This issue of credibility was for
the jury to decide. (People v. French (1978) 77 Cal.App.3d 511, 523 [the appellate court
does not reassess credibility of witnesses].) The trial court weighs the evidence and
determines issues of credibility and these determinations and assessments are binding and
conclusive on the appellate court. (In re Marriage of Dick (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 144,
160.)
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carjackings and vandalism. (Id. at p. 221.) The gang expert added that gang members
gain respect by committing crimes and intimidating people. (Ibid.)
The Albarran court held that the prosecution presented insufficient evidence to
prove that the purpose of the charged crimes was to gain respect among gang members.
(Albarran, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 227.) The court reasoned: “[T]he motive for the
underlying crimes, in particular the shooting at Bacelis’s house, was not apparent from
the circumstances of the crime” because the shooting occurred at a private birthday party
for Bacelis’s cousin, Bacelis’s gang did not have any known or relevant gang rivalries,
and, although the prosecution’s gang expert testified that a gang member gains respect if
his identity—or the identity of his gang—becomes known to the victims within the gang
community and the neighborhood, there was no evidence that the victim in that case
knew the identity of the defendant or his gang. (Ibid.) In other words, there was
“nothing inherent in the facts of the shooting to suggest any specific gang motive.”
(Ibid.)
Here, in contrast, as set forth above, the challenged evidence had legitimate
purposes at trial.
Moreover, the evidence of appellant’s affiliation with the Lott gang was not
disproportionately inflammatory, particularly when compared to the murder. (People v.
Bojorquez (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 335, 343–344.) Appellant shot Salas, at close range,
until his gun was empty. The gang testimony did not include any evidence that could
have exacerbated the incendiary impact of the evidence of the shooting. (People v. Scott
(2011) 52 Cal.4th 452, 491.)
Even if the trial court erred in admitting the gang evidence, that error was
harmless. It is undisputed that appellant shot and killed Salas. By finding appellant
guilty of second degree murder and finding the gang enhancement untrue, the verdict
shows that the jury logically evaluated the evidence and was not prejudiced against
appellant by the gang evidence. Thus, it is not reasonably probable that a result more
favorable to appellant would have been reached in the absence of the challenged
evidence. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.)
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We likewise reject appellant’s claim that the trial court’s admission of the gang
evidence violated both his state and federal rights to due process. As discussed above, it
is undisputed that appellant shot and killed the victim. The jury found that the murder
was not premeditated and found the gang enhancement untrue. Thus, there is no
indication that the evidence was used for an improper purpose and/or rendered the trial
fundamentally unfair. (Albarran, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th at p. 232; People v. Garcia,
supra, 168 Cal.App.4th at p. 275.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS.
_____________________________, Acting P. J.
ASHMANN-GERST
We concur:
______________________________, J.
CHAVEZ
______________________________, J.*
FERNS
* Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
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