Filed 8/20/14 In re S.M. CA2/7
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION SEVEN
In re S.M., a Person Coming Under the B251450
Juvenile Court Law.
(Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. CK96544)
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
SA. M.,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Anthony
Trendacosta, Juvenile Court Referee. Affirmed.
Cristina Gabrielidis, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
John F. Krattli, County Counsel, Dawyn R. Harrison, Assistant County Counsel,
and Sarah Vesecky, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
________________________
Sa. M. (Mother) appeals from the orders of the juvenile court removing her infant
son, S.M., from her custody and granting a restraining order barring her from
approaching her husband, Timothy M., and the baby. Mother contends neither order was
supported by substantial evidence. We affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Mother and Timothy married in January 2012, and Mother became pregnant soon
thereafter. Due to strains in their relationship, Mother moved into a shelter two months
before S.M.’s birth in November 2012 at an Orange County hospital. Two days after
S.M.’s birth, the Orange County Social Services Agency (OCSSA) received a referral
from the hospital because Mother had tested positive for cocaine. She denied using
drugs, and both she and S.M. tested negative nine hours later.
A second referral the same week alleged Mother had severely neglected S.M.
during her interactions with him at the hospital. Hospital staff told an OCSSA social
worker Mother became agitated and refused to feed the baby claiming he was too fat.
She also ignored the baby and refused to feed him until she had showered. Although
nurses had instructed her how to change and diaper the baby, they found his clothes and
bedding soaked in urine. On one occasion a nurse saw Mother place S.M. on a bed and
walk away despite staff warnings; on another Mother covered S.M.’s face with her hand
to quiet him when he cried although S.M.’s breathing was apparently unaffected. Mother
criticized hospital staff and asked that a white American pediatrician care for S.M.
because she believed the Filipino doctors were “experimenting” on her.1 Citing her
1
Mother informed the worker she had emigrated to the United States from Pakistan
in 2002. She had married a Pakistani man, but their marriage ended after nine years.
Mother married Timothy in January 2012. She had not identified Timothy on the birth
certificate but said he knew of S.M.’s birth. Once contacted, Timothy admitted he had a
criminal history that included an arrest for domestic violence, used marijuana and had
two daughters, now grown, who had been detained by the juvenile court when they were
younger, resulting in the termination of parental rights. Timothy confirmed he and
Mother were married but said he had asked Mother to leave their apartment because she
was not paying her share of the bills. He later admitted he asked her to leave because she
had attacked him.
2
“paranoid delusions and thoughts,” a hospital psychiatrist placed Mother on a psychiatric
hold pursuant to Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150.2
OCSSA filed a petition to declare S.M. a dependent child of the juvenile court
pursuant to section 300, subdivisions (b) (failure to protect or inability to provide regular
care due to mental illness or substance abuse) and (j) (risk of abuse or neglect based on
abuse of siblings), based on Mother’s positive cocaine test and behavior in the hospital,
and Timothy’s criminal history, past use of marijuana and alcohol and prior experience
with the dependency system with his other children. At the November 29, 2012 detention
hearing the juvenile court found a prima facie showing had been made that S.M. came
within section 300 and there was a substantial danger to his physical health and no
reasonable means to protect him without removing him from his parents’ custody. S.M.
was placed in the temporary care and custody of OCSSA, and the agency was ordered to
provided services to Mother and Timothy including monitored visitation.
OCSSA filed a jurisdiction/disposition report on January 2, 2013 describing a
number of interviews with Mother and Timothy, who were again living together. Mother
told the social worker she had been discharged from the hospital after two days and there
was nothing wrong with her. She also told the worker she had filed a police report
against a doctor at the hospital who she believed had prematurely induced her labor. She
complained about hospital staff, especially “fat” ones banging the doors and causing her
baby to jump, but denied she had acted strangely with him at the hospital, saying she had
been upset because his skin was not lighter like his father’s. She denied using drugs and
2
Mother was discharged from the hospital after 48 hours and moved into Timothy’s
apartment. Her discharge instructions identify a preliminary diagnosis of “psychotic
disorder NOS” (not otherwise specified), meaning her doctors could not make a
definitive diagnosis without further evaluation. Her release signified she did not meet the
criteria for retention under section 5150, subdivision (d), requiring a showing of probable
cause that she was, “as a result of a mental health disorder, a danger to others, or to . . .
herself, or gravely disordered.”
Statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless otherwise
indicated.
3
agreed to drug test but expressed concern her sample would be switched with someone
who used cocaine. She tested negative for drugs on four occasions in December 2012.
OCSSA also reported Mother had asked that S.M. be placed with a Muslim family
and accused the worker of wanting to turn S.M. into a Christian. In one meeting Mother
told the social worker “I want my baby back. If you want to keep him then you need to
sacrifice.” During her monitored visits she asked the foster parents about their care of
S.M. and their religion and complained variously that he looked too small, they were not
feeding him enough, his hair was falling out and he was not sufficiently alert. Despite
her initial worry the foster family was not Muslim and was not feeding S.M. properly, she
agreed to leave him in that home but then changed her mind and demanded a more
culturally appropriate home closer to Los Angeles. During this period the OCSSA
received three calls from state and local law enforcement agencies recounting complaints
from Mother about the care S.M. was receiving and claiming his life was in danger.
After an early January 2013 visit, Mother accused the foster father of bringing a different
baby and demanded a blood test to prove the baby was hers.
In his interview with the social worker Timothy denied having a substance abuse
problem and explained he drank occasionally and used marijuana twice a week to help
him fall asleep after long work days. According to Timothy, Mother’s erratic behavior
had been triggered by cocaine, but he also agreed there were cultural and translation
issues. In his view she had difficulties with social skills, and her paranoia was related to
an inability to assimilate and understand social cues. However, he expressed concern
about Mother’s ability to parent S.M. in his absence. During visits he spent much of the
time calming her anxiety and assuring her everything would work out.
The OCSSA recommended the juvenile court sustain the petition and transfer the
case to Los Angeles County for disposition based on the parents’ place of residence. At a
January 2, 2013 hearing the court found Timothy to be the presumed father. At a
subsequent hearing the court recorded that Timothy and Mother had submitted on the
petition as amended and transferred the case to Los Angeles County. On February 11,
2013 the Los Angeles juvenile court accepted the transfer of jurisdiction from Orange
4
County, appointed counsel and ordered S.M. to remain in shelter care while the Los
Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (Department) assessed
Timothy’s home for placement. The Department was also given discretion to liberalize
visitation “up to include release to father.”
A disposition report prepared by the Department disclosed Timothy had asked
Mother to leave the apartment during her pregnancy because she had attacked him on
several occasions. Timothy showed the social worker photographs from wounds he said
had been inflicted by Mother. Because of Mother’s sometimes violent behavior and
hostility toward him during visits with S.M., Timothy asked that her visits with the child
take place separately out of the apartment and urged that, once Mother had left the
apartment, S.M. could be placed with Timothy. Mother agreed with the proposed
placement of S.M. with Timothy: “Please give my child to the father. I will do what the
court wants me to do so I can have my baby back. You people should not have my child.
He is starving to death; you are trying to make him a Christian and a Hispanic.”
Mother’s anxiety and contentiousness during monitored visits with S.M.3 led the
Department to recommend the baby remain in shelter care until Mother had left
Timothy’s apartment and S.M. could be placed with his father. Placement with Mother
was not recommended due to her previous psychotic behavior and failure to obtain
recommended counseling and evaluation.4 On the eve of the hearing, however, due to
Timothy’s continued marijuana use and failure to take recommended parenting classes,
the Department withdrew its recommendation S.M. be placed with him.
3
During an April 2013 visit Mother became agitated while trying to feed S.M.,
argued with the social worker and placed an emergency call claiming S.M. was ill. She
verbally abused responding paramedics, who asked that she be removed from the room.
The paramedics checked the baby and found nothing wrong.
4
Mother went for an assessment at a community mental health center but failed to
report any previous psychiatric history or present symptoms. The center determined she
failed to meet agency criteria and gave her a letter stating so. A Los Angeles County
health facility similarly denied services because of Mother’s denial of any symptoms or
history.
5
The disposition hearing began on April 17, 2013. Timothy’s attorney filed a
request for a restraining order against Mother based on threats she had made against
Timothy and his landlords, who sometimes cared for S.M. Mother’s counsel sought
relocation of visits to a local mosque with a culturally sensitive monitor. The court
granted those requests5 and released S.M. to Timothy over the Department’s objection.
The court also ordered Mother to undergo an Evidence Code 730 evaluation by Daniel
Kramon, a psychologist. The hearing was then continued to June 11, 2013 for Mother’s
contest. It was ultimately completed on August 29, 2013.
On May 9, 2013 Mother was allowed to visit with S.M. at her mosque. The visit
was monitored by an East Asian social worker. According to the monitor, Mother fed the
baby at 3:20 p.m. and when he started to fuss 20 minutes later, tried to feed him again.
When the monitor suggested she should try to soothe the baby by walking or playing with
him rather than feeding him again, Mother became defensive and stated, “you are not his
mother,” and “who are you to tell me what to do?” Resisting the monitor’s efforts to
calm her, Mother telephoned Timothy and another social worker to complain the monitor
would not let her feed S.M. She then yelled at the monitor, “You don’t have children, so
you don’t know how to take care of my child,” and accused her of being jealous of
Mother’s husband and baby. S.M. began crying; and Mother refused to let him sleep,
saying he should not sleep during her visit. The monitor persuaded Mother to allow her
to hold S.M., who soon fell asleep, prompting Mother to accuse the monitor of showing
off; she then attempted to seize S.M. from the monitor’s arms. When Mother continued
to yell at the monitor, the director of the mosque told the monitor the mosque would no
longer host Mother’s visits because her outbursts were interrupting those who were
praying. After the visit the monitor recommended Mother receive additional parenting
classes because she was incapable of caring for her child. The monitor also stated she
would not be able to monitor any further visits between Mother and S.M.
5
Because Timothy’s counsel failed to make corrections to the restraining order as
directed by the court, this order was never issued. The court granted a second request for
a restraining order on June 11, 2013.
6
Dr. Kramon contacted Mother by telephone and interviewed her on May 10, 2013,
the day after the visit at the mosque. According to Kramon, Mother “presented as alert,
oriented, relatively logical and although she was coherent during the interview, there was
an occasional tendency towards bizarre content reflective of paranoid, suspicious type
ideations. . . . She also appeared to be anxious, and it is plausible that her degree of
paranoia and suspiciousness can be greatly exacerbated when she is experiencing acute
anxiety.” Mother denied having suspicious thoughts or panic attacks but described her
recent visit at the mosque and how angry she became at the monitor. While she spoke
her voice escalated and, “by the end of her description . . . , [she] was yelling on the
telephone.” Mother justified reports of her yelling in the presence of her son on the
ground, “in my country, people talk louder” and, when upset, “louder still.” Mother
confirmed earlier reports of her suspicions the doctors had tried to harm her and the
wrong baby had been brought to an earlier visit. Kramon concluded that, despite
Mother’s pleasant demeanor, “the content of much of her communication was
characterized by suspicious type thinking, paranoid and bizarre ideations, likely distortion
of reality and obsessive and rigid type thinking. . . . It is likely that when she perceives
herself to be in a stressful situation, her anxiety significantly escalates, therefore
exacerbating and intensifying the paranoid symptoms.” Kramon noted the possibility of
extended postpartum depression, but concluded (citing Mother’s report of hearing her
mother’s voice in 2002 shortly after arriving in the United States), “there are indications
of paranoid tendencies that can be associated with a Paranoid Personality Disorder and/or
Paranoid Schizophrenia.” “A more specific diagnosis would be best determined by a
more extensive evaluation, involving psychiatric/psychological consultations on a
protracted basis but . . . , there are no current indications that the agitated/acting-out
behavior . . . would be moderated without significant mental health intervention.”
Kramon recommended Mother receive individual psychotherapy and be evaluated for
possible psychotropic medication; continue to have monitored visits with S.M.; that “all
efforts be made to find a monitor with whom she feels compatible”; and reunification be
deferred until there are reports of stabilization of her symptoms.
7
Throughout the months of May and June 2013 Mother lodged numerous
complaints with the court, as well as the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD),
accusing the Department of abusing her child and discriminating against her.6 She sought
new counsel through a Marsden motion and, when that was denied, filed a section 388
petition seeking modification (reconsideration) of that decision. She solicited letters of
recommendation from others in her shelter, attended parenting classes, participated in
counseling and was prescribed psychotropic medication by mental health providers. She
continued to test negative for illicit drug use. Meanwhile, Timothy tested positive for
marijuana and failed to attend parenting classes ordered by the court. In a supplemental
report, the Department recommended S.M. be suitably placed.
At the August 29, 2013 continued disposition hearing, the court appointed new
counsel for Mother and proceeded to make final disposition orders. The court removed
S.M. from Mother’s custody and, notwithstanding the Department’s recommendation,
ordered him placed with Timothy.7 The court also extended the existing restraining order
for a period of one year.
DISCUSSION
1. Substantial Evidence Supported the Disposition Order Removing S.M. from
Mother’s Custody
Section 361, subdivision (c)(1), authorizes removal of a child from his or her
parent’s custody only if the juvenile court finds by clear and convincing evidence that
“[t]here is or would be a substantial danger to the physical health, safety, protection, or
physical or emotional well-being” of the child if the child were returned home and “there
are no reasonable means by which the [child]’s physical health can be protected without
removing” the child from his or her parent’s custody. “The parent need not be dangerous
and the child need not have been actually harmed for removal to be appropriate. The
6
After one such report, an officer advised a social worker to be careful around
Mother, as something about her was “off.”
7
S.M. was subsequently removed from Timothy’s custody at a section 387,
subdivision (b), hearing in March 2014.
8
focus on the statute is averting harm to the child. [Citations.] In this regard, the court
may consider the parent’s past conduct as well as present circumstances.” (In re Cole C.
(2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 900, 917; see In re Christopher R. (2014) 225 Cal.App.4th 1210,
1215-1216.)
We review the juvenile court’s disposition orders for substantial evidence. (Los
Angeles County Dept. of Children & Family Services v. Superior Court (2013)
215 Cal.App.4th 962, 966; In re R.C. (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 930, 940.)8 Under this
standard “[w]e review the record to determine whether there is any substantial evidence
to support the juvenile court’s conclusions, and we resolve all conflicts and make all
reasonable inferences from the evidence to uphold the court’s orders, if possible.” (In re
David M. (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 822, 828; accord, In re Christopher R., supra,
225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1216; In re Drake M. (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th 754, 763; In re
Savannah M. (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1387, 1393.)
Mother contends, in light of her lack of any history or diagnosis of a specific
mental disorder, the juvenile court lacked adequate evidence to warrant removal of S.M.
from her custody. While Mother is correct no definitive diagnosis of a mental disorder
had yet been made, Dr. Kramon’s report stated his opinion Mother had disturbing
symptoms that would require “significant mental health intervention” to enable her to
cope with her paranoid thought processes. In his view Mother was not stable enough to
allow her to parent S.M. That report, coupled with the multiple witness accounts of
8
“The burden of proof at the jurisdiction phase in the juvenile court is
preponderance of the evidence; the burden of proof at disposition is clear and convincing
evidence. (§ 355, subd. (a) [jurisdiction findings by preponderance of evidence]; § 361,
subd. (c) [disposition findings by clear and convincing evidence].) Nonetheless, we
review both jurisdiction findings and the disposition order for substantial evidence. (See
Sheila S. v. Superior Court (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 872, 880-881 [‘The “clear and
convincing” standard . . . is for the edification and guidance of the trial court and not a
standard for appellant review. [Citations.] “‘The sufficiency of evidence to establish a
given fact, where the law requires proof of the fact to be clear and convincing, is
primarily a question for the trial court to determine, and if there is substantial evidence to
support its conclusion, the determination is not open to review on appeal.’”’].” (In re
Christopher R., supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1216, fn. 4.)
9
Mother’s agitation around S.M., her violent outbursts toward Timothy and her
antagonism toward anyone in a position of authority, provided the court with ample
evidence to remove S.M. from her custody. As devoted as Mother was to S.M., her
paranoia and anxiety gave rise to serious concern among the professionals who observed
her as to her mental stability around an infant. (See In re Rocco M. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th
814, 824 [Cases finding a substantial physical danger to a child “tend to fall into two
factual patterns. One group involves an identified, specific hazard in the child’s
environment—typically an adult with a proven record of abusiveness. [Citations.] The
second group involves children of such tender years that the absence of adequate
supervision and care poses an inherent risk to their physical health and safety.”].) As
numerous courts have recognized, a juvenile court need not wait until a child is seriously
abused or injured to assume jurisdiction and take steps necessary to protect the child.
(See, e.g., In re N.M. (2011) 197 Cal.App.4th 159, 165; In re Christopher R., supra, 225
Cal.App.4th at p. 1216.)
2. The Juvenile Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion in Issuing the Restraining
Order
Section 213.5, subdivision (a), permits a juvenile court to issue an order
“enjoining any person from molesting, attacking, striking, stalking, threatening, . . .
harassing, telephoning, . . . destroying the personal property, contacting, either directly or
indirectly, by mail or otherwise, coming within a specified distance of, or disturbing the
peace of any parent . . . .” Section 213.5 has been analogized to Family Code
section 6340, which governs restraining orders under the Domestic Violence Prevention
Act (DVPA). (See In re C.Q. (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 355, 363-364; In re B.S. (2009)
172 Cal.App.4th 183, 194.) That statute “permits the issuance of a protective order under
the [DVPA] in the first instance, if ‘failure to make [the order] may jeopardize the safety
of the petitioner . . . .’ (Fam. Code, § 6340, subd. (a); see also Fam. Code, § 6320.)” (In
re B.S., at p. 194.) A restraining order issued after notice and hearing may remain in
effect up to three years. (§ 213.5, subd. (d)(1).)
10
In determining whether to issue the restraining order, the court may review and
consider the contents of the Department’s file, including the caseworker’s written reports.
(Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.630(d)(1).) “Issuance of a restraining order under
section 213.5 does not require ‘evidence that the restrained person has previously
molested, attacked, struck, sexually assaulted, stalked, or battered the child.’ [Citation.]
Nor does it require evidence of a reasonable apprehension of future abuse.” (In re C.Q.,
supra, 219 Cal.App.4th at p. 363, quoting In re B.S., supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at p. 193.)
An appellate court applies the substantial evidence standard of review to the trial
court’s factual findings in support of the order (Sabbah v. Sabbah (2007)
151 Cal.App.4th 818, 822) and an abuse of discretion standard to review the grant or
denial of the restraining order. (See Gonzalez v. Munoz (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 413, 420
[DVPA].) The trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling exceeds the bounds of
reason. (Ibid.) “‘When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the
facts, the reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial
court.’” (Ibid., citing Shamblin v. Brattain (1988) 48 Cal.3d 474, 478-479.)9
In this case the Department’s reports cited instances of Mother’s attacks on
Timothy, her antagonism towards monitors and other professionals engaged in oversight
of S.M. and her threats toward the landlords as evidence of her violent tendencies and
potentially unstable behavior. Again, the law does not require a court to wait until an
9
In re Cassandra B. (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 199, 210 to 211, cited by both parties,
applied a substantial evidence standard of review to an order granting a restraining order
under section 213.5, subdivision (a). In re Cassandra B. cited In re Misako R. (1991)
2 Cal.App.4th 538, 545, as authority for applying that standard of review. In re Misako
R., however, involved appellate review of a reunification plan in a dependency action, not
a restraining order. In light of both the general rule that a grant or denial or injunctive
relief is reviewed for abuse of discretion (Gonzalez v. Munoz, supra, 156 Cal.App.4th at
p. 420) and the use of the abuse of discretion standard of review in other dependency
matters requiring the weighing of evidence (see In re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal.4th 295,
317-318), we question whether In re Cassandra B.’s application of the substantial
evidence standard of review is correct.
11
attack occurs before an action is taken to protect a child and his or her caregivers. The
juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in issuing the restraining order.
DISPOSITION
The juvenile court orders are affirmed.
PERLUSS, P. J.
We concur:
ZELON, J.
SEGAL, J.*
*
Judge of the Los Angeles County Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
12