This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2012).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A13-1088
State of Minnesota,
Respondent,
vs.
Donavon Duane Bellanger,
Appellant.
Filed August 25, 2014
Affirmed
Hooten, Judge
Becker County District Court
File No. 03-CR-11-534
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Michael Everson, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul,
Minnesota; and
Gretchen D. Thilmony, Becker County Attorney, Detroit Lakes, Minnesota (for
respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Benjamin J. Butler, Assistant
Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Reyes, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and Willis,
Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
HOOTEN, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct,
contending that the district court committed reversible error by excluding extrinsic
evidence of the victim’s prior false allegations of sexual and physical abuse. Because the
district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that appellant failed to meet his
burden of proving the existence and falsity of such allegations, we affirm.
FACTS
In 2004, appellant Donavon Duane Bellanger and his wife, Ashley, became legal
guardians for D.B., M.B., and J.B, who were then the 7-, 5-, and 3-year-old children of
appellant’s brother. In March 2011, D.B. told her father, his girlfriend, and her friend,
M.S., that appellant “was touching her.” D.B.’s father and his girlfriend contacted a
crisis center and brought D.B. to the hospital, where they spoke with Officer Tyron
Warren of the Becker County Sheriff’s Department. After the hospital visit, Officer
Warren accompanied D.B.’s father and his girlfriend to pick up the other two children at
appellant’s house. As Officer Warren was picking up the children, he became aware that
appellant had taken multiple pills and left a note for his brother referring to D.B.’s claims
of abuse. Because appellant was nonresponsive, an ambulance was called and he was
treated for a drug overdose.
Appellant was subsequently charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct for
sexual abuse of D.B., involving multiple acts committed between May 2010 and March
2011, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.342, subd. 1(h)(iii) (2010). Appellant denied the
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charges and claimed that D.B., who was dating a young man, was fabricating these
claims so that appellant could not punish her for violating his rule prohibiting D.B. from
dating. Before trial, appellant moved the district court to allow him to cross-examine
D.B. regarding “specific instances of dishonesty” and to allow him to present extrinsic
evidence through documents and testimonies about D.B.’s prior false accusations of
abuse. Appellant also moved the district court to direct certain social-service
organizations to produce documents regarding D.B. for an in camera review, claiming
that these documents would support his claims.
In support of the motion, appellant submitted two affidavits, one from himself and
the other from Ashley. Both affidavits stated that D.B. had made three false allegations,
which were reported to social services: (1) that Ashley grabbed D.B.’s hair and slammed
her around; (2) that D.B.’s grandmother’s boyfriend sexually abused her; and (3) that
D.B.’s father sexually abused her and her siblings. According to appellant and Ashley,
D.B. later “recanted” each of these allegations and admitted to social services that she
had fabricated them because she was upset with Ashley for disciplining her, she was
angry at her grandmother for not wanting to live with the children, and she was mad at
her father for not visiting them.
The district court granted appellant’s motion for an in camera review of
documents from the social-service organizations. Upon review, the district court
declared that it “found nothing in those documents that was consistent with sexual abuse
claims or recantations” made by D.B. There was only one vague reference to sexual
abuse by a relative, but there was “no reference to recantations,” “no reference to anyone
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ever having followed up,” and “nothing consistent with [appellant’s and Ashley’s]
affidavits.” The identity of the victim of this alleged abuse was also uncertain.
The district court concluded that the documents did not support appellant’s and
Ashley’s claims that D.B. was dishonest or had a history of making false accusations.
The district court ruled that appellant could attack D.B.’s credibility with opinion or
reputation evidence and cross-examine her on the specific alleged instances of false
accusations. The district court explained that if D.B. denied the allegations, appellant
was not allowed to bring in extrinsic evidence to disprove her denial, and that neither
appellant nor Ashley could testify regarding D.B.’s purported false allegations.
At trial, D.B. testified that appellant sexually abused her on multiple occasions.
The first time was when she fell asleep in the car while appellant was driving. D.B.
testified that she “woke up and . . . felt his hands and [saw] his hands in [her] pants.”
Another time, D.B. and appellant drove to a lake, and appellant had sex with D.B. despite
her refusal. D.B. and appellant also had sex at other times in different places, including a
trailer house under construction, Ashley’s car, appellant’s bed, and a treehouse.
D.B. testified that when appellant learned that a male friend had given her a
necklace, appellant grabbed it and threw it away. According to D.B., appellant made her
wear his gold-chain necklace so that others would know that she belonged to him. On
another occasion, appellant destroyed D.B.’s cell phone when he saw a text from a boy.
Soon after these incidents, on March 4, 2011, M.B. advised D.B. as they were
riding home on the school bus that she had seen a boy hugging D.B. at school. M.B. told
D.B. that she was going to tell appellant. D.B. claimed that, at this point, she “just got
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sick of it” because she knew that appellant “was going to get mad” like he did before, so
she “got off the bus” and told her friend, her father, and her father’s girlfriend about the
way appellant had been “touching” her.
M.B. testified that she would see appellant putting his hand on D.B.’s thigh
whenever D.B. sat next to him in the front seat of the car. She also testified that when
Ashley was not at home at night, D.B. would sleep in appellant’s bed. She testified that
one night, she awoke and went into appellant’s bedroom. There, she saw D.B., in only
her shirt with no underwear, sleeping on the bed next to appellant.
D.B.’s friend, K.H., testified that the first time that D.B. had told her that appellant
was molesting her, D.B. was crying and upset. D.B. also showed K.H. kiss marks on her
cleavage, which D.B. claimed were made by appellant. K.H. also observed D.B. wearing
a gold chain. K.H. testified that D.B. had told her that the chain belonged to appellant
and that he made her wear it. When K.H. questioned her as to why she had not reported
the molestation, D.B. explained that she was scared that if she told anyone, she and her
siblings would be split up. D.B. also explained about the incidents involving the gold
chain getting ripped off of her neck by appellant and his angry response to her receiving a
text message from a boy on her cell phone. A few months later, in March 2011, K.H.
received a telephone call from D.B. as she was riding a bus home from school. D.B. told
her that she did not want to go to appellant’s home because she was afraid that she would
get into trouble for dating boys.
On cross-examination, D.B. was not asked any questions about whether she had
made any prior false accusations about physical or sexual abuse. But Ashley testified
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that D.B. had a reputation for lying and that they had her in therapy to help her deal with
her dishonesty. Ashley also testified that she and appellant were concerned with D.B.’s
association with boys and had a rule that D.B. could not date. On the night before D.B.
made the accusations against appellant, Ashley and appellant had threatened to remove
her from public school and to home-school her if she was caught with another boy.
Although a consensual search was done of appellant’s house approximately six
days after law enforcement was contacted, and D.B.’s underwear and bedding were
analyzed, there was no finding of any semen or blood. A doctor testified that while
D.B.’s physical examination was normal with no signs of lesions, scars, or bruising, such
examination was not inconsistent with her claims of sexual abuse.
There was testimony that appellant was often alone with D.B., either on errands or
engaging in recreational activities, and that Ashley was often away from the home for up
to a week at a time for medical treatments. But there was no evidence that anyone
witnessed appellant performing any sexual acts with D.B.
The jury found appellant guilty of first-degree criminal sexual conduct. This
appeal follows.
DECISION
We review evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v. Goldenstein,
505 N.W.2d 332, 340 (Minn. App. 1993), review denied (Minn. Oct. 19, 1993). Even if
error exists, we will not reverse if the error was harmless. Id.
The credibility of a witness may be attacked by evidence in the form of opinion or
reputation. Minn. R. Evid. 608(a). Specific instances of the witness’s conduct probative
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of truthfulness may be inquired into on cross-examination but may not be proved by
extrinsic evidence. Id. (b). Admission of evidence of prior sexual conduct of the victim
in a criminal-sexual-conduct case is governed by Minn. R. Evid. 412, commonly known
as the rape-shield rule. Under this rule, evidence of the victim’s prior sexual conduct
“shall not be admitted nor shall any reference to any such conduct be made in the
presence of the jury, except by court order under” the rule’s procedure. Minn. R. Evid.
412(1). Prior sexual conduct includes prior allegations of sexual abuse. State v. Kobow,
466 N.W.2d 747, 750 (Minn. App. 1991), review denied (Minn. Apr. 18, 1991).
A defendant’s constitutional right to present a complete defense creates an
exception to the rape-shield rule. See Goldenstein, 505 N.W.2d at 340 (holding that the
“exclusion of evidence of [the victim’s] prior false allegations violated [defendants’]
constitutional right to present a defense”). Under this exception, “evidence of prior false
accusations is admissible both to attack the credibility of the complainant and as
substantive evidence tending to prove that the instant offense did not occur.” Id.
“Before evidence of prior false accusations is admissible, however, the [district]
court must first make a threshold determination outside the presence of the jury that a
reasonable probability of falsity exists” regarding previous reports of sexual assault by
the victim. Id. The burden is on a defendant to show that a victim’s sexual history is
relevant and should be admitted despite the rape-shield rule. See State v. Crims, 540
N.W.2d 860, 868 (Minn. App. 1995) (stating that, “[u]nless and until a defendant shows
the victim’s sexual history to be relevant to the facts at bar, this particular form of
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character evidence simply is not admissible under the normal rules of evidence”), review
denied (Minn. Jan. 23, 1996).
Appellant relies on Goldenstein and argues that the district court abused its
discretion by excluding extrinsic evidence of D.B.’s prior false accusations. Appellant
claims that because he was not allowed to present extrinsic evidence of D.B.’s prior false
accusations, his right to present a complete defense under the Sixth Amendment and the
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment was violated.1
The only proffered evidence of D.B.’s prior false allegations was appellant’s and
Ashley’s affidavits claiming that D.B. made these false allegations to social workers and
then recanted the allegations. They claimed that the social-services records would
corroborate their claims. The district court granted appellant’s motion for an in camera
review of the social-services records in order to determine whether there was support for
appellant’s claim that D.B. had made, and recanted, false accusations of abuse to social
services. After reviewing those records and finding nothing to support such claims, the
district court concluded that the affidavits were unreliable and that the unsupported
1
Appellant does not contest the district court’s application of Minn. R. Evid. 608(a) and
(b) in allowing appellant to present evidence regarding D.B.’s character or reputation for
truthfulness or untruthfulness and to cross-examine D.B. about specific instances in
which she purportedly made false accusations of abuse. The district court prohibited
appellant from presenting extrinsic evidence of D.B.’s purported acts of misconduct if
she denied that she had made any false accusation, noting that appellant would be “stuck”
with her answer. See State v. Nelson, 148 Minn. 285, 296, 181 N.W. 850, 855 (1921)
(holding that a cross-examiner may not disprove an answer by extrinsic evidence because
this is deemed to be an inquiry into a collateral matter). At trial, appellant did not cross-
examine D.B. about specific instances in which she made false accusations of abuse, but
presented extensive testimony about D.B.’s reputation and character for untruthfulness.
Appellant appears to be arguing that, notwithstanding the district court’s correct
application of rule 608, his constitutional right to a defense was violated.
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statements of appellant and Ashley were insufficient to show a reasonable probability that
D.B. made any prior allegations of abuse, let alone that the allegations were false. On
this basis, the district court concluded that appellant failed to meet his burden of showing
that the purported prior false accusations were admissible under Goldenstein.
Appellant argues that, “[i]nstead of evaluating the credibility of appellant’s and
Ashley Bellanger’s proposed testimony, the district court should only have considered
whether that testimony, if accepted by [the] jury as credible, related to ‘prior false
allegations.’” (Emphasis added.) He contends that credibility is an issue for the jury “in
all contexts” and cites State v. Blom for its determination that “the district court
inappropriately made a credibility assessment in rejecting the [proposed witness’s]
testimony when all that was required was a determination of whether the inherent
tendency connection, beyond a bare suspicion, had been made.” 682 N.W.2d 578, 621
(Minn. 2004).
But under appellant’s reasoning, a defendant could always pierce the rape shield
by simply claiming that the victim had made prior false allegations. And appellant’s
reliance on Blom is misplaced. Blom involved a proffer of alternative-perpetrator
evidence, which is admissible if the evidence has an “inherent tendency” to link the
alternative perpetrator to the crime. See id. Admissibility under the reasonable-
probability standard, however, requires more than a tendency that the proffered evidence
would be relevant to D.B.’s prior false allegations of sexual abuse. By requiring a
finding of reasonable probability, Goldenstein directs the courts to evaluate not only the
relevancy of proffered evidence, but also the weight of such evidence. Indeed, the
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Goldenstein court cited persuasive caselaw in adopting the reasonable-probability
standard, 505 N.W.2d at 340, and these foreign jurisdictions have determined that
credibility is an issue for the district court in determining whether reasonable probability
exists, see, e.g., Roberts v. State, 648 S.E.2d 783, 785 (Ga. Ct. App. 2007) (stating that
proffered evidence of a victim’s false allegations “merely presented a credibility issue for
the [district] court . . . to resolve in analyzing whether there was a reasonable probability
of falsity”); Richardson v. Commonwealth, 590 S.E.2d 618, 621 (Va. Ct. App. 2004)
(stating that “inherently self-serving” testimony “does not, by itself, establish falsity”).
Moreover, appellant is incorrect that credibility is always an issue for the jury.
Credibility may be an issue for the district court if the standard of admissibility imposes
the obligation of evaluating credibility on the district court. For example, “it is the
function of the [district] court to weigh the credibility of a witness when determining at
[a] Spreigl hearing whether allegations of misconduct are supported by clear and
convincing evidence” and are admissible. State v. Heath, 685 N.W.2d 48, 59 (Minn.
App. 2004) (quotation omitted), review denied (Minn. Nov. 16, 2004). Appellant
contends that Spreigl evidence is inapposite because the clear-and-convincing standard of
admissibility is provided by Minn. R. Evid. 404(b) but the reasonable-probability
standard is the product of caselaw interpretation of a defendant’s constitutional right to
present a defense. Appellant fails to convince us that this distinction matters. In either
scenario, the district court is required to weigh the credibility and reliability of evidence
to determine its admissibility in a criminal trial.
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The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that appellant failed to
show a reasonable probability that D.B. had made false accusations of abuse. Because
there is no reasonable probability of falsity, the district court did not err by excluding
extrinsic evidence of D.B.’s alleged false accusations.
Affirmed.
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