Reversed and Remanded and Memorandum Opinion filed August 26, 2014.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-13-00750-CV
FRANKLIN D. JENKINS, Appellant
V.
CACH, LLC, Appellee
On Appeal from the Civil Court at Law No. 4
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1022701
MEMORANDUM OPINION
This appeal arises from a debt collection action in which appellee CACH,
LLC, the alleged assignee of appellant Franklin D. Jenkins’ credit card debt, sued
to recover on the debt. Following a bench trial, the trial court rendered judgment
against Jenkins. On appeal, Jenkins complains that the trial court did not take
judicial notice of adjudicative facts and challenges the trial court’s overruling his
hearsay objections to purported business records admitted at trial. Concluding that
the trial court erroneously admitted hearsay evidence and that this error probably
resulted in an improper judgment, we reverse and remand.
Background
CACH sued Jenkins for breach of contract based upon his failure to repay a
debt under an agreement for consumer credit. According to the pleadings, FIA
Card Services, N.A., a subsidiary of Bank of America, issued a credit card in
Jenkins’ name, and Jenkins used or authorized use of the card, thereby incurring
charges that he failed to pay. The credit card was cancelled when Jenkins
defaulted in making payments on the account. CACH alleges that it purchased the
account with an outstanding balance of $10,121.88.
At trial, Jenkins stated his name and acknowledged his address. When asked
whether he had received a credit card from Bank of America, he responded, “I
have had many credit cards. I do not recall having a credit card from Bank of
America.” However, when presented with a Bank of America account statement,
he admitted that it bore his name and address, although he still maintained that he
did not recall receiving the credit card from or making payments to Bank of
America.
CACH moved to admit into evidence a business-record affidavit signed by
Tom Vigil of CACH. Vigil attested that he is an authorized agent for and a
custodian of records of CACH and stated the following in pertinent part:
(1) I . . . am familiar with [CACH’s] business processes. Business
records are kept and maintained in the ordinary course of [CACH’s]
business (“Records”) concerning accounts like the account of
[Jenkins]. The Records are made and maintained by individuals
who have a business duty to make entries in the Records accurately
at or near the time of the event that they record, or reasonably soon
thereafter, by or from information transmitted by someone with
personal knowledge of the event or act.
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(2) [I]t is [CACH’s] regular business practice to obtain, integrate, and
rely upon documents prepared by the original creditor of the account
at issue. In this particular action, [CACH] has obtained and
integrated documents received from the original creditor, FIA
CARD SERVICES, . . . a wholly owned subsidiary of Bank of
America . . . . [CACH] relies upon the accuracy of such
documentation in its day to day business activities and such
documents are considered Records of [CACH]. The records consist
of both hard copy information and electronic information that is
generated, stored and maintained by the original creditor in
accordance with generally accepted standards in the retail and
financial industries by individuals that possess the knowledge and
training necessary to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the
records. I know from my experience in reviewing such records that
[they] are made and maintained by individuals who have a business
duty to make entries in the records accurately at or near the time of
the event that they record. [CACH] relies upon the accuracy and
reliability of said records in its day to day business.
(3) All credits and payments have been properly applied, [Jenkins] is
not entitled to additional credits or offsets on the account of any
kind, and the balance as set forth herein is currently due and owing.
(4) I have reviewed [CACH’s] file for the account at issue, including
[CACH’s] history for the account and Records for the account.
Based on my familiarity with [CACH’s] procedures regarding
obtaining and integrating account documents and review of
[CACH’s] file and Records, I have personal knowledge of the
account and the matters stated above are true.
Thirty pages of records were attached to the affidavit, including the
following:
(1) a document entitled “Affidavit of Sale and Certification of Debt”
signed by Justin S. Taro of FIA Card Services;
(2) a document from Bank of America entitled “Exhibit C–Bill of Sale
and Assignment of Loans” signed by Deborah L. Pellicciaro of FIA
Card Services;
(3) billing statements from Bank of America sent to Jenkins at his
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address reflecting payments and unpaid balances;
(4) a “Federally Required Affiliate Marketing Notice” from Bank of
America that is not addressed to a specific recipient;
(5) a “Bank of America Privacy Policy” that is not addressed to a
specific recipient; and
(6) a “Credit Card Agreement” with “FIA Card Services . . . also known
as Bank of America” that is not signed by Jenkins.
In the Affidavit of Sale and Certification of Debt, Taro attested that he is
employed as a bank officer by FIA Card Services and, in relevant part, stated:
(1) He “has personal knowledge of the manner and method by which
FIA Card Services . . . . maintains its normal business books and
records.”
(2) The contents of the affidavit are “believed to be true and correct
based on the computerized and hard copy books and records of FIA
Card Services . . . maintained in the ordinary course of business,
with the entries in them having been made at or near the time of the
transaction recorded.”
(3) The account records of FIA Card Services show Jenkins opened the
subject account; Jenkins had a balance of $10,121.88 as of
October 31, 2011; the account was transferred to CACH on
November 9, 2011 with the same balance; and “[t]here were no
uncredited . . . payments, just counterclaims or offsets against [the]
debt when sold.”
The Bill of Sale and Assignment of Loans signed by Pellicciaro includes the
following statement:
[FIA Card Services] hereby . . . sells, transfers, assigns, sets-over,
quitclaims, and conveys to CACH . . . without recourse and without
representations or warranties of any type, kind, character, or nature,
express or implied, . . . all of [FIA Card Services’] right, title, and
interest in and to each of the loans identified in the loan schedule . . .
attached hereto . . . together with the right to all principal, interest or
other proceeds of any kind with respect to the [l]oans remaining due
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and owing . . . .
Following the Bill of Sale and Assignment of Loans is a heavily redacted
document in different typeface that lists the disputed account, along with Jenkins’
name, address, and the outstanding balance. There is no indication on this
document that it was meant to be the loan schedule referenced in the Bill of Sale
and Assignment of Loans.
Jenkins objected to the admission of the entire exhibit, arguing, in relevant
part:
(1) “[T]he proffer of evidence does not meet the Business Records
Exception Rule to hearsay.”
(2) Virgil relies on “the affidavit from Taro . . . stat[ing] that the date the
alleged account was sold was November 9th, 2011 . . . . [T]he bill
of sale was [also] attached . . . which states that . . . the account was
sold on November 15th, 2011. Now, obviously, . . . both documents
do not state the same thing. So there is a lack of reliability and lack
of trustworthiness.”
(3) The Taro affidavit was made “nearly a year after the alleged account
was sold” and is dated one day before the affidavit was signed,
which shows a lack of trustworthiness.
(4) The Bill of Sale and Assignment of Loans “does not specifically
[reference] this alleged account. It’s just a blank bill of sale.”
(5) “[T]he date on the bill of sale[, November 15, 2011] cannot relate to
this alleged account because . . . [t]he Taro affidavit states that . . . it
was . . . sold, transferred and set over to CACH [on November 9,
2011.]”
The trial court overruled Jenkins’ objections and admitted the exhibit in its
entirety. The trial court ruled in favor of CACH and rendered final judgment
ordering that CACH recover from Jenkins actual damages as well as attorney’s
fees, post-judgment interest, and court costs.
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Discussion
In two issues, Jenkins argues the trial court erred in refusing to take judicial
notice of adjudicative facts and abused its discretion in overruling his objections to
CACH’s exhibit. When an appellant asserts multiple grounds for reversal of the
trial court’s judgment, we first should address any issues that would require
rendition and then, if necessary, consider issues that would result in remand. See
Tex. R. App. P. 43.3; Ortega v. CACH, LLC, 396 S.W.3d 622, 627 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.).
I. No Preservation of Error as to Complaint Regarding Trial
Court’s Failure to Take Judicial Notice
It is unclear from the record whether sustaining Jenkins’ second issue—that
the trial court erred in refusing to take judicial notice of adjudicative facts—would
result in rendition of judgment in Jenkins’ favor, because, as discussed below,
Jenkins does not explain how the trial court’s judicial notice of such facts would
have changed the outcome of the trial. Nonetheless, we shall address that issue
first. Jenkins argues that at trial, he asked the trial court to take judicial notice of
adjudicative facts that Jenkins previously had submitted to the court via a trial
memorandum. 1
Jenkins does not explain on appeal what the relevant adjudicative facts were
or how the trial court’s failure to take judicial notice of them resulted in error.
Thus, he has waived that complaint. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(i) (providing
appellant’s brief must contain clear and concise argument for contentions made,
with appropriate citations to authorities and the record); see also Gurka v. Gurka,
402 S.W.3d 341, 349-50 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.)
1
The trial memorandum included, among other things, a loan sale agreement between
FIA Card Services and CACH.
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(recognizing that failure to cite authority or advance substantive analysis waives
appellate issue).
Moreover, at trial, Jenkins asked the trial court, “I would just request that
under Rule 201 that he be allowed to look at a sample copy of a mutual non-
disclosure agreement between CACH and FIA Card Services to understand why
the documents they submit are untrustworthy.” 2 Texas Rule of Evidence 201
requires a trial court to take judicial notice of adjudicative facts when requested by
a party who supplies the necessary information. Tex. R. Evid. 201(d). An
adjudicative fact is one not subject to reasonable dispute in that it is either
generally known within the territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or capable of
accurate and ready determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot
reasonably be questioned. Tex. R. Evid. 201(b). Jenkins not only failed to
demonstrate that the non-disclosure agreement constituted an adjudicative fact, he
also failed to obtain a ruling on his request. Accordingly, he failed to preserve
error on this issue.3 See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a)(2); Lopez v. City Towing Assocs.,
Inc., 754 S.W.2d 254, 263 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988, writ denied).
We overrule Jenkins’ second issue.
II. Abuse of Discretion in Overruling Hearsay Objections
In his first issue, Jenkins argues that CACH’s exhibit failed to meet the
business records exception to hearsay because it was not trustworthy for the
following reasons, among others: (1) the Vigil affidavit contains hearsay because it
includes out of court statements to prove the truth of the matter asserted concerning
ownership of the subject account; (2) the Taro affidavit, which states that the
2
The loan sale agreement included the mutual non-disclosure agreement as an exhibit. It
is unclear who the “he” is in Jenkins’ request.
3
We note that Jenkins did not introduce the agreement as an exhibit at trial.
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account was sold on November 9, 2011, conflicts with the Bill of Sale and
Assignment of Loans, which states that the account was sold on November 15,
2011; (3) the Taro affidavit was made nearly a year after the account was sold,
indicating that it was not created in the regular course of business; and (4) the Bill
of Sale and Assignment of Loans does not reference the subject account. CACH
argues that the exhibit was admissible in its entirety under the business records
hearsay exception.
Evidentiary rulings are committed to the trial court’s sound discretion.
Ortega, 396 S.W.3d at 628. A trial court abuses its discretion only when it rules
without regard for any guiding rules or principles, and we must uphold a trial
court’s evidentiary ruling if there is any legitimate basis to support it. Id. Even if a
court erroneously admitted improper evidence, to warrant reversal, the
complaining party must show that the error probably resulted in an improper
judgment, which typically requires a showing that the judgment turned on the
particular evidence in question. Id. at 629 (citing Tex. R. App. P. 44.1). In making
this determination, we review the entire record. Id.
Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered in evidence to prove the truth of
the matter asserted and is inadmissible unless a statute or rule of exception applies.
Tex. R. Evid. 801(d); 802. The proponent of hearsay has the burden of showing
that the testimony fits within an exception to the general rule. Ortega, 396 S.W.3d
at 629. Under the business-records exception, evidence that is otherwise
inadmissible as hearsay may be admissible if the proponent of the evidence
demonstrates that (1) the records were made and kept in the course of a regularly
conducted business activity; (2) it was the regular practice of the business activity
to create such records; (3) the records were created at or near the time of the event
recorded; and (4) the records were created by, or from information transmitted by,
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a person with knowledge who was acting in the regular course of business. Tex. R.
Evid. 803(6); Ortega, 396 S.W.3d at 629.
These prerequisites to admissibility may be provided in the form of an
affidavit that complies with Rule 902(10). Tex. R. Evid. 803(6), 902(10)
(including sample business records affidavit); Ortega, 396 S.W.3d at 629. The
predicate witness need not be the creator of the record or have personal knowledge
of the content of the record but rather need only have personal knowledge of the
manner in which the records were prepared. Ortega, 396 S.W.3d at 629. Further,
third-party documents can become the business records of an organization and
consequently admissible under Rule 803(6) if the records are (1) incorporated and
kept in the course of the testifying witness’s business, (2) the business typically
relies upon the accuracy of the contents of the documents, and (3) the
circumstances otherwise indicate the trustworthiness of the documents. Id.
The theory underlying the business-records exception is that there is a
certain probability of trustworthiness of records regularly kept by an organization
while engaged in its activities and upon which it relies in the ordinary course of its
activities. Id. Therefore, if “the source of information or the method or
circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness,” even a properly
authenticated record may be inadmissible. Tex. R. Evid. 803(6); Ortega, 396
S.W.3d at 630. Lack of trustworthiness is most frequently found when the record
was prepared in anticipation of litigation. Ortega, 396 S.W.3d at 630.
Except in those instances specified by statute or rule, affidavits are not
evidence in contested cases. Id. Accordingly, when an ex parte affidavit presents
evidence beyond the simple authentication requirements of Rule 902, the
extraneous portions of the affidavit constitute inadmissible hearsay. Id.
Vigil Affidavit. This affidavit contains the prerequisite authentication
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requirements of Rule 902. However, it also contains two paragraphs that are
extraneous. Vigil attested:
All credits and payments have been properly applied, [Jenkins] is not
entitled to additional credits or offsets on the account of any kind, and
the balance as set forth herein is currently due and owing. . . .
I have reviewed [CACH’s] file for the account at issue, including
[CACH’s] history for the account and Records for the account. Based
on my familiarity with [CACH’s] procedures regarding obtaining and
integrating account documents and review of [CACH’s] file and
Records, I have personal knowledge of the account and the matters
stated above are true.
In analyzing the contents of the attached business records and reaching conclusions
based on that analysis, these statements contain information in addition to that
required to authenticate business records under Rule 902 and thus constitute
inadmissible hearsay. See id.
Taro Affidavit. This affidavit was offered by CACH as a third-party
document created by FIA Card Services that has become a business record of
CACH. In the business-record affidavit, to which the Taro affidavit is attached,
Vigil testifies that the documents from FIA Card Services are “maintained by
individuals who have a business duty to make entries in the records accurately at or
near the time of the event that they record.” But the Taro affidavit is dated
August 7, 2012, and asserts that FIA Card Services sold Jenkins’ account to CACH
on November 9, 2011. A record of a sale made nearly a year after a sale takes
place is not “at or near the time of the event” that it purports to record. See id. at
631. Further, there is a notation at the bottom of the Taro affidavit that reads
“CACH, LLC 8/6/2012.” If those numbers refer to a date, it would be the day
before Taro executed the affidavit, which suggests that he did so at CACH’s
request and not in the regular course of business. See id. Even assuming those
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numbers are not significant, the fact that the affidavit is dated three months before
CACH filed suit and nearly a year after the alleged date of sale suggests that it was
created in anticipation of litigation rather than in the course of a regular business
activity, which casts doubt on its trustworthiness. See id.
Bill of Sale and Assignment of Loans. This document, also offered by
CACH as a business record created by a third party, purports to transfer FIA Card
Services’ “right, title and interest in and to each of the loans identified in the loan
schedule . . . attached hereto.” As set forth above, immediately following the Bill
of Sale and Assignment of Loans is a heavily redacted document in different
typeface that lists the disputed account, along with Jenkins’ name, address, and the
outstanding balance. However, there is no indication on the redacted document
that it was meant to be the loan schedule referenced in the Bill of Sale and
Assignment of Loans. Moreover, the date of the assignment referenced in the Bill
of Sale and Assignment of Loans—November 15, 2011—conflicts with the date of
assignment of the account attested to by Taro—November 9, 2011. Accordingly,
the circumstances surrounding the Bill of Sale and Assignment of Loans and the
redacted document do not indicate trustworthiness and the document does not fall
within the business-records exception. See id.
CACH argues this case is akin to Ainsworth v. CACH, LLC, No. 14-11-
00502-CV, 2012 WL 1205525 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 10, 2012,
pet. denied) (mem. op.). In that case, CACH allegedly purchased the appellant-
debtor’s account from Chase Bank. Id. at *1. CACH introduced a business-record
affidavit, which authenticated a number of documents, including a bill of sale
showing that CACH purchased the account from Chase, with an affidavit from a
Chase employee stating that appellant’s account was sold and assigned to CACH
with the amount of the balance due. Id. at *1-2. We concluded that the affidavit
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fell within the business-records exception. Id. at *5. The facts of this case are
distinguishable.
First, even though CACH introduced a bill of sale, it does not reference
Jenkins’ account. Although the heavily-redacted document following the bill of
sale includes the subject account, there is no evidence that the document was
attached to the bill of sale, other than by its proximity to the bill of sale in the
exhibit. It is not labeled as the loan schedule referenced in the bill of sale, and
there is no indicator of what the document purports to be, other than a list detailing
the subject account and balance.
Second, in Ainsworth, we did not hold that the date of the contested affidavit
was relevant. See Ortega, 396 S.W.3d at 632. As described above, the date of the
Taro affidavit, which is the only document directly referencing the assignment of
Jenkins’ account to CACH, is highly relevant and indicates it is not trustworthy.
See id. This case thus is more akin to Ortega than Ainsworth. Compare
Ainsworth, 2012 WL 1205525, at *5, with Ortega, 396 S.W.3d at 632.
We conclude there is no legitimate basis upon which the trial court’s
overruling of Jenkins’ hearsay objections can be supported. See Ortega, 396
S.W.3d at 632. Having made that determination, we must determine whether the
trial court’s error resulted in an improper judgment. See id. Without the
inadmissible evidence discussed above, there would be insufficient evidence to
prove the assignment of the account to CACH and thus insufficient evidence upon
which the trial court could have reasonably rendered a judgment in CACH’s favor.
See id. Therefore, we conclude the judgment turned on the improperly admitted
evidence and must be reversed. See id. Because the trial court erroneously
admitted hearsay evidence that was essential to the judgment, we sustain Jenkins’
first issue.
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Because we conclude that the trial court erred by admitting improper
evidence upon which the judgment turned, we reverse the trial court’s judgment
and remand the cause for a new trial. See id. at 633.
/s/ Martha Hill Jamison
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Jamison, and McCally.
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