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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
N.S.M., IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant
v.
J.R.M.,
Appellee No. 298 MDA 2014
Appeal from the Order entered December 16, 2013,
in the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County,
Domestic Relations Division, at No(s): 0498-DR-00
BEFORE: LAZARUS, STABILE and MUSMANNO, JJ.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED AUGUST 28, 2014
appeals from the Order dismissing her Complaint in
and ordering a refund of any funds held in escrow. We reverse and remand
for further proceedings.
The parties, who were previously married, have been involved in
lengthy child support proceedings with regard to Child since 2000. On
October 2, 2012, Former Husband filed a Petition for Genetic Testing. On
November 6, 2012, the trial court entered an Order directing Former
Husband, Mother, and Child to participate in genetic testing. The Order
further directed that all funds for Child be placed in escrow pending the
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results of the genetic testing. The trial court also scheduled a hearing on the
issue of paternity by estoppel for May 23, 2013.
The trial court set forth the relevant testimony presented at the
hearing:
[Mother] and [Former Husband] were married on March
22, 1997 and divorced on July 24, 2003. [Paternity Hearing,
Notes of Testimony, May 23, 2013, p. 6]. One child was born
during the marriage [Child,] and another [male] child was born
-__-96). [N.T., 5-
23-13, pp. 6-7]. [Former Husband] testified that at the time of
Germany and was serving in the United States Army. [Id. at 7].
[Id.] [Former Husband] testified that he came back from
[Id. at 8]. Initially, [Former Husband] did not question
put any thought into the actual time period of conception Id.
at 8-9]. The parties separated in October or November of 1999.
[Id. at 10]. At one point before the separation, [Former
Husband] questioned whether the baby was his, and [Mother]
Id. at 9-10]. [Former
Husban Id. at 9]. When asked about
his relationship with [Child], [Former Husband] responded that
sic Id.
at 10]. [Former Husband] also testified that, outside of
visitations and weekends, [] he has not had consistent custodial
custody [O]rder was adhered to in the beginning, but slowly
tapered off. [Id. at 10-11]. When asked at the May [2013]
hearing when he last saw [Child], [Former Husband] answered
that he had spoken to her for four or five minutes three days ago
when he took his other daughter to see a friend and, before that,
it had been sometime last November. [Id. at 11].
In 2011, during a custody dispute between the parties, the
parties discussed whether they should go for paternity testing.
[Mother] claimed it was the first time that they spoke of the
situation in thirteen years. [Id. at 11, 20]. The testimony
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actually [S.C.], a long-time family friend. [Id. at 11-13, 20-22].
[Former Husband] stated that once the subject came to light, he
became aware that both children talked about [S.C.]. When
asked if [Former Husband] knew if [S.C.] had a relationship with
good guy from what I understand, as far as stepping in and
being there for her in the situation. I know in October of this
past year, 2012, I actually had a scheduled visitation, and
[Child] was not there . . . because she went with [S.C. to] one of
Id. at 13-14].
[Mother] testified that she and [S.C.] were childhood
father, and [that] he has a relationship with [Child]. [Id. at 17,
20-
relationship with [Child], and averred that [S.C.] has taken a
Id. at 17-18].
When asked if the result of the genetic testing has affected his
ability to have a parental relationship with [Child], [Former
Husband] answered yes. He also testified that, at the time of
the hearing, he had no parental relationship with [Child]. [Id. at
28].
[Mother] stated that [Former Husband] did not
fraudulently enter into the parental situation, that he was aware
at the time of the pregnancy that he may not have been the
biological father, that he acted as her father, continued to raise
her, and supported her. [Id. at 26].
At the close of the hearing, [the trial court] found in favor
of [Former Husband]. [Id. at 30]. It was agreed that both
parties be scheduled for genetic testing. [Id.] See Order to
Appear for Genetic Testing, dated 6-10-13. The genetic[] test
results, dated July 10, 2013, reflect that [Former Husband] was
excluded as the father of [Child]. The DNA Test Report indicated
Trial Court Opinion, 3/24/14, at 1-3 (footnote omitted).
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Subsequently, on July 29, 2013, Former Husband filed a Petition to
Dismiss the Complaint in Support against him. The trial court entered a Rule
to Show Cause with regard to the Petition on July 30, 2013. On August 14,
2013, Mother filed an Answer to the Rule. On December 16, 2013, the trial
not take any testimony. Thereafter, the trial court entered an Order
, and dismissed the Complaint in
Support. The trial court directed that all arrearages owing for Child were to
be cancelled, and any funds on hold in escrow were to be refunded to
Former Husband.
On January 8, 2014, Mother filed a Notice of Appeal, but she failed to
file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to
Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). Mother also included a request for a
transcript of the hearing from December 16, 2013, and a Petition for Leave
to Proceed in forma pauperis.
in
forma pauperis
exceeded the guidelines of the United States Department of Health and
Human Services. Following the denial, Mother paid $73.50 for filing her
Notice of Appeal, but she did not pay for the preparation of a transcript.
Accordingly, the certified record does not include a certified copy of the
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notes of testimony from the hearing held on December 16, 2013.1 On March
appearance, and filed a Concise Statement on behalf of Mother.2
In her brief on appeal, Mother raises the following issues:
I. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in dismissing the
[C]omplaint for support and canceling the arrears/refunding the
escrow?
II. Did the trial court exercise manifestly unreasonable judgment
in failing to hear testimony on the best interest of the [C]hild
when [Mother] argued that paternity by estoppel applied under
the circumstances?
III. Did the trial court abuse its discretion and/or misapply the
law in determining that a DNA test alone was dispositive of the
issue of paternity and support?
1
Although Mother requested the notes of testimony from the December 16,
2013 hearing, she did not pay for the transcript, so it is not included in the
certified record. See Pa.R.A.P. 1911(a) (requiring an appellant to order and
pay for any transcript necessary to permit resolution of the issues raised on
appeal). As a reviewing Court, we are limited to a review of the certified
record. See Commonwealth v. Preston, 904 A.2d 1, 7 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(en banc -appellant fails to
conform to the requirements of Rule 1911, any claims that cannot be
resolved in the absence of the necessary transcript or transcripts must be
However, as there is
no dispute regarding what occurred at the hearing on December 16, 2013,
eview her issues on
appeal.
2
Notice of Appeal is not fatal to her appeal. We can discern no prejudice to
-filed Concise Statement, and neither this
Court nor the trial court directed Mother to file a Concise Statement. See In
re K.T.E.L., 983 A.2d 745, 747 (Pa. Super. 2009) (finding that the
result in waiver of all issues for appeal where the appellant later filed the
statement, and there was no allegation of prejudice from the late filing).
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3
Our standard of review in this child support matter is as follows:
In matters involving support, a reviewing court will not
disturb an order of the trial court unless there has been an abuse
of discretion. An abuse of discretion exists if the trial court
misapplied the law, or if there is insufficient evidence to sustain
the order. Moreover, resolution of factual issues is for the trial
findings if they are supported by competent evidence. It is not
enough that we, if sitting as a trial court, may have made a
different finding.
Doran v. Doran, 820 A.2d 1279, 1282 (Pa. Super. 2003) (quotations
omitted). When evaluating a support order, this Court may only reverse the
ground. R.K.J. v. S.P.K., 77 A.3d 33, 37 (Pa. Super. 2013).
together. Mother contends that the trial court abused its discretion in
dismissing the Complaint in Support, canceling the arrears, and refunding
the escrow to Former Husband because it refused to apply the doctrine of
-19. Mother argues that the facts
developed at the hearing on May 23, 2013, were not sufficient for the trial
3
We observe that Mother stated her issues somewhat differently in her
Concise Statement. This Court could conclude that Mother waived her
second and third arguments on appeal in that she set forth her issues
differently in her Concise Statement and her brief.
second and third issues are suggested by her Concise Statement and,
therefore, we will review them on appeal. See Krebs v. United Ref. Co. of
Pennsylvania, 893 A.2d 776, 797 (Pa. Super. 2006) (stating that any issue
not set forth in or suggested by a concise statement of errors complained of
on appeal and the statement of questions involved section in the appellate
brief is deemed waived); see also Pa.R.A.P. 2116.
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court to render a decision on paternity by estoppel, as the May 2013 hearing
focused on whether to order genetic testing, and that the trial court should
have taken further testimony at the hearing on December 16, 2013. Id. at
19-22. Mother asserts that even with the minimal record, it was not in
Former Husband acknowledged that he may not have been the biological
father when Child was born, but continued to hold himself out to Child and
rs; he agreed to pay child
support for numerous years following the separation; he asked for additional
time with Child in the custody proceedings; he recently told Child that he
a relationship with her; and Child has an insignificant relationship with S.C.
Id. at 17, 18, 22-23. Mother further claims that the trial court erred in
testing results. Id. at 19, 24-25.
Recently, our Supreme Court addressed the application of paternity by
estoppel in K.E.M. v. P.C.S., 38 A.3d 798 (Pa. 2012).4 In K.E.M., the
K.E.M., 38 A.3d at 799. The tri
4
The presumption of paternity is inapplicable in this case as there was no
intact marriage to preserve. See K.E.M., 38 A.3d at 806-07.
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father for purposes of child support via the doctrine of paternity by estoppel.
Id. at 800, 803. On appeal, the Superior Court affirmed the
application of the doctrine of paternity by estoppel. Id. at 802-03. The
application of the doctrine of paternity by estoppel in this case, and, more
broadly, its co Id. at 803.
In discussing the continued viability of the paternity by estoppel
doctrine, the K.E.M. Court acknowledged that a role remains for the doctrine
definitive legislative
Id. at 807. The Supreme Court stated the following:
Absent any overriding equities in favor of the putative father,
such as fraud, the law cannot permit a party to renounce even
an assumed duty of parentage when by doing so, the innocent
child would be victimized. Relying upon the representation of
the parental relationship, a child naturally and normally
extends his love and affection to the putative parent. The
representation of parentage inevitably obscures the identity
and whereabouts of the natural father, so that the child will be
denied the love, affection and support of the natural father.
As time wears on, the fiction of parentage reduces the
likelihood that the child will ever have the opportunity of
knowing or receiving the love of his natural father. While the
law cannot prohibit the putative father from informing the
child of their true relationship, it can prohibit him from
employing the sanctions of the law to avoid the obligations
which their assumed relationship would otherwise impose.
Id. at 807-08 (citation omitted). The K.E.M.
operative language of this passage centers on the best interests of the child,
and we are of the firm belief in terms of common law decision making that
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this remains the proper, overarching litmus, at least in the wider range of
Id. at 808.
The K.E.M.
reasons. Id. at 809. In light of that, the Court stated that a determination
best interests of the child, rather than by rote pronouncements grounded
Id. However, the
Court further stated that if there is no difference in the supportive
the responsibility for fatherhood should lie with the biological fa Id. at
810.
The Supreme Court indicated that the record in
Id. Further,
the Supre
Id. The Supreme Court concluded that paternity by estoppel
t will apply only where it can be
shown, on a developed record, that it is in the best interests of the involved
Id. at 810. The K.E.M. Court accordingly remanded the case to the
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trial court for further proceedings to determine whether the dismissal of the
support claim was proper. Id.
This Court addressed the applicability of paternity by estoppel, as
explained in K.E.M., in R.K.J., supra. In R.K.J., S.P.K., and the subject
six-year-
another man. R.K.J., 77 A.3d at 35.
husband and subsequent divorce, S.P.K. lived with R.K.J. and child for six
Id. S.P.K., while acknowledging child was not
his biological child, held child out as his own and claimed child as a
dependent on his tax returns. Id. After S.P.K. and R.K.J. broke up, R.K.J.
then sought support for the child from S.P.K. Id. The trial court found that
S.P.K. was the father of the child by the doctrine of paternity by estoppel
and, subsequently, ordered S.P.K. to pay child support. Id. at 35-36.
On appeal, this Court recognized the five factors set forth in K.E.M. as
of paternity by estoppel:
(1) a party cannot renounce an assumed duty of parentage
when the innocent child would be victimized; (2) the law can
prohibit a putative father from employing sanctions of the law to
avoid the obligations that his assumed relationship with the child
putative father; (4) the harm that would befall the child if the
(5) the need for continuity, financial support, and potential
psychological security arising out of an established parent-child
relationship.
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R.K.J., 77 A.3d at 38. This Court concluded that the trial court did not err in
applying the doctrine of paternity by estoppel, as S.P.K. had functioned as
the six-year-
and interacted with the child for nearly six years; told the child he was the
had no relationship with the child and had never lived with the child. Id. at
39-42.
Here, the trial court disagreed that the paternity by estoppel doctrine
should be applied to Former Husband and made the following determination
based on its factual findings:
to not apply paternity by estoppel and to dismiss the
[C]omplaint [in S]upport. Th[e trial c]ourt found the testimony
of [Former Husband] credible. While [Former Husband] acted as
-daughter relationship, he
did not enjoy consistent custodial time with [Child], and has not
had a parental relationship with her for some time. Although
close family friend. [Child] has a relationship with [S.C.], as she
s] children and family. The testimony reflects
that [S.C.] has taken [Child] to sporting events and dinners, and
has made a great effort in taking further steps in getting to know
actions r
Consequently, t[he trial c]ourt finds no difference in the
As such, there was no abuse of discretion in the determination to
Trial Court Opinion, 3/24/14, at 5-6.
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It appears from the record that the trial court made efforts to consider
the best interests of Child, and determined that the application of paternity
by estoppel to hold Former Husband responsible for further support of Child
re
5
See
R.K.J., 77 A.3d at 38 (setting forth the factors relevant in determining the
best interests of child in matters involving paternity by estoppel). As a
result, we have no sense of the harm that would befall Child if Former
See K.E.M., 38
A.3d at 810. Accordingly, as in K.E.M., we will not dismiss Former
interests.
Order reversed. Case remanded for further proceedings consistent
with this Memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.
5
We note that neither Child nor S.C. testified at the May 23, 2013 hearing.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/28/2014
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