Jul 23 2014, 7:42 am
FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
JAMES E. AYERS DAVID G. FIELD
Wernle Ristine & Ayers BRANDON M. KIMURA
Crawfordville, Indiana Schultz & Pogue, LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JOSEPH LAYCOCK, )
)
Appellant, )
)
vs. ) No. 79A04-1310-CT-521
)
JOSEPH SLIWKOWSKI, M.D., )
)
Appellee. )
APPEAL FROM THE TIPPECANOE SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Thomas H. Busch, Judge
Cause No. 79D02-1002-CT-6
July 23, 2014
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
BARNES, Judge
Case Summary
Joseph Laycock appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Joseph Sliwkowski, M.D. We affirm.
Issue
Laycock raises one issue, which we restate as whether there is designated evidence
that Dr. Sliwkowski caused injury or damages to Laycock.
Facts
On November 8, 2005, Laycock was stabbed in the thigh with a red-hot welding
wire at work and was immediately treated by a work clinic nurse under Dr. Sliwkowski’s
supervision. On November 11, 2005, Laycock was seen by the work clinic nurse because
his thigh was “swollen, tight, and very painful.” App. p. 67. The nurse sent Laycock
home after discussion with Dr. Sliwkowski. The next day, the pain became unbearable,
and Laycock went to the emergency room, where he was diagnosed with compartment
syndrome and underwent surgery for the condition.
In 2007, Laycock filed a proposed medical malpractice complaint with the Indiana
Department of Insurance. In 2009, a medical review panel unanimously concluded that
the evidence did not support the conclusion that Dr. Sliwkowski failed to comply with the
appropriate standard of care and that the conduct complained of was not a factor in the
resultant damages.
2
In 2010, Laycock filed a complaint against Dr. Sliwkowski.1 The complaint
alleged that Dr. Sliwkowski had a duty to exercise reasonable care to see that Laycock
obtained proper treatment, that Dr. Sliwkowski failed to use ordinary skill, care, and
diligence, and “[t]hat as a direct and proximate result of the actions and omissions . . . ,
the Plaintiff suffered certain injuries and damage.” Id. at 12.
Dr. Sliwkowski eventually moved for summary judgment based on the medical
review panel’s opinion. In response, Laycock designated an affidavit, in which Dr.
Herbert Hermele asserted that Dr. Sliwkowski failed to meet the standard of care on
November 8, 2005, and November 11, 2005, and that the failures to diagnose and refer
and the delay in diagnosis caused Laycock to have increased tissue damage, pain,
swelling, bleeding, loss of range of motion, and impairment of function. Dr. Sliwkowski
then withdrew his motion for summary judgment.
Dr. Hermele was deposed, and Dr. Sliwkowski filed another motion for summary
judgment asserting that there were no genuine issues of material fact regarding a breach
of the standard of care on November 8, 2005, or causation and damages on November 11,
2005. In support of his motion, Dr. Sliwkowski designated the review panel’s opinion
and portions of the Dr. Hermele’s deposition testimony about the November 11, 2005
treatment in which Dr. Hermele stated:
Q. What would have been the course of care had he gone
to an ER that night?
1
Although the complaint also alleged another doctor was negligent, in October 2010, an agreed order of
summary judgment was entered in favor of that doctor.
3
A. It would have been the same, just a day sooner than
what was done on the 12th. Once he got to the emergency
room, I think everything was done appropriately and they, in
fact, said this is a compartment syndrome, I think. I can’t
assure you, but I think if he had walked in on the 11th, they
would have said this is a compartment syndrome, and then the
clinical story would have been just one day sooner, not
different, just sooner. This is one of those situations where
the clock does count.
Q. He would have still had to have the embolization?
A. Yes.
Q. He would still have had to have had the fasciotomy?
A. Yes.
Q. The semitendinosus would have still been viable?
A. Yes.
Q. So everything he experienced at Methodist Hospital on
the 13th (sic) of November, 2005 would have been
experienced one day sooner.
A. Yes.
Q. And is that why you said earlier you only have an
opinion as to a deviation of the standard of care?
*****
A. . . . . Whatever they did on the 12th would have been
done on the 11th. Now, could I then say what the surgery
would have looked like a day sooner? No, nobody can; but
there’s no doubt that this man had a compartment syndrome
because we had a surgeon say he opened up a compartment
syndrome.
Q. Which was going to happen?
4
A. Which was going to happen anyway, correct. I’m not
disputing that the man was going to come to surgery; it was a
question of when the man was going to come to surgery.
Again, the sooner the better.
Q. So am I understanding you, then, to be of the opinion
that Dr. Sliwkowski deviated from the standard of care on
November 11, 2005 by not referring Mr. Laycock to the ER
or back to the orthopaedic specialist?
A. Yes.
Q. But that everything that happened afterwards was
going to happen anyway?
A. Yes.
Q. So you have an opinion of a deviation of the standard
of care, but you do not have an opinion on causation damages
in this case?
A. That’s correct.
Q. These damages, the surgeries, the fasciotomy, was
going to happen, whether its happening on November 11th,
the 12th or the 13th?
A. Yes.
Q. You have no opinion that Dr. Sliwkowski’s November
th
11 deviation caused Mr. Laycock harm?
A. You want to avoid delay in the diagnosis and then
treatment of a compartment syndrome. I’m not aware of the
patient’s current situation. I can’t comment on any of that.
All I can say is delay is not a good thing, and the sooner that
the diagnosis is made and the treatment is initiated, the better
the results in a general sense.
Q. Do you have any evidence that his condition is worse
because of a 24-hour delay in this case?
5
A. Not in this case; just as a generalization. Again, the
clock matters, and the sooner the better; but no, I can’t
comment on that, no, I cannot.
*****
Q. Because there can be a deviation – in the law, there
can be a deviation of the standard of care, but there is no
harm because things happened as they would have
regardless?
A. Correct.
Q. Is that your opinion here? There is deviation in the
standard of care, but there is no causation, no damages?
A. My opinion is there is a deviation in the conclusion of
what needed to be done when he was seen on November 11th.
I can’t comment on damages or morbidity because I’m not
aware of it. I don’t know what the patient looks like now.
*****
Q. . . . . Whether Dr. Sliwkowski sends him to the ER on
the 11 or he goes on the 12th, whatever sequela or by-
th
products of an embolization and a fasciotomy and whether
that scars up and all of those things associated with those
surgeries and that initial penetrating injury are going to occur
no matter what?
A. Yes.
Id. at 76-77. On cross-examination, Dr. Hermele clarified:
Q. Doctor, I think you’ve said this in explanation, but
would it also be the case that the delay in surgery, in this case
at least a day, increased the chance that ultimate damage to
tissue would be greater?
A. Yes. The physiology of compartment syndrome is that
it’s time-related, yes.
6
Id. at 77. On redirect examination, Dr. Hermele stated:
Q. Dr. Hermele, what is, in your expert opinion, the
percentage difference in the tissue damage that Mr. Laycock
sustained in the 24-hour period?
A. Unknown.
Q. Zero? You don’t have any idea?
A. I don’t think anybody has any idea?
Q. You can’t quantify that in any degree?
A. No.
Id. Laycock responded and designated a second affidavit by Dr. Hermele, which Dr.
Sliwkowski moved to strike. The trial court granted Dr. Sliwkowski’s motion to strike
and his motion for summary judgment. Laycock filed a motion to correct error, which
the trial court denied. Laycock now appeals.2
Analysis
Laycock argues that summary judgment was improper because there are questions
of fact related to causation regarding the November 11, 2005 treatment.3 “We review an
appeal of a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment using the same
standard applicable to the trial court.” Perdue v. Gargano, 964 N.E.2d 825, 831 (Ind.
2
In his deposition, Dr. Hermele testified that Dr. Sliwkowski did not deviate from the standard of care on
November 8, 2005, and Laycock does not dispute the trial court’s entry of summary judgment relating to
the treatment on November 8, 2005.
3
To the extent Laycock challenges the trial court’s ruling on Dr. Sliwkowski’s motion to strike Dr.
Hermele’s second affidavit, Laycock does not develop cogent argument supported by citation to
authority. This issue is waived. See Belden Inc. v. Am. Elec. Components, Inc., 885 N.E.2d 751, 755 n.2
(Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans. denied; Ind. Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (requiring a party’s contentions to
“be supported by citations to the authorities, statutes, and the Appendix or parts of the Record on Appeal
relied on . . . .”).
7
2012). “Therefore, summary judgment is appropriate only if the designated evidence
reveals ‘no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a
judgment as a matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Ind. Trial Rule 56(C)). Our review of
summary judgment is limited to evidence designated to the trial court. Id. (citing T.R.
56(H)). All facts and reasonable inferences drawn from the evidence designated by the
parties is construed in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, and we do not
defer to the trial court’s legal determinations. Id.
“In a medical malpractice case those elements are: (1) that the physician owed a
duty to the plaintiff; (2) that the physician breached that duty; and (3) that the breach
proximately caused the plaintiff’s injuries.” Mayhue v. Sparkman, 653 N.E.2d 1384,
1386 (Ind. 1995). Summary judgment is appropriate when the undisputed material
evidence negates one element of a claim. Rhodes v. Wright, 805 N.E.2d 382, 385 (Ind.
2004).
Generally, “Proximate cause involves two inquiries: (1) whether the injury would
not have occurred but for the defendant’s negligence and (2) whether the plaintiff’s injury
was reasonably foreseeable as the natural and probable consequence of the act or
omission.” Nasser v. St. Vincent Hosp. & Health Servs., 926 N.E.2d 43, 48 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2010), trans. denied. Although proximate cause is generally a question of fact, it
becomes a question of law where only a single conclusion can be drawn from the
designated evidence. Carey v. Indiana Physical Therapy, Inc., 926 N.E.2d 1126, 1129
(Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.
8
In Mayhue, our supreme court acknowledged that in certain medical malpractice
related cases an alternate approach to establishing causation is appropriate. Specifically,
“[w]here a patient’s illness or injury already results in a probability of dying greater than
50 percent, an obvious problem appears.” Mayhue, 653 N.E.2d at 1387. “No matter how
negligent the doctor’s performance, it can never be the proximate cause of the patient’s
death. Since the evidence establishes that it is more likely than not that the medical
problem will kill the patient, the disease or injury would always be the cause-in-fact.” Id.
In such circumstances, the Mayhue court adopted the approach taken in the Restatement
(Second) of Torts § 323, which provides:
One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to
render services which he should recognize as necessary for
the protection of the other’s person or things, is subject to
liability to the other for physical harm resulting from his
failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking,
if
(a) his failure to exercise such care increases the risk of such
harm. . . .
Id. at 1388. “[O]nce the plaintiff proves negligence and an increase in the risk of harm,
the jury is permitted to decide whether the medical malpractice was a substantial factor in
causing the harm suffered by the plaintiff.” Id.
On appeal, Laycock asserts that Mayhue stands for the general proposition “that
an increased risk of harm is proper causation grounds for an action in medical
negligence” and suggests that “proof of wrong, followed by evidence of increased (but
not quantified) risk of harm makes a complete and sufficient cause ready to go to the
9
jury.”4 Appellant’s Br. pp. 9, 11. Thus, Laycock seems to be arguing that, once he
proved negligence and an increased risk of harm, a jury was permitted to decide whether
the medical malpractice was a substantial factor in causing the harm suffered by him.
In support of his argument, Laycock relies on Wolfe v. Estate of Custer, 867
N.E.2d 589 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. denied, as an example of what he describes as a
“non-50% fatal disease” case that went to trial and did not require “percentage evidence.”
Id. at 11. Laycock’s reliance on Wolfe is misplaced, however, because in Wolfe, the
parties agreed that the Mayhue increased risk of harm standard of causation applied.
Wolfe, 867 N.E.2d at 597 (“Both parties agree that the § 323 increased risk of harm
standard of causation, as set forth in Mayhue, applies in the instant case.”). That is not
the case here.
As we have explained, “Before a plaintiff in a medical malpractice action may
invoke the ‘increased risk of harm’ standard, the plaintiff must establish that it is within
the class of plaintiffs to which the lesser standard of causation under Section 323 may be
applied.” Dughaish ex rel. Dughaish v. Cobb, 729 N.E.2d 159, 166 (Ind. Ct. App. 2000),
trans. denied. If a plaintiff cannot carry his or her burden to invoke Section 323, the
traditional standard of proximate cause applies. Id.
4
Laycock appears to maintain that this is a traditional negligence case. Laycock’s complaint was based
on traditional negligence elements and did not reference an increased risk of harm. At the hearing on
Laycock’s motion to correct error, Laycock described the case as an “everyday run of the mill medical
malpractice case.” Tr. p. 41. He went on to argue, “it is a classic medical malpractice case. There is no
allegation of failure in chance or increased risk of chance as in Mayhue.” Id. In the Summary of
Argument of his appellate brief, Laycock describes this case as “a normal Medical Malpractice case[.]”
Appellant’s Br. p. 5.
10
Moreover, our supreme court has recently explained that Mayhue “established an
alternative means of proving causation where traditional means are inadequate” and
“‘reflects a special concern for plaintiffs who stood a fifty percent or worse chance of
recovering before suffering some form of medical negligence.’” Robertson v. B.O., 977
N.E.2d 341, 346 (Ind. 2012) (quoting Indiana Dep’t of Ins. v. Everhart, 960 N.E.2d 129,
134 (Ind. 2012)). The Robertson court referred to three wrongful death cases in which
the decedents had less than a fifty percent chance of survival even prior to the claimed
malpractice and explained, “[f]or these types of cases—and only these types of cases—in
Mayhue we adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323 (1965) increased risk of
harm approach.” Id.; see also Everhart, 960 N.E.2d at 134 (explaining that “all the
decisions in our Mayhue line of cases involved patients who stood a fifty percent or
worse chance of recovering before suffering some medical negligence”). The purpose of
adopting such an approach has been “to ensure that patients with a fifty-percent or worse
chance of recovering would still receive the same care as healthier patients by preventing
physicians from claiming a blanket release from liability under the label of cause-in-
fact.” Everhart, 960 N.E.2d at 134. Thus, it is clear that our supreme court intended for
Mayhue to alter the standard of causation only in cases where a patient has a fifty percent
or worse chance of recovering, not in all cases in which a plaintiff alleges an increased
risk of harm.
With this in mind, because there is no claim, let alone evidence, that Laycock had
a fifty percent or worse change of recovery from the original injury, we must conclude he
has not established that the Mayhue approach applies here. Thus, traditional causation
11
principles apply to his case. Accordingly, Laycock had the burden of producing expert
testimony rebutting Dr. Sliwkowski’s evidence that he did not cause Laycock’s injuries.
See Hassan v. Begley, 836 N.E.2d 303, 307 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“[W]hen a medical
review panel establishes a lack of causation by the physician, the burden shifts to the
patient-plaintiff to produce expert testimony to rebut the opinion of the panel.”). To carry
his or her burden of proof, a plaintiff must present evidence of probative value based on
facts, or inferences to be drawn from the facts, establishing both that the wrongful act
was the cause in fact of the occurrence and that the occurrence was the cause in fact of
the injury. Daub v. Daub, 629 N.E.2d 873, 877 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (affirming the trial
court’s granting of a motion for judgment on the evidence), trans. denied. “The
plaintiff’s burden may not be carried with evidence based merely upon supposition or
speculation.” Id.
Laycock has not met this burden. In his deposition, Dr. Hermele testified that the
surgeries were going to happen anyway and that he did not have an opinion about
causation or damages. Dr. Hermele stated, “I can’t comment on damages or morbidity
because I’m not aware of it.” App. p. 77. When asked if he had evidence that Laycock’s
condition was worse because of the delay, Dr. Hermele stated, “Not in this case; just as a
generalization.” Id. at 76. Dr. Hermele’s statement that “the clock matters, and the
sooner the better” was a general observation and not specific to Laycock. Id. And,
although Dr. Hermele testified that the delay increased the chance that the ultimate
damage to the tissue would be greater, he could not testify to a specific difference in the
tissue damage sustained by Laycock. In fact, he testified that the difference was
12
“[u]nknown,” and he agreed that he “can’t quantify that in any degree[.]” Id. at 77. This
testimony was not sufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether
Dr. Sliwkowski’s treatment was the proximate cause of Laycock’s injuries. The trial
court properly granted Dr. Sliwkowski’s motion for summary judgment.
Conclusion
Because the designated evidence does not establish a genuine issue of material fact
on the issue of causation, the trial court properly granted Dr. Sliwkowski’s motion for
summary judgment. We affirm.
Affirmed.
BAKER, J., and CRONE, J., concur.
13