Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 18 2014, 8:54 am
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
STEPHEN T. OWENS GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
MARIO JOVEN JODI KATHRYN STEIN
Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JOHN V. GUTHRIE, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 45A05-1311-PC-551
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE LAKE SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Salvador Vasquez, Senior Judge
Cause No. 45G01-1202-PC-1
July 18, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
FRIEDLANDER, Judge
John V. Guthrie appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief (PCR)
following his conviction for two counts of child molesting, one as class A felony and the
other as a class C felony. Guthrie contends the trial court erred in rejecting his claims of
ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel.
We affirm.
The facts underlying Guthrie’s convictions were set out by this court in an
unpublished memorandum decision affirming his convictions on direct appeal. Those
facts are as follows:
Guthrie and his ex-wife Christine had three children: S.G., who was
born in 2002, A.G., who was born in 2003, and H.G., who was born in
2004. Guthrie and Christine divorced in 2008, and Christine was awarded
primary custody of the children. Guthrie had visitation every other
weekend and one night during the week.
On July 4, 2008, the children spent the night at Guthrie’s house as
part of his parenting time. The following day, Christine gave S.G. a bath,
and S.G. then went outside to play. Shortly thereafter, S.G. told her
mother, “Daddy had sex with me.” Tr. p. 97. At first, Christine did not
believe S.G. and admonished her not to say such things about her father.
This caused S.G. to cry, and she insisted that she was not lying. Christine
called Guthrie that night, but he was drunk and “blew it off.” Tr. p. 101.
Christine spoke with S.G. to determine why she would say her father had
sex with her. S.G. told her mother that Guthrie “got on top of her,” and that
he “bounced” on her, indicating to her genital area. Tr. p. 100. She also
said that Guthrie put his “pee-pee” in her mouth, made her suck on it, and
“peed” on her. Tr. pp. 100–01. She described Guthrie’s penis as looking
like a “hot dog” that had hair “at the top.” Tr. p. 102.
The next morning, Christine asked S.G. about the incident again.
When S.G. described the incident “everything was still the same,” so
Christine took S.G. to the police department. Tr. p. 102. There, S.G. was
interviewed by Hammond Police Officer Travis Wheatley (“Officer
Wheatley”). S.G. told Officer Wheatley that Guthrie “had sex” with her.
Tr. p. 149. She explained that Guthrie made her lie down and “bounced on
top” of her. Tr. p. 150. She again stated that Guthrie “peed” on her and
stated that “[h]e put his pee-pee in my pee-pee and made me suck on his
2
pee-pee .” Id. S.G. was taken to the hospital and examined, but there were
no signs of physical trauma.
On July 9, 2008, S.G. was interviewed by Lake County Police
Sergeant John Gruszka (“Sgt. Gruszka”). At first, the child was
uncooperative, but she later agreed to talk to Sgt. Gruszka. During this
interview, S.G. again stated that Guthrie “did sex” with her, and that
Guthrie pushed his “pee pee” on her “pee pee” and that this hurt. Tr. pp.
315–16. S.G. again described Guthrie’s penis, and stated that his “pee” was
white. Id. at 319.
The underwear and dress S.G. had worn during her visit with
Guthrie were later tested at the Indiana State Police lab. No seminal
material was found, but amylase was found on one pair of underwear.
“Amylase is a digestive enzyme” that “converts starches into sugars” and is
found in “saliva and other bodily fluids but [in] especially high
concentrations through the digestive tract.” Tr. pp. 228–29. A DNA
analysis from the underpants showed a mixture of S.G.’s profile with
another individual. Although the DNA from the other individual could not
be matched with Guthrie, neither could he be excluded as a possible
contributor.
Hammond Police Detective Christopher Matanovich (“Detective
Matanovich”) interviewed Guthrie on July 14, 2008. When asked about
“what he knew” about the alleged sexual molestation, Guthrie did not
directly deny the allegations but did claim that he had caught his son A.G.
and S.G. “touching each other.” Tr. p. 198. He denied sleeping with the
children and denied that Christine had ever called him about S.G.’s
allegations.
The State charged Guthrie with Class A and Class C felony child
molestation on July 31, 2008. On January 14, 2010, the State filed a
motion to admit S.G.’s videotaped statement under the protected persons
statute. The trial court held a hearing on the motion on January 15, 2010,
and found S.G. unavailable to testify and further found that the videotaped
statement was sufficiently reliable to admit. A jury trial was held [o]n
January 19-21, 2010. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Guthrie
guilty as charged. At a sentencing hearing held on February 26, 2010, the
trial court sentenced Guthrie to thirty-five years on the Class A felony
conviction and a concurrent term of five years on the Class C felony
conviction.
Guthrie v. State, No. 45A03-1003-CR-166, slip op. at 1-2 (Nov. 29, 2010).
On direct appeal, Guthrie argued that the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting into evidence the video recording of S.G.’s statement pursuant to the Protected
3
Person Statute (PPS), Ind. Code Ann. § 35-37-4-6 (West, Westlaw current with all
legislation of the Second Regular Session of the 118th General Assembly (2014) with
effective dates through May 1, 2014). Specifically, appellate counsel argued that the trial
court abused its discretion in determining that S.G.’s recorded statement was sufficiently
reliable to be admissible pursuant to the PPS. See I.C. § 35-37-4-6(e). This court
affirmed Guthrie’s convictions, concluding that the trial court had not abused its
discretion in determining that S.G.’s statement was sufficiently reliable to be admissible
pursuant to the PPS, and that in any event, the admission of the video recording was
harmless because it was merely cumulative of statements made by Christine, Officer
Travis Wheatley, Sgt. Gruszka, and S.G.’s psychologist, Dr. Kwang Choi.
Guthrie filed his pro se PCR petition on February 7, 2012. The petition was
amended by counsel on August 9 and October 17, 2012. In its final form, the PCR
petition asserted ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel based on numerous
alleged errors. A hearing was held on February 19, 2013, at which Guthrie called both
his trial and appellate counsel to testify. At the conclusion of the hearing, the post-
conviction court took the matter under advisement. On October 17, 2013, the post-
conviction court issued its order denying Guthrie’s petition. Guthrie now appeals.
In a post-conviction proceeding, the petitioner bears the burden of establishing
grounds for relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Bethea v. State, 983 N.E.2d 1134
(Ind. 2013). “When appealing the denial of post-conviction relief, the petitioner stands in
the position of one appealing from a negative judgment.” Id. at 1138 (quoting Fisher v.
State, 810 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. 2004)). In order to prevail, the petitioner must
4
demonstrate that the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably to a
conclusion opposite the post-conviction court’s conclusion. Bethea v. State, 983 N.E.2d
1134. Although we do not defer to a post-conviction court’s legal conclusions, we will
reverse its findings and judgment only upon a showing of clear error, i.e., “that which
leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Id. at 1138
(quoting Ben–Yisrayl v. State, 729 N.E.2d 102, 106 (Ind. 2000), cert. denied, 534 U.S.
830 (2001)).
Guthrie argues that the post-conviction court erred in concluding that he was not
subjected to ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. A petitioner will prevail
on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel only upon a showing that counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that the deficient
performance prejudiced the petitioner. Bethea v. State, 983 N.E.2d 1134. To satisfy the
first element, the petitioner must demonstrate deficient performance, which is
“representation that fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, committing errors
so serious that the defendant did not have the ‘counsel’ guaranteed by the Sixth
Amendment.” Id. at 1138 (quoting McCary v. State, 761 N.E.2d 389, 392 (Ind. 2002)).
To satisfy the second element, the petitioner must show prejudice, which is “a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different.” Id. at 1139. “A reasonable probability is one that is sufficient to undermine
confidence in the outcome.” Kubsch v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1138, 1147 (Ind. 2010)
(quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984)). There is a “strong
presumption” that counsel rendered adequate service. Bethea v. State, 983 N.E.2d at
5
1139. “We afford counsel considerable discretion in choosing strategy and tactics, and
‘[i]solated mistakes, poor strategy, inexperience, and instances of bad judgment do not
necessarily render representation ineffective.’” State v. Hollin, 970 N.E.2d 147, 151 (Ind.
2012) (quoting Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 603 (Ind. 2001), cert. denied, 537
U.S. 839 (2002)) (alteration in original). Because a petitioner must prove both elements
in order to succeed, the failure to prove either element defeats the claim. See Young v.
State, 746 N.E.2d 920 (Ind. 2001) (holding that because the two elements of Strickland
are separate and independent inquiries, the court may dispose of the claim on the ground
of lack of sufficient prejudice if it is easier).
We first address Guthrie’s claims regarding his trial counsel. On appeal, Guthrie
argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in the following ways: (1) Failing to cross-
examine S.G. at the protected person hearing; (2) failing to object to prejudicial drumbeat
repetition of S.G.’s statements by various witnesses; and (3) failing to object to vouching
testimony. Guthrie also argues that the cumulative effect of these alleged errors resulted
in the denial of a fair trial.
With respect to Guthrie’s claim that his counsel was ineffective for failing to
cross-examine S.G. at the protected person hearing, we note that a “protected person” is
defined, in relevant part, as “a child who is less than fourteen (14) years of age[.]” I.C. §
35-37-4-6(c)(1). The PPS provides that a statement or videotape that: (1) is made by a
person who at the time of trial is a protected person; (2) concerns an act that is a material
element of a listed group of offenses (which includes sex crimes) that was allegedly
committed against the person; and (3) is not otherwise admissible into evidence, is
6
admissible if certain requirements are met. I.C. § 35-37-4-6(d). Specifically, such
statements are admissible if the trial court finds, in a hearing conducted outside the
presence of the jury and attended by the protected person, “that the time, content, and
circumstances of the statement or videotape provide sufficient indications of reliability”,
provided that the protected person either testifies at trial or is found to be unavailable as a
witness for one of three listed reasons.1 I.C. § 35-37-4-6(e). Additionally, if a protected
person is determined to be unavailable to testify at trial, the statement or videotape is
admissible only if the protected person was available for cross-examination either at the
PPS hearing or at the time the statement or videotape was made. I.C. § 35-37-4-6(f). If a
statement or videotape is admitted into evidence pursuant to the PPS, the defendant may
introduce into evidence a transcript or videotape of the protected person hearing. I.C. §
35-37-4-6(i).
In this case, defense counsel was aware that S.G. was present at the courthouse
during the protected person hearing, but did not call her to the witness stand. At the
hearing, the following exchange occurred:
THE COURT: You took her deposition; is that correct?
[Defense Counsel]: Yes, sir. It was admittedly, your Honor, a difficult
deposition without—
THE COURT: That was earlier this week?
[Defense Counsel]: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: Her mother testified she brought the child with her?
[Prosecutor]: Yes.
1
In this case, S.G. was determined to be unavailable pursuant to I.C. § 35-37-4-6(e)(2)(B)(i), which
allows a trial court to find a protected person unavailable if, “[f]rom the testimony of a psychiatrist,
physician, or psychologist, and other evidence, if any, the court finds that the protected person’s testifying
in the physical presence of the defendant will cause the protected person to suffer serious emotional
distress such that the protected person cannot reasonably communicate.”
7
THE COURT: So she is in the building.
[Prosecutor]: Yes.
THE COURT: You are aware of that?
[Defense counsel]: I did see her on my way into court today.
Trial Transcript at 50. Guthrie asserts that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
call S.G. as a witness at the protected person hearing and cross-examine her concerning
her prior statements.2
As an initial matter, we note that in some circumstances, the decision not to cross-
examine a protected person may be a sound tactical decision. See Pierce v. State, 677
N.E.2d 39, 48 (Ind. 1997) (explaining that the decision not to cross-examine the victim at
a protected person hearing is “readily explainable as a tactical judgment that nothing
useful could be accomplished with such a small child”). In light of the admitted
difficulty defense counsel had in taking S.G.’s deposition, he could have concluded that
cross-examining S.G. would be of no use. Moreover, if trial counsel believed based on
S.G.’s deposition testimony that her testimony at the protected person hearing would
have been largely consistent with her previous statements, counsel could reasonably have
concluded that calling her to testify would undermine his argument that her previous
statements were not sufficiently reliable to be admissible pursuant to the PPS. In this
case, however, defense counsel testified at the PCR hearing that the decision not to cross-
examine S.G. was not strategic; instead, he stated that he believed he would have another
2
Guthrie also argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that Guthrie was denied
the opportunity to cross-examine S.G. at the protected person hearing. In his reply brief, Guthrie clarifies
that he “argues either appellate counsel should have challenged the admission of the hearsay statements
because S.G. was unavailable; or, alternatively, trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call her.” Reply
Brief at 6.
8
opportunity to cross-examine her. Specifically, he stated “they didn’t give me an
opportunity to cross-examine her, like I didn’t think that was going to be my only chance
to cross-examine her, and that’s why I didn’t call her at that other hearing when I saw her
in the building.” PCR Transcript at 22. Defense counsel’s misunderstanding of the PPS
cannot serve as the basis for a reasonable strategic decision.
Nevertheless, we cannot conclude that Guthrie has established prejudice resulting
from trial counsel’s failure to cross-examine S.G. In support of his argument, Guthrie
cites Poffenberger v. State, 580 N.E.2d 995 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991), trans. denied. In that
case, counsel was found ineffective for failing to cross-examine the complaining witness
at the protected person hearing. Under the version of the PPS in effect at that time, the
protected person was required to testify at the hearing as opposed to merely being
available for cross-examination. This court held that “[b]ecause the child did not testify
at the hearing as required by [the PPS], we find that Poffenberger was effectively denied
his right to cross-examine the child.” Id. at 999. The court went on to conclude, with
very little analysis, that counsel’s failure constituted deficient performance and that the
defendant was prejudiced because “[i]f his counsel had cross-examined [the child], it
might have raised serious questions of credibility or other grounds for objecting to the
admission of the statement.” Id.
To the extent the Poffenberger court presumed prejudice based solely on trial
counsel’s failure to cross-examine a child victim, we disagree with its rationale. In this
case, Guthrie has not directed our attention to any evidence suggesting that the trial court
would have ruled differently regarding the admission of S.G.’s out-of-court statements
9
had S.G. been cross-examined by defense counsel or that viewing a recording of such
cross-examination would have affected the jury’s verdict. Moreover, Poffenberger is
distinguishable because in this case, evidence was presented at the post-conviction
hearing affirmatively indicating that Guthrie was not prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure
to cross-examine S.G. Specifically, the post-conviction court reviewed S.G.’s deposition
testimony, taken just days before the protected person hearing, and found that “S.G.’s
deposition reveals nothing that would call into question the court’s determination that
S.G.’s statements were reliable under the [PPS].” Appellant’s PCR Appendix at 123-24.
Because Guthrie has not included a copy of S.G.’s deposition in the appellate record, we
take the post-conviction court’s finding in this regard at face value.3 Thus, it appears that
if S.G. had been cross-examined, her testimony would have been largely consistent with
the statements admitted into evidence at Guthrie’s trial. Essentially, Guthrie asks this
court to presume that he was prejudiced based solely on counsel’s allegedly deficient
performance. We note, however, that it is the post-conviction petitioner’s burden to
establish prejudice, which Guthrie simply has not done. Accordingly, his claim of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel premised on counsel’s failure to cross-examine S.G.
at the protected person hearing fails.
3
Guthrie asserts that S.G.’s deposition is “irrelevant” to the issue of prejudice “because the jury never
heard the deposition.” Appellant’s Brief at 11. We disagree. When a PCR petitioner raises a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, it is for the post-conviction court to consider the issue of prejudice. The
deposition testimony, which was taken just days prior to the protected person hearing, apparently
indicated to the post-conviction court that S.G.’s testimony at the hearing would have been consistent
with her previous statements and unhelpful to the defense.
10
Next, Guthrie argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
prejudicial drumbeat repetition of S.G.’s statements through the testimony of several
witnesses and the subsequent admission of a video recording of an interview with S.G.
See Modesitt v. State, 578 N.E.2d 649 (Ind. 1991) (reversing due to prejudicial “drumbeat
repetition of the victim’s original story prior to calling the victim to testify” based on
testimony of three adult witnesses recounting the victim’s original story before the victim
testified). “[T]o prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance due to the failure to object,
the defendant must show an objection would have been sustained if made.” Benefield v.
State, 945 N.E.2d 791, 799 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (quoting Overstreet v. State, 877 N.E.2d
144, 155 (Ind. 2007), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 972 (2008)) (alteration in original).
Moreover, we note that the choice of defense theory is a matter of trial strategy, and we
will not second-guess the propriety of counsel’s tactics in this regard. Benefield v. State,
945 N.E.2d 791. In other words, trial strategy is not subject to attack through an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim unless the strategy is so deficient or unreasonable
that it falls outside of the objective standard of reasonableness. Id. “This is so even
when such choices may be subject to criticism or the choice ultimately prove[s]
detrimental to the defendant.” Id. at 799 (quoting Autrey v. State, 700 N.E.2d 1140, 1141
(Ind. 1998)) (alteration in original).
At the post-conviction hearing, Guthrie elicited the following testimony from his
trial counsel:
Q: Do you recall the order of the witnesses that the state presented?
A: No.
Q: Do you recall their testimony generally?
11
A: Some of it.
Q: When they testified, each one basically came in and testified about
[S.G.’s]—about what [S.G.] told them; is that correct? Do you recall that?
A: They called all those people, yeah, like her mom and the detective and
then the cop and then the therapist and the doctor.[4]
Q: Okay. And did you find any problems with them coming in one after
another testifying to the same thing that [S.G.] had told them, even when
she wasn’t available to testify?
A: That’s a problem, yeah.
Q: Are you familiar with Modesitt versus State or Morris versus State
regarding drumbeat repetition?
A: Somewhat. I can’t say that’s something that—that’s an objection that I
raise on occasion.
Q: When there’s—when there’s so little evidence in this case, is there any
reason not to make that objection?
A: That’s clearly what they were trying to do is just have a bunch of people
come in and vouch for her, yeah.
PCR Transcript at 29-30. On redirect, the following exchange occurred:
Q: At the [PPS] hearing Judge Vasquez ruled that there was admissible
hearsay, but isn’t vouching and drumbeat repetition of witnesses,
prejudicial remarks, isn’t that a lot different than just admissible hearsay?
A: I think it would be, yeah.
Q: And would there be any reason not to object to that vouching or
drumbeat repetition?
A: No.
Id. at 40.
Based on this testimony, Guthrie argues that trial counsel’s failure to object to the
allegedly prejudicial drumbeat repetition of S.G.’s accusations was not a strategic
decision. We note, however, that the post-conviction hearing took place approximately
three years after Guthrie’s trial, and trial counsel had difficulty recalling many of the
4
We note that trial counsel’s statement in this regard overstates the number of witnesses who testified
concerning S.G.’s statements to them. The witnesses who recounted S.G.’s statements were Christine,
Sgt. Gruszka, Officer Wheatley, and Dr. Choi. Additionally, a video recording of S.G.’s statement to Sgt.
Gruszka was played for the jury.
12
details of the trial. We have reviewed the transcript of Guthrie’s trial, and trial counsel’s
strategy is apparent on the face of the record. Trial counsel’s theory of defense was that
Christine, S.G.’s mother, had fabricated the allegations and coached S.G. in order to
prevent Guthrie from getting custody of the children or exercising parenting time. In
support of this theory, trial counsel argued that S.G. gave several inconsistent statements.
In his opening statement, trial counsel pointed out these inconsistencies, stating that:
So at different times she says he put his pee-pee in my pee-pee, put his pee-
pee on my pee-pee. She says different things. She said at different times,
you know, he wiped it off with a sock or with paper. She tells all kinds of
different stories and say well, it happened a bunch of different times. Her
story’s not consistent because she’s making it up.
Trial Transcript at 89. Trial counsel again referred to inconsistent statements in closing
arguments, stating that “when the prosecutor talks about consistency, she hasn’t been
consistent. She’s trying to tell a story that her mom told her and her mom told her what
to say . . . .” Id. at 371. Trial counsel also reiterated in his closing arguments that S.G.’s
statements were inconsistent with respect to whether she had been penetrated. Thus, it is
clear that part of trial counsel’s strategy was to point out inconsistencies among S.G.’s
statements to various witnesses, and the admission of additional statements supported that
strategy. Indeed, Guthrie’s trial counsel admitted into evidence additional accounts of
S.G.’s allegations in the form of Officer Wheatley’s offense report, which contained a
narrative of both Christine’s account of S.G.’s statements to her as well as S.G.’s
statements to Officer Wheatley. Based on trial counsel’s cross-examination of Officer
Wheatley, it is clear that trial counsel admitted the report for the purpose of highlighting
inconsistencies between S.G.’s various statements. For all of these reasons, it is apparent
13
that counsel had a strategic reason not to object to the admission of those statements.
Moreover, as we explain below in addressing Guthrie’s claims of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel, S.G. was available for cross-examination at the protected person hearing.
Accordingly, at least some of her out-of-court statements were admissible at trial through
the PPS.5 Accordingly, we cannot conclude that a tactical decision not to object to the
admission of the remaining statements for the purpose of pointing out inconsistencies was
unreasonable.
Moreover, even assuming that counsel’s failure to object was not a tactical
decision, we cannot conclude that Guthrie has established prejudice resulting from any
alleged drumbeat repetition. Indeed, as we explained above, the admission of the
statements of each witness could have been helpful to the defense. Admitting the
statements allowed trial counsel to point out inconsistencies among the statements,
thereby undermining S.G.’s credibility and supporting the defense theory that Christine
had fabricated the allegations and coached S.G. Moreover, at least some of the
statements were admissible, and Guthrie does not specify which statements trial counsel
should have objected to, nor does he explain at what point the repetition became unduly
prejudicial. We note further that while Christine and Sgt. Gruszka gave somewhat
detailed accounts of S.G.’s statements to them, Officer Wheatley and Dr. Choi gave
5
In his reply brief, Guthrie concedes that at least some of S.G.’s statements were admissible through the
PPS. See Reply Brief at 8 (admitting that “some of the hearsay evidence was properly admitted through
the PPS[,]” but objecting to the “piling on of witnesses”). In light of Guthrie’s argument that appellate
counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that that S.G. was not available at the protected person
hearing, this concession seems imprudent. This is so because if S.G. was not available for cross-
examination at the protected person hearing, none of her statements would have been admissible under
that statute. In any event, as we will explain below, S.G. was, in fact, available for cross-examination at
the protected person hearing, and as a result, her statements were admissible pursuant to the PPS.
14
relatively brief descriptions of S.G.’s statements. We also note that Sgt. Gruszka’s
testimony was merely a summary of his interview of S.G., and the jury viewed a video
recording of the interview immediately after he recounted her statements. Under the facts
and circumstances of this case, we cannot say that the incremental effect of each
additional statement was sufficient to establish prejudice for the purposes of a claim of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel. In sum, trial counsel’s failure to object to the
alleged drumbeat repetition of S.G.’s allegations did not constitute ineffective assistance.
Guthrie’s next claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel centers on counsel’s
failure to object to alleged vouching testimony. In Lawrence v. State, 464 N.E.2d 923
(Ind. 1984), abrogated on other grounds by Lannan v. State, 600 N.E.2d 1334 (Ind.
1992) and overruled by Hoglund v. State, 962 N.E.2d 1230 (Ind. 2012), our Supreme
Court addressed whether the testimony of a clinical social worker invaded the province of
the jury and amounted to improper accreditation. In holding that the social worker’s
testimony was permissible, the court recognized “that there is a special problem in
assessing the credibility of children who are called upon as witnesses to describe sexual
conduct.” Id. at 925. The court reasoned as follows:
Whenever an alleged child victim takes the witness stand in such cases, the
child’s capacity to accurately describe a meeting with an adult which may
involve touching, sexual stimulation, displays of affection and the like, is
automatically in issue, whether or not there is an effort by the opponent of
such witness to impeach on the basis of a lack of such capacity. The
presence of that issue justifies the court in permitting some accrediting of
the child witness in the form of opinions from parents, teachers, and others
having adequate experience with the child, that the child is not prone to
exaggerate or fantasize about sexual matters. Such opinions will facilitate
an original credibility assessment of the child by the trier of fact, so long as
15
they do not take the direct form of “I believe the child’s story”, or “In my
opinion the child is telling the truth”.
Id.
More than twenty-five years after Lawrence was decided, our Supreme Court
reversed course in Hoglund v. State, 962 N.E.2d 1230. In Hoglund, the court noted that
Lawrence was decided ten years before the adoption of the Indiana Rules of Evidence,
including Ind. Evidence Rule 704(b), which provides in relevant part that “[w]itnesses
may not testify to opinions concerning . . . whether a witness has testified truthfully[.]”
The court ultimately overruled Lawrence, noting that the indirect vouching permitted by
its holding “is little different than testimony that the child witness is telling the truth[,]”
and consequently “at odds with Evidence Rule 704(b).” Hoglund v. State, 962 N.E.2d at
1237.
Guthrie was convicted two years before our Supreme Court decided Hoglund.
Thus, Lawrence’s more relaxed standard for the admissibility of vouching testimony is
applicable to Guthrie’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. See Smylie v. State, 823
N.E.2d 679, 690 (Ind. 2005) (noting that “[a]n attorney is not required to anticipate
changes in the law and object accordingly in order to be considered effective” (internal
quotation omitted), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 976 (2005).
Guthrie argues that Sgt. Gruszka improperly vouched for S.G.’s credibility. In
support of his argument, Guthrie notes that Sgt. Gruszka testified that he had interviewed
over one hundred children the same age as S.G. When asked whether S.G.’s statements
appeared to be “scripted or planted”, Sgt. Gruszka responded, “No. I strongly felt those
16
were not scripted events.” Trial Transcript at 321. In support of his argument that Sgt.
Gruszka’s testimony in this regard amounted to improper vouching, Guthrie cites
Kindred v. State, 973 N.E.2d 1245, 1258 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans denied, in which this
court held that “where a witness opines as to whether the child victim was coached—
offering an ultimate opinion, as [the witness] did here—the witness invades the province
of the jury and vouches for the child.” In reaching this conclusion, however, the court
relied on Hoglund for the proposition “that testimony about whether a child has been
coached amounts to the same improper commentary on the child’s truthfulness as
testimony about whether a child is prone to exaggerate or fantasize about sexual matters.”
Id. We agree that Sgt. Gruszka’s testimony would be improper under Hoglund, but as we
explained above, Hoglund was decided well after Guthrie’s conviction. The law
controlling at the time of Guthrie’s trial was set forth in Lawrence.
We find that Sgt. Gruszka’s allegedly improper vouching testimony is
substantially similar to the accrediting testimony our Supreme Court found acceptable in
Lawrence. In Lawrence, a clinical social worker testified as follows:
Q. Have you come into any conclusions concerning her perception of
reality?
A. I believe (the alleged victim) has a strong ability to know what happens
to her.
Q. Did you receive any indication or is it your opinion that it is possible
that she fabricated the story concerning her sexual trauma, out of some sort
of need?
A. None. The only thing I noted was a great anxiety on (her) part to be very
sure she was telling the truth very precisely. She had anxiety about
preciseness.
17
464 N.E.2d at 924-25 (alterations in original). Our Supreme Court ruled that the
testimony was permissible because it did not take the direct form of stating an opinion on
whether the child was telling the truth. We believe Sgt. Gruska’s testimony that S.G.’s
statements did not appear to him to be scripted is akin to the social worker’s testimony
that in her opinion, there were no indications that the child had fabricated her story. In
other words, Sgt. Gruszka did not state a direct opinion on whether S.G. was telling the
truth; instead, he testified concerning his impressions of whether S.G.’s statement
appeared to be “scripted or planted.” Trial Transcript at 321. We therefore conclude that
any objection to Sgt. Gruszka’s testimony on the basis of improper vouching would have
been overruled. Accordingly, Guthrie has not established deficient performance based on
counsel’s failure to object.
Guthrie also argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to
Christine’s allegedly vouching testimony. Specifically, Guthrie directs our attention to
the following testimony:
. . . She said that he peed on her. And I said well, what did he do after that.
She said he wiped it off and I said well, with a towel or, you know, napkin?
She said, “No, with a sock”. And that’s when I knew that she was telling
the truth because me being married to him, he would just grab some kind of
garment off the floor . . . .
Trial Transcript at 100 (emphasis supplied). We agree that the highlighted testimony
constituted improper vouching even under Lawrence’s more relaxed standards. We note,
however, that Guthrie’s trial counsel testified at the PCR hearing that he had a strategic
18
reason not to object to Christine’s testimony in this regard. Guthrie’s trial counsel
testified as follows:
Q: Directing your attention to the testimony of Christine Guthrie, when she
said “I knew that [S.G.] was telling the truth,” and that’s at the trial record
on page 100, would you consider that vouching?
A: Definitely.
Q: And would there be a reason not to object to that?
A: I do remember part of my theory of the defense was that this was all a
mom trying to win custody of her kids by blaming the dad during a divorce,
so I should have objected to that, but my theory was that this was
something that she orchestrated from the very beginning. So her vouching
for her daughter’s credibility and acting like she thought it was the truth I
thought was something that she would have done the whole time because
she’s the one who put her up to it.
PCR Transcript at 27 (emphasis supplied). This testimony, though somewhat equivocal,
indicates that counsel believed that allowing Christine’s vouching testimony supported
his theory of defense. Guthrie has made no argument on appeal that such a strategy is
unreasonable.
In any event, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion that Guthrie has not
established prejudice based on Christine’s vouching testimony. Guthrie cites only a
single, fleeting statement made in the midst of Christine’s relatively lengthy and detailed
testimony. Guthrie has not established a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
trial would have been different had the statement been excluded.
Guthrie’s final claim of trial counsel ineffectiveness is that the cumulative effect
of trial counsel’s errors amounted to ineffective assistance entitling him to a new trial.
But as we have explained above, Guthrie has not demonstrated that his trial counsel was
ineffective. “Alleged ‘[t]rial irregularities which standing alone do not amount to error
19
do not gain the stature of reversible error when taken together.’” Kubsch v. State, 934
N.E.2d at 1154 (quoting Reaves v. State, 586 N.E.2d 847, 858 (Ind. 1992)) (alteration in
original).
We now turn to Guthrie’s claims that his appellate counsel was ineffective for
failing to raise certain issues on appeal. “The standard of review for a claim of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel is the same as for trial counsel in that the
defendant must show appellate counsel was deficient in her performance and that the
deficiency resulted in prejudice.” Reed v. State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1195 (Ind. 2006). Our
Supreme Court has recognized three types of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel:
(1) Denial of access to appeal; (2) failure to raise issues that should have been raised; and
(3) failure to present issues well. Wrinkles v. State, 749 N.E.2d 1179 (Ind. 2001), cert.
denied, 535 U.S. 1019 (2002). Guthrie’s claims fall into the second category. We use a
two-part test to evaluate such claims: (1) whether the unraised issues are significant and
obvious from the face of the record; and (2) whether the unraised issues are “clearly
stronger” than the raised issues. Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d at 606 (quoting Gray v.
Greer, 800 F.2d 644, 646 (7th Cir. 1986)).
[T]he reviewing court should be particularly sensitive to the need for
separating the wheat from the chaff in appellate advocacy, and should not
find deficient performance when counsel’s choice of some issues over
others was reasonable in light of the facts of the case and the precedent
available to counsel when that choice was made.
Id. at 605 (quoting Bieghler v. State, 690 N.E.2d 188, 194 (Ind. 1997), cert. denied, 525
U.S. 1021 (1998)) (alteration in original).
20
Guthrie first argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to raise
the issue of whether S.G. was available for cross-examination at the protected person
hearing.6 Guthrie asserts that S.G. was not available for cross-examination at the hearing
and, as a result, the admission of her statements violated the PPS, the Sixth Amendment
to the United States Constitution,7 and article 1, section 13 of the Indiana Constitution.
None of these provisions require the declarant of an out-of-court statement be cross-
examined by defense counsel. Rather, they provide that the declarant of certain out-of-
court statements be available for cross-examination. See I.C. § 35-37-4-6(f) (providing
that if a protected person is unavailable to testify at trial, a statement or videotape is
admissible only if the person “was available for cross examination” either when the
statement was made or at the protected person hearing” (emphasis supplied)); Howard v.
State, 853 N.E.2d 461, 470 (Ind. 2006) (noting that the Sixth Amendment requires only
that the defendant be given the opportunity to confront and cross-examine a witness, and
that “[w]hether, how, and to what extent the opportunity for cross-examination is used is
within the control of the defendant”); Hutcherson v. State, 966 N.E.2d 766, 771 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2012) (explaining that although article 1, section 13 of the Indiana Constitution
6
Both Guthrie and the State inaccurately characterize this claim as falling into the third category of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel, i.e., failure to present an issue well. But as this court noted in its
memorandum decision on Guthrie’s direct appeal, appellate counsel simply did not raise the issue of
S.G.’s availability.
7
We note that Guthrie makes no argument that S.G.’s statements to Christine were testimonial and
therefore barred by the Sixth Amendment in the absence of an opportunity for cross-examination. See
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004) (holding that the Sixth Amendment prohibits the
introduction of testimonial out-of-court statements unless the witness is unavailable and the defendant had
a prior opportunity for cross-examination); Purvis v. State, 829 N.E.2d 572 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)
(explaining that Crawford does not govern the admissibility of nontestimonial out-of-court statements),
trans. denied, cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1026 (2006).
21
requires that the defendant “have an opportunity to cross-examine the witness during the
face to face confrontation, the opportunity does not have to be seized or successful and
the right can be waived” (quoting Williams v. State, 698 N.E.2d 848, 852 (Ind. Ct. App.
1998), trans. denied), trans. denied.
As we explained above, S.G. was present at the courthouse during the protected
person hearing, but she was not in the courtroom and she was not called to testify. After
Christine, Sgt. Gruszka, Officer Wheatley, and Dr. Choi testified at the hearing, Guthrie’s
trial counsel argued that S.G.’s statements were inadmissible, but not on the basis of
S.G.’s unavailability at the protected person hearing. Instead, trial counsel stated “I don’t
believe that the testimony has been consistent and I want to directly confront and cross-
examine her are [sic] in front of the jury, your Honor. And I’m asking that the state’s
motion be denied.” Trial Transcript at 49. Before issuing its ruling, the trial court
clarified that trial counsel was aware that Christine had brought S.G. with her and that
S.G. was in the building. Trial counsel confirmed that he had seen S.G. in the hallway,
but he did not call S.G. to testify, nor did he argue that S.G. was not available to cross-
examination. At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court ruled that S.G.’s statements
were admissible through the PPS.
At trial, Guthrie did not object to the admission of S.G.’s statements through the
testimonies of Christine, Officer Wheatley, Dr. Choi, or Sgt. Gruszka. When the State
moved to admit S.G.’s videotaped statement into evidence, however, trial counsel
objected on the following bases:
22
The objections are the same objections I made during the protected persons
hearing. And I just want to make that clear. You know, one of the things
that I think is the proper foundation hasn’t been laid, I don’t think that the
information—information provided fits within the statute. I don’t think that
one of the things the statute also required is that—that protected person
may also have to be present at the hearing. You know, she was in the
hallway. She never stepped foot in the courtroom. I’m making my
objection based on the circumstances don’t—protected person—she was in
the hallway but she wasn’t in the courtroom and called as a witness.
Trial Transcript at 324. The court overruled the objection, noting that trial counsel had
been aware that S.G. was available for cross-examination at the protected person hearing.
At the PCR hearing, when asked why she did not raise the issue of S.G.’s
availability on appeal, Guthrie’s appellate counsel responded as follows:
I considered the issue, but it seemed to me that, just from reading the
transcript, that she was available, that the court pointed out the fact that she
was in the hallway and it seemed to me that she was available, and if I
raised it and said she wasn’t, I was just—the court of appeals was just
going to turn around and say, “Listen, that’s not what the transcript says”.
PCR Transcript at 52-53.
At the outset, we note that any claim that S.G. was not available for cross-
examination at the PPS hearing was waived for failure to make a timely objection. As
noted above, trial counsel did not object on that basis at the protected person hearing.
Instead, he argued that S.G.’s statements had not been consistent—in other words, that
they were not reliable for the purposes of the PPS. See Lyons v. State, 976 N.E.2d 137,
141 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (noting that a party “cannot object on one ground at trial and
then raise a different claim of error on appeal”). Although trial counsel stated at the
protected person hearing that he wished to cross-examine S.G. at trial, this did not
amount to an objection based on S.G.’s unavailability at the protected person hearing,
23
particularly in light of the fact that the trial court specifically inquired as to whether
Guthrie was aware that S.G. was present in the building. When the State moved to admit
S.G.’s recorded statement at trial, Guthrie finally objected on the basis of S.G.’s
purported unavailability at the protected person hearing. But by the time of trial, the time
for making any objection on the basis of S.G.’s unavailability at the protected person
hearing had passed. See Purifoy v. State, 821 N.E.2d 409, 412 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005)
(noting that the contemporaneous objection rule “requires parties to voice objections in
time so that harmful error may be avoided or corrected and a fair and proper verdict will
be secured”), trans. denied.
Because any claim that S.G. was not available for cross-examination was waived,
appellate counsel would have been required to argue the issue as a claim of fundamental
error. The fundamental error exception to the contemporaneous objection rule is
extremely narrow and applies only in the most egregious circumstances—that is, where
the error constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm
is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental due process.
Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204 (Ind. 2010). “The error claimed must either ‘make a fair
trial impossible’ or constitute ‘clearly blatant violations of basic and elementary
principles of due process.’” Id. at 207 (quoting Clark v. State, 915 N.E.2d 126, 131 (Ind.
2009)). “[A]t bottom, the fundamental-error doctrine asks whether the error was so
egregious and abhorrent to fundamental due process that the trial judge should or should
not have acted, irrespective of the parties’ failure to object or otherwise preserve the error
for appeal.” Whiting v. State, 969 N.E.2d 24, 34 (Ind. 2012). Our Supreme Court has
24
noted that “[w]here the procedural posture of a claim is affected by counsel’s failure to
object at trial, an ineffective assistance of counsel claim may be more on point than a
claim of fundamental error.” Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663, 668 n.4 (Ind. 2014).
On the record before us, we cannot say that a strategic decision to forego raising
the issue of S.G.’s availability on direct appeal with an eye toward raising the issue in a
PCR petition through a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel would be
unreasonable. Moreover, we agree with appellate counsel’s conclusion that S.G. was, in
fact, available for cross-examination at the PPS hearing. Guthrie argues that S.G. was not
available for cross-examination because, although she was in the building, she never set
foot inside the courtroom. We do not believe that protected person must be present in the
courtroom in order to be considered available for cross-examination. This court
addressed a similar claim in Surber v. State, 884 N.E.2d 856, 864 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008),
trans. denied, and reasoned that “we cannot see how requiring [the five-year-old victim]
to attend the entire hearing and allowing [her] to hear the testimony of the other witnesses
concerning her prior statements would advance the goals of the [PPS].” We reach the
same conclusion here. Guthrie has cited no authority for the proposition that a victim
must be present in the courtroom and observe the proceedings in order to be considered
available for cross-examination for the purposes of the PPS, the Sixth Amendment, or
article 1, section 13.
Guthrie also argues that in order for S.G. to be available for cross-examination by
the defense, the State was required to call her as a witness—the implication being that if
the defense called S.G. to testify, she would be subject to direct examination by the
25
defense as opposed to cross-examination. We find this argument unpersuasive. The
principal purpose of cross-examination “to challenge whether the declarant was sincerely
telling what he believed to be the truth, whether the declarant accurately perceived and
remembered the matter he related, and whether the declarant’s intended meaning is
adequately conveyed by the language he employed.” Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 71
(1980) (internal quotation omitted). The purpose of the protected person hearing “is to
give the defendant the right, under less traumatic circumstances than a trial, to inquire
into the statement or ask the child questions about it.” Miller v. State, 517 N.E.2d 64
(Ind. 1987), superseded in part by statute. These purposes could have been satisfied if
Guthrie had called S.G. to testify at the protected person hearing, as he was clearly given
the opportunity to do. Guthrie’s focus on the technical, procedural definition of the term
“cross-examination” is misplaced. Cf. Poffenberger v. State, 580 N.E.2d at 999 (noting
that where child was present at protected person hearing, but did not testify, defendant
“was provided the opportunity to cross-examine the child at the hearing,” but
nevertheless finding error because the version of the PPS in effect at the time required the
child to actually testify at the hearing, not merely be available). In sum, we cannot say
that the issue of S.G.’s availability for cross-examination at the protected person hearing
was significant, obvious, or clearly stronger than the issues raised on direct appeal.
Moreover, because such a claim would not have been successful on appeal, Guthrie was
not prejudiced by appellate counsel’s failure to raise it.
Finally, Guthrie argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective for failing to
raise the issues of drumbeat repetition and vouching on direct appeal. At the PCR
26
hearing, appellate counsel testified that she did not raise the issues because they had not
been preserved for appeal, and would therefore have to be challenged under the
fundamental error standard. In weighing potential issues, appellate counsel decided not
to pursue the fundamental-error claims and instead raised the properly preserved issue of
whether S.G.’s statements were sufficiently reliable to be admissible under the PPS. As
we explained above, the decision to reserve procedurally defaulted issues for post-
conviction relief may be a sound tactical judgment. On the record before us, we cannot
conclude that appellate counsel’s strategic decision in this regard was unreasonable.
Moreover, for the same reasons that we conclude Guthrie was not prejudiced by his trial
counsel’s failure to object to drumbeat repetition and vouching, we also conclude that
appellate claims of fundamental error premised on those issues were unlikely to succeed
on appeal. Whiting v. State, 969 N.E.2d at 34 (noting that although claims of
fundamental error and claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are different, they often
yield the same result). Accordingly, Guthrie has not established that prejudice arising
from appellate counsel’s failure to raise those issues. For all of these reasons, we
conclude that Guthrie’s appellate counsel was not ineffective. Accordingly, Guthrie has
not established that the post-conviction court erred in denying his PCR petition.
Judgment affirmed.
MATHIAS, J., and PYLE, J., concur.
27
John v. Guthrie v. State of Indiana
Combined Opinion