Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Oct 31 2013, 5:28 am
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
STEPHEN T. OWENS GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
JOHN T. RIBBLE JODI KATHRYN STEIN
Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
GEORGE ABEL, )
)
Appellant-Petitioner, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-1206-PC-487
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Grant W. Hawkins, Judge
Cause No. 49G05-0108-PC-175181
October 31, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
MAY, Judge
George Abel appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction relief. Abel asserts
the court erred when it determined his trial counsel’s failure to obtain evidence of his mental
retardation and present it at sentencing did not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.
We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Our opinion disposing of Abel’s direct appeal set out the underlying facts as follows:
Eighty-three year-old Mattie Barbie owned a two-story house at 617 W.
32nd Street in Indianapolis. In August of 2001, Malene Ivy was staying in one
of the two bedrooms on the second floor of the house, and Barbie used the
other. Also Abel – Barbie’s distant cousin – was staying at the house, sleeping
in a bed in the dining room on the first floor.
On Saturday, August 25, 2001, Ivy came to the house and went upstairs
to her bedroom about 6:30 p.m. Later, Abel arrived, and Barbie let him in.
On Sunday morning, Barbie arose and went downstairs, turning right at
the bottom of the stairs (the opposite direction from her living room) to go into
the kitchen and make herself breakfast. Barbie’s son Nate knocked at the front
door, and Abel let him in. Abel went to the living room and sat on the couch,
where Nate saw Ivy “sitting in the corner” of the same couch. Abel told Nate
that Ivy was “just asleep, said she had been drinking.” Nate went into the
kitchen and visited with Barbie. After a while, Abel left the house.
Later that afternoon, Nate returned with his girlfriend, Marie. Nate saw
Ivy “was still sitting on the couch” in virtually the same position and said to
Barbie, “[Ivy] hasn’t moved, is she all right?” Marie, a woman with some
nurse’s training, went to Ivy, who was partially covered with a blanket, and
touched Ivy’s wrist. Finding it cold, she told Nate and Barbie that Ivy was
dead, and Barbie called the police.
The police and EMS arrived, and the latter declared Ivy dead. An
autopsy, performed at 8 a.m. on Monday, August 27th, found that the cause of
Ivy’s death was “manual strangulation with blunt force injury of the neck and
head.”
On Tuesday, August 28th, Detective Allen Knight questioned Abel.
Abel was advised of his Miranda rights and signed a waiver. Abel told Knight
that on Saturday night, he had gone to Ivy’s bedroom and asked her to go out
with him, but she had declined. He said he then confronted her about a sum of
money, and “they began to play wrestle, after which he began to demonstrate
or play with her placing her in a variety of chokeholds. . . .” Abel said he
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“asked her if I did this to you what would you do in response, or what would
you do it I did this, and she said to him, I’ll hit you in the mouth.” Id. Abel
said he had used “a particular chokehold,” which he demonstrated to Knight,
and said that afterwards Ivy “went limp.” Abel told Knight that although Ivy
was bleeding “heavily,” she was still conscious and said she did not need
medical attention, and he “got a towel and cleaned her up.” He said that “he
then took her downstairs and placed her on the couch” and “covered her with a
blanket.” At that point in his interview, Abel requested an attorney. Pictures
taken of Abel depicted scratches on the inside of one arm, a scratch on his
chest, and marks on the back and knuckles of his hand.
On August 31, 2001, the State charged Abel with murder, alleging that
he knowingly killed Ivy. Abel waived trial by jury, and was tried to the bench
on August 12, 2002. Forensic pathologist Dr. Dean Hawley testified that the
force applied to Ivy’s neck “was of sufficient magnitude to crush the jugular
veins, the carotid arteries and the airway, and, in fact, broke completely
through the cervical spine,” fracturing “through the body of the fourth cervical
vertebrae behind the larynx.” The injury to Ivy’s neck “was either immediately
fatal or caused immediate paralysis.” Hawley further testified that Ivy had
suffered severe blows to the head causing “internal damage to the brain,” as
well as a laceration “through the eyebrow,” another “across the bridge of the
nose” that exposed the bone of her nasal bridge, and “severe lacerations
through the surfaces of the lips” inside her mouth caused by being “smashed
over” the edges of her teeth.” According to Hawley, the “best range” of the
time of Ivy’s death was 24 to 48 hours prior to the autopsy. Hawley
demonstrated the chokehold-type method he believed had been used to inflict
Ivy’s strangulation injuries. He opined that in such circumstances, “you almost
always see” scratches inflicted on the perpetrator by the victim. Shown the
pictures of the marks that Abel bore on August 28th, Hawley found “this is
exactly the kind of injuries that you see most of the time” when the victim is
strangled by that particular chokehold.
Knight testified as to Abel’s admissions and demonstrated to the trial
court the “particular chokehold” that Abel had shown to him as the one after
which Ivy “went limp.” Abel testified and denied telling or demonstrating to
Knight his using a chokehold on Ivy. Abel further testified that he had been
simply “playing, playing wrestling” with Ivy on Friday night, after which he
had gone downstairs, heard a thump and went downstairs to find Ivy on her
knees and bleeding from the forehead; he got her a washcloth, and she said she
was “OK.” Later, she came downstairs and fell; he picked her up and she fell
again. Then he put her on the couch. Abel insisted in his testimony that Ivy
had remained on the couch from Friday night until Sunday.
The trial court found Abel “guilty as charged.” At the sentencing
hearing on September 19, 2002, the trial court found Abel’s “childhood
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deprivation” and “the possibility of some emotional limitations” to be
“mitigating factors but they don’t mitigate much.” It found Abel’s child
molesting conviction to be a “much more aggravating” factor and described
Abel’s extensive criminal history. It then determined that “the aggravating
factors do outweigh the mitigating factors” and imposed a sentence of sixty
years.
Abel v. State, No. 49A02-0210-CR-871, slip op. at 2-5 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (citations to
record omitted).
Abel raised two issues on direct appeal: 1) whether the evidence was sufficient to
support Abel’s murder conviction, and 2) whether Abel’s sentence was inappropriate in light
of his character and offense, arguing that the trial court did not consider and apply all
significant mitigating factors before it at the time of sentencing. We affirmed. Id.
Abel subsequently brought a petition for post-conviction relief, asserting trial counsel
provided ineffective assistance by failing “to present evidence at sentencing that Abel suffers
from mental retardation, with a record of a low intelligence quotient (IQ) on psychological
testing.” (P-C. App.1 at 51.) Abel claimed counsel’s failure to present that evidence
prohibited the court from having an opportunity to consider his mental retardation as a
mitigator for sentencing. At the hearing on Abel’s petition, Abel called trial counsel Lindsay
Schneider and Dr. Dennis Olvera, a psychologist, as witnesses. After hearing evidence, the
post-conviction court denied Abel’s petition in an order that included findings of fact and
conclusions of law.
1
We have before us records from both Abel’s criminal trial and his post-conviction proceedings. To
distinguish between the transcripts and appendices, we will use “App.” and “Tr.” to designate records created
for Abel’s direct appeal and will refer to the records created for this appeal of his post-conviction proceedings
as “P-C. App.” and “P-C. Tr.”
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DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Post-conviction proceedings are not “super appeals;” rather, those proceedings afford
petitioners a limited opportunity to raise issues that were unavailable or unknown at trial and
on direct appeal. Wilkes v. State, 984 N.E.2d 1236, 1240 (Ind. 2013). Post-conviction
proceedings are civil in nature, and petitioners bear the burden of proving their grounds for
relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Id.
When a petitioner appeals the denial of post-conviction relief, he appeals from a
negative judgment and has the burden of proof. Id. Consequently, we may not reverse
unless the petitioner demonstrates the evidence as a whole leads unerringly and unmistakably
to a decision opposite that reached by the post-conviction court. Id. “‘In other words, the
[petitioner] must convince this Court that there is no way within the law that the court below
could have reached the decision it did.’” Id. (quoting Stevens v. State, 770 N.E.2d 739, 746
(Ind. 2002)) (emphasis in original). We accept the post-conviction court’s findings of fact
unless they are clearly erroneous, but we do not defer to its conclusions of law. State v.
Hollin, 970 N.E.2d 147, 151 (Ind. 2012). On appeal, we may not reweigh the evidence or
reassess the credibility of the witnesses. Id. at 150.
Abel asserts his trial counsel provided assistance that failed to meet that guaranteed by
the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Claims of ineffective assistance of
trial counsel are generally reviewed under the two-part test announced in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), reh’g denied. Wilkes, 984 N.E.2d at 1240. “Unless a
[petitioner] makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence
5
resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.
First, a claimant must demonstrate counsel’s performance was deficient because it fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness based on prevailing professional norms.
Hollin, 970 N.E.2d at 151. We afford counsel considerable discretion in choosing strategy
and tactics. Id. Thus, poor strategy, inexperience, isolated mistakes, or instances of bad
judgment will not necessarily render counsel’s representation ineffective. Id.
Second, a claimant must demonstrate counsel’s deficient performance resulted in
prejudice. Id. Prejudice has occurred when the petitioner demonstrates a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. Id. A reasonable probability is one sufficient to undermine our
confidence in the outcome. Id. “If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the
ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, which we expect will often be so, that course should
be followed.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
Abel asserts his counsel’s assistance was constitutionally ineffective because counsel
failed to present evidence of Abel’s mental retardation at sentencing and argue it was a
mitigator.2 There is no question that mental retardation can be a mitigator. See McCarty v.
2
The State argues we cannot review an issue regarding Abel’s “mental retardation as a mitigating factor at
sentencing,” (Br. of Appellee at 11), because, on direct appeal, Abel argued the trial court failed to consider
this mitigator when sentencing him. Res judicata prevents review of issues already litigated and decided
adversely to the petitioner. Ward v. State, 969 N.E.2d 46, 51 (Ind. 2013). However, we decline to apply that
doctrine here. On direct appeal, Abel alleged his sentence was inappropriate in light of his character and
offense because the court had not considered “all significant mitigating factors before it at the time of
sentencing.” Abel, No. 49A02-0210-CR-871, slip op. at 7. In this post-conviction appeal, Abel is asserting his
trial counsel’s assistance was constitutionally ineffective because counsel did not present evidence of his low
6
State, 802 N.E.2d 959, 967 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). Nor is there any doubt that failure to
present evidence of a defendant’s mental retardation could constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel. See id. (holding counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to investigate and
present numerous potentially mitigating circumstances, including defendant’s mental
retardation, to the court at sentencing).
Nevertheless, the post-conviction court entered detailed findings explaining why Abel
was not prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to use the words “mental retardation” or “IQ” at
his sentencing hearing:
[T]rial counsel did argue that Abel’s “diminished capacity” was a mitigator
which far outweighed the aggravators. See T.R. 209, 210, 212. Along these
lines he urged the court to consider that the offense may have been a situation
where Abel did not know his own strength. See T.R. 209-210. It is apparent
that counsel’s arguments were based upon evidence properly before the court--
facts set forth in the in the [sic] presentence report and also in the evaluations
of Abel by Drs. Masbaum and Olive. See e.g. T.R. 209 (Mr. Schneider’s
argument included, “If you read the presentence report, Your Honor, Mr. Abel
apparently, because of his diminished capacity . . . which can be considered by
Your Honor as mitigation or a mitigating factor . . .”). While trial counsel did
not specifically use the words “IQ” or “mental retardation,” his arguments
asking the court to note Abel’s diminished capacity as set forth in the
presentence report seem to already have accomplished the same thing that
Petitioner now alleges counsel should have accomplished. This Court “cannot
and will not find…trial counsel ineffective for failing to do something that he
did, in fact, do.” Perry v. State, 904 N.E.2d 302, 309 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009)
(finding trial counsel not ineffective for allegedly failing to argue defendant’s
mental health as mitigator where trial counsel did mention the issue during
sentencing argument), trans. denied. Petitioner has not proven deficient
performance here. Accordingly, this claim fails.
IQ at the sentencing hearing. Although those two issues are not completely unrelated, neither are they
sufficiently identical to bar Abel’s request for review. See Reed v. State, 856 N.E.2d 1189, 1195 (Ind. 2006)
(holding res judicata did not bar petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel during sentencing
because post-conviction claim was not “using different language to rephrase an issue that was adversely
decided on direct appeal).
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Nor has Petitioner shown a reasonable probability that additional efforts
to highlight his intellectual disability would have led to a more favorable
sentencing decision by the trial court. First, this Court disagrees with
Petitioner’s contention that the trial court did not have the opportunity to
consider Abel’s intellectual disability as a mitigator. In addition to Mr.
Schneider’s argument, the presentence report and the detailed evaluations of
Abel by Drs. Masbaum and Olive were known to and reviewed by the court
prior to sentencing Abel, and the information therein was available for the
court’s consideration in imposing the sentence. The argument in Abel’s
Petition -- that trial counsel “should have been aware of Abel’s low IQ before
sentencing because it is mentioned in the presentence investigation report . . .
that Abel was sent to a juvenile facility in Wisconsin in 1987 (when he was 15
years old) and given psychological testing that indicated he had an IQ of 53 . . .
[and] states that he ‘was always enrolled in Special Education classes’” --
essentially negates the prejudice prong of Petitioner’s claim of ineffectiveness.
As noted supra, the inclusion of these facts in the presentence report was
evidence that was in fact before the trial court and available for its
consideration in imposing Abel’s sentence. And Mr. Schneider’s argument
urged the court to consider the evidence in the presentence report of Abel’s
diminished capacity.
Further, if Petitioner is implying that more detailed information, or the
testimony of a psychologist such as Dr. Olvera, would have created a
reasonably [sic] probability of a more favorable sentence, this Court is not
persuaded. Dr. Olvera’s testimony explains that Abel’s IQ of 53 – the same
number noted in the presentence report – is in the upper range of the moderate
intellectual disability category, close to being categorized instead as mild
intellectual disability. Petitioner’s evidence further shows that, in 1987, Abel’s
IQ was in fact in the mild intellectual disability category. When asked how a
person’s IQ would justify a lesser sentence, Dr. Olvera simply responded that
IQ pertains mainly to the determinations of competency and insanity -- issues
which the trial court had already considered and decided prior to Abel’s trial.
Petitioner has not proven a reasonable probability that the presentation
of more evidence at sentencing of Abel’s mental disabilities, in addition to
what was already before the court, would have resulted in a lesser sentence –
particularly in light of the significant aggravating factors noted by trial court
and affirmed on appeal. Given Petitioner’s failure to prove prejudice, again
this claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel fails.
(Id. at 107-08.)
In support of those findings, we note trial counsel urged the court at sentencing to
8
“read the presentence investigation report,” (Tr. at 209), noted that report demonstrated
Abel’s “diminished capacity,” (id.), for which he had been “taken advantage of and abused
his whole life,” (id.), and asserted the court could find that diminished capacity as a
mitigating circumstance. Counsel also obtained, prior to trial, evaluations to determine
whether Abel was competent to stand trial, and one of those reports noted Abel had been in
special education classes and had an IQ of 53.3
The judge presiding over Abel’s post-conviction proceeding was the same judge that
sentenced Abel, and he specifically found that he had been aware at sentencing of Abel’s
mental limitations from the reports of Dr. Masbaum and Dr. Olive and from the presentence
report. We are not in a position to overturn such finding. See Perry v. State, 904 N.E.2d
302, 309 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (record supported post-conviction court’s finding the
sentencing court knew about defendant’s mental health issues based on counsel’s arguments
at sentencing regarding suicide attempts, manic depression, and drug use, such that counsel
was not ineffective for failing to offer “mental health” as a mitigator), trans. denied. Nor, in
light of the post-conviction court’s numerous relevant findings in support thereof, may we
overturn the post-conviction court’s conclusion it would not have imposed a different
sentence if trial counsel had presented additional evidence or argument. See, e.g., Witt v.
State, 938 N.E.2d 1193, 1200 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (holding counsel’s failure to take more
steps to establish Witt was mentally retarded was not ineffective assistance, where the court
3
These facts distinguish this case from McCarty, 802 N.E.2d 959, in which we held counsel provided
ineffective assistance because counsel presented no evidence at all, had met with the defendant only once, and
failed to investigate the defendant’s background.
9
had before it numerous test results and testimony from witnesses regarding Witt’s IQ and
functioning), trans. denied.
Because Abel has not demonstrated the post-conviction court erroneously determined
he was not prejudiced, we cannot reverse the conclusion that trial counsel’s assistance was
not ineffective during Abel’s sentencing hearing. See, e.g., Williams v. State, 706 N.E.2d
149, 156 (Ind. 1999) (“Because the evidence Williams argues should have been presented
would not have significantly changed the facts available to the judge and jurors, Williams
was not prejudiced during either the guilt or sentencing phase of his trial), reh’g denied, cert.
denied. Accordingly, we affirm.
Affirmed.
ROBB, C.J., and PYLE, J., concur.
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