Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata, Aug 13 2013, 7:23 am
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
JANE H. CONLEY GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
RYAN D. JOHANNINGSMEIER
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
TERRY CHANDLER, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-1302-CR-166
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Jose D. Salinas, Judge
Cause No. 49G14-1205-FD-34833
August 13, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
VAIDIK, Judge
Case Summary
Terry Chandler appeals his conviction for Class A misdemeanor possession of
cocaine. Chandler contends there is insufficient evidence to support his conviction
because the State failed to prove that he constructively possessed the cocaine. We find
that the State sufficiently proved the elements of possession of cocaine, including
constructive possession, so we affirm Chandler’s conviction.
Facts and Procedural History
On May 23, 2012, Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Officer Richard
Wilkerson saw a car speeding and not signaling for 200 feet before making a lane change.
Officer Wilkerson activated his emergency lights, and the car continued for almost a
block and a half before stopping. Officer Wilkerson noticed that Chandler, the driver of
the car, was moving his head and shoulders “back and forth” excessively and looking in
his mirrors and turning his head as if to see where Officer Wilkerson was located. Tr. p.
14.
Officer Wilkerson approached the car on the passenger side and saw a passenger
in the front seat. Chandler handed Officer Wilkerson his driver’s license and registration
showing that the car was registered to him, and Officer Wilkerson noticed that Chandler’s
hand was shaking and he was breathing hard. Id. at 15. Officer Wilkerson was
concerned for his safety because of Chandler’s behavior, so he asked Chandler to exit and
step toward the back of the car. But when Chandler got halfway out of the car, he turned
back into the car and reached toward the front floorboard between the driver-side door
and the driver’s seat. Officer Wilkerson ordered Chandler to show his hands and walk to
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the back of the car; he patted Chandler down, had him sit on the curb, and then instructed
the passenger to get out of the car as well.
Chandler allowed Officer Wilkerson to search the car. Officer Wilkerson began
searching near the driver-side door and “immediately observed laying right there on the
carpet, floor carpet” crack cocaine. Id. at 18. This was the area where Officer Wilkerson
had seen Chandler reach before he got out of the car.
The State charged Chandler with Class D felony possession of cocaine. A bench
trial was held, and Chandler was found guilty of Class A misdemeanor possession of
cocaine. The trial court sentenced him to 365 days, with 363 days suspended and 80
hours of community-service work.
Chandler now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
Chandler contends that there is insufficient evidence to sustain his Class A
misdemeanor possession of cocaine conviction. Our standard of review with regard to
sufficiency claims is well settled. In reviewing a sufficiency of the evidence claim, this
Court does not reweigh the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Bond v.
State, 925 N.E.2d 773, 781 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), reh’g denied, trans. denied. We
consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment and the reasonable inferences
draw therefrom and affirm if the evidence and those inferences constitute substantial
evidence of probative value to support the judgment. Id. Reversal is appropriate only
when a reasonable trier of fact would not be able to form inferences as to each material
element of the offense. Id.
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Possession of cocaine occurs when the defendant “without a valid prescription or
order of a practitioner acting in the course of the practitioner’s professional practice,
knowingly or intentionally possesses cocaine (pure or adulterated) . . . .” Ind. Code § 35-
48-4-6(a). A conviction for possession of contraband may rest upon proof of either
actual or constructive possession. Washington v. State, 902 N.E.2d 280, 288 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2009), trans. denied. Actual possession occurs when a person has direct physical
control over the substance, Walker v. State, 631 N.E.2d 1, 2 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), and that
actual possession does not need to exist at the exact time as the law enforcement’s
discovery of the contraband, Wilburn v. State, 442 N.E.2d 1098, 1101 (Ind. 1982).
Constructive possession, on the other hand, occurs when the defendant has both (1) the
intent and (2) the capability to maintain dominion and control over the subject
contraband. Atwood v. State, 905 N.E.2d 479, 484 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied.
Chandler argues that the State failed to show that he had constructive possession
of the cocaine because it did not show sufficient evidence of intent. We disagree.
To prove the intent element of constructive possession, the State must demonstrate
the defendant’s knowledge of the presence of the contraband. Goliday v. State, 708
N.E.2d 4, 6 (Ind. 1999). Knowledge may be inferred from either exclusive control over
the premises where the substance is found, or, if the control is non-exclusive, evidence of
additional circumstances pointing to knowledge of the presence of the contraband. Id.
The capability element is met when the State shows the defendant was able to reduce the
controlled substance to his personal possession. Id.
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The evidence at trial showed that the cocaine was found on the floor in Chandler’s
car between the driver-side door and the driver’s seat, the area where Officer Wilkerson
testified that he had seen Chandler reach toward before getting out of the car. This was
also a place where the passenger of the car could not have reached. This evidence is
sufficient to show that Chandler had exclusive control over the area where the cocaine
was found. However, even if his control had been non-exclusive, additional
circumstances point to Chandler’s knowledge of the cocaine in his car. Officer
Wilkerson also testified that Chandler appeared very nervous and was making
movements that made him nervous for his safety. Tr. p. 14-16. The reasonable inference
drawn from this testimony is that Chandler was aware of the cocaine that was in his car.
This evidence is sufficient to support Chandler’s conviction for Class A
misdemeanor possession of cocaine. We affirm the trial court.
Affirmed.
BAKER, J., and FRIEDLANDER, J., concur.
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