Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Jul 03 2013, 7:06 am
Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
MARK S. LENYO GREGORY F. ZOELLER
South Bend, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
RYAN D. JOHANNINGSMEIER
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JOSEPH E. STAMBAUGH, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 71A03-1212-CR-545
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE ST. JOSEPH SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable John M. Marnocha, Judge
Cause No. 71D02-1205-FB-68
July 3, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
RILEY, Judge
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant-Defendant, Joseph E. Stambaugh (Stambaugh), appeals his conviction
for Count I, operating a motor vehicle after lifetime suspension of driving privileges, a
Class C felony, Ind. Code § 9-30-10-17; Count II, resisting law enforcement, a Class D
felony, I.C. § 35-44.1-3-1; Count III, possession of cocaine, a Class D felony, I.C. § 35-
48-4-6(a); Count IV, possession of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-48-4-11;
and Count V, false informing, a Class B misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-44.1-2-3(d)(1).
We affirm.
ISSUES
Stambaugh raises three issues on appeal, which we restate as:
(1) Whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying Stambaugh’s motion
for a mistrial;
(2) Whether the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to dismiss a juror; and
(3) Whether the trial court properly granted the State’s Motion in Limine.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On May 12, 2012, at approximately 5:00 p.m., Officer Kelly Hibbs (Officer
Hibbs) with the South Bend Police Department was on patrol in a fully-marked police
vehicle while wearing a uniform. While stopped at a stoplight at Edison Road and South
Bend Avenue, in South Bend, Indiana, Officer Hibbs entered the license plate number of
the blue Camaro that was stopped in front of him into a computer program. The
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computer program verified that the license plate number belonged to a different vehicle
than the blue Camaro.
After the vehicle turned at a stoplight and stopped in a liquor store parking lot,
Officer Hibbs conducted a traffic stop. He parked his vehicle with the front of his car
perpendicular to the driver door of the blue Camaro. As Officer Hibbs approached the
vehicle, he saw only one person, later identified as Stambaugh, and asked him for his
name and date of birth. Officer Hibbs also asked Stambaugh to whom the vehicle
belonged. Stambaugh provided his name as “David Bell” and said that he had just
purchased the vehicle and that the license plate was his girlfriend’s. (Transcript p. 195).
However, Stambaugh did not provide any registration to show who owned the vehicle.
When Officer Hibbs went back to his squad car and entered “David Bell” and the
date of birth that Stambaugh had provided to him in the computer program, the response
he obtained was “not on file, nothing found.” (Tr. pp. 195-96). A return of “not on file”
indicates that a person with that name and birthdate has never held an Indiana license.
Thus, Officer Hibbs requested that a second unit assist him. Officer Miranda Baker
(Officer Baker), with the South Bend Police Department, arrived and they approached the
driver door of Stambaugh’s vehicle. Officer Hibbs asked Stambaugh whether the
information he provided was correct because there was no indication that a person with
the name “David Bell” had a license. Stambaugh responded, “There [are] plenty of
people with that name on Facebook, so I’m not sure why you’re not getting anything
back.” (Tr. p. 197).
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Officer Hibbs asked Stambaugh to get rid of his cigarette and step out of the
vehicle. As Officer Hibbs opened the driver’s side door, Stambaugh moved his hand
towards the center console as if he was going to extinguish his cigarette, but instead he
shifted the vehicle into drive. Stambaugh ran over a curb and drove into oncoming
traffic. Officer Hibbs, along with two other units, pursued Stambaugh.
While on Eddy Street, Stambaugh collided head-on with the police vehicle driven
by Officer Houser. Officer Hibbs stopped his patrol car behind the Camaro and exited
his vehicle in case Stambaugh attempted to flee on foot. However, Stambaugh reversed
his car after colliding with Officer Houser’s vehicle, and came “pretty close” to hitting
Officer Hibbs. (Tr. p. 207). Officer Hibbs heard a gunshot as Stambaugh began driving
forward. Stambaugh’s vehicle struck the sign for Pearly Elementary School that was
located in front of the school. Officer Hibbs removed Stambaugh from his vehicle and
handcuffed him. Officer Hibbs found an I.D. card in Stambaugh’s pocket that identified
him as Stambaugh. Officer Hibbs’ squad car was equipped with audio and video
recording equipment that activates thirty seconds before he activates his lights, and it
takes a recording of what is directly in front of the vehicle. After obtaining a warrant, a
search of the vehicle revealed an Adidas bag with two baggies containing cocaine. The
Officers also located a baggy containing marijuana inside the vehicle.
On May 14, 2012 the State filed an Information charging Stambaugh with Count I,
operating a motor vehicle after lifetime suspension of driving privileges, a Class C
felony, I.C. § 9-30-10-17; Count II, resisting law enforcement, a Class D felony, I.C. §
4
35-44.1-3-1; Count III, possession of cocaine, a Class D felony, I.C. § 35-48-4-6(a);
Count IV, possession of marijuana, a Class A misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-48-4-11; and Count
V, false informing, a Class B misdemeanor, I.C. § 35-44.1-2-3(d)(1). On October 29,
2012, the State filed a motion in limine that sought to prohibit Stambaugh or defense
witnesses from commenting on the following:
1. The number of bullets fired by police.
2. The number of times the defendant’s vehicle was hit by bullets.
3. The number of times the defendant was hit by bullets.
4. The injuries the defendant received.
5. The treatment the defendant received.
6. Any future treatment the defendant is expected to receive.
7. The change in the physical or mental condition of the defendant since May 12,
2012.
(App. p. 17). The State’s motion in limine alleged that this information was irrelevant to
the issues at trial. However, the trial court ruled that facts indicating that the police fired
their weapons at Stambaugh or his vehicle and whether the vehicle and Stambaugh were
hit by those bullets were relevant because those facts were “inextricably interwoven with
the facts and the nature and circumstances of the offenses so it cannot be separated out
from the crimes that are charged.” (Tr. pp. 146-47). On the other hand, the trial court
ruled that the exact number of times that Stambaugh was hit by the bullets, the exact
nature of his injuries, the treatment he received, any future treatment, and any change in
the physical or mental conditions of Stambaugh were not relevant to this case.
That same day, Stambaugh’s jury trial commenced. During voir dire, prospective
juror Michael Pajor (Pajor) indicated that he worked in “probation, and [Stambaugh] was
actually under [his] supervision.” (Tr. p. 24). Pajor clarified that the probation was for
5
the underlying charge of Stambaugh’s lifetime suspension of driving privileges. The trial
court excused Pajor, and Stambaugh moved for a mistrial. The trial court denied
Stambaugh’s motion because the jury had already been informed that Stambaugh had a
lifetime suspension of driving privileges as of November 4, 2010, when they were told
that he was charged with operating a motor vehicle after having forfeited his driving
privileges for life.
On October 30, 2012, during the jury trial proceedings, the bailiff received a note
from a juror which read, “I had a date in approximately February 2012 with Officer
Hibbs. I do not know him beyond this, however.” (Tr. pp. 228-29). The trial court
brought Juror Heather-Anne Rhodes (Juror Rhodes) into court and questioned her about
the note she gave the bailiff:
[TRIAL COURT]: […] And let me ask you this: Was there any further
relationship beyond that February of 2012 date?
[JUROR RHODES]: No.
[TRIAL COURT]: Okay. Is there anything about that, which you think would
cause you not to be a fair juror in this case?
[JUROR RHODES]: No.
[TRIAL COURT]: And you could judge the testimony of not only Officer Hibbs’
testimony, but the testimony of any other witness along the lines of the rules that I
read to you in the preliminary instructions?
[JUROR RHODES]: I think so.
[TRIAL COURT]: Is there any other reason at this point that this fact would make
you not to be a fair and impartial juror in this case?
[JUROR RHODES]: No.
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[TRIAL COURT]: Would you give Officer Hibbs’ testimony a plus or minus,
because of that?
[JUROR RHODES]: No.
(Tr. p. 234-35). The trial court decided that Juror Rhodes would continue as a juror in
this case. Neither the State nor the defense had any questions or other objection to make
about this. (Tr. p. 235).
On November 1, 2012, at the close of the evidence, the jury found Stambaugh
guilty on all five Counts. On November 28, 2012, Stambaugh was sentenced to seven
years on Count I, three years on Count III, and one year on Count IV. These sentences
were ordered to run concurrently. With regard to Count II and Count V, the trial court
sentenced Stambaugh to three years on Count II and then 180 days on Count V, and these
sentences were ordered to run concurrently to each other, but consecutively to Counts I,
III and IV, for an aggregate sentence of ten years.
Stambaugh now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Motion for Mistrial
Stambaugh contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his
motion for mistrial which he made during the voir dire proceedings. Specifically, he
claims that Pajor’s responses that he was Stambaugh’s probation officer, who was
supervising him for a prior offense, subsequently tainted the jury and prevented him from
receiving a fair trial. Whether to grant or deny a motion for mistrial is a decision left to
7
the sound discretion of the trial court. Alvies v. State, 795 N.E.2d 493, 506 (Ind. Ct. App.
2003). We will reverse the trial court’s ruling only upon an abuse of that discretion. Id.
We afford the trial court such deference on appeal because the trial court is in the best
position to evaluate the relevant circumstances of an event and its impact on the jury. Id.
To prevail on appeal from the denial of a motion for mistrial, the appellant must
demonstrate the statement or conduct in question was so prejudicial and inflammatory
that he was placed in a position of grave peril to which he should not have been
subjected; the gravity of the peril is determined by the probable persuasive effect on the
jury’s decision rather than upon the degree of impropriety of the conduct. See Leach v.
State, 699 N.E.2d 641, 644 (Ind. 1998).
We have previously noted that a motion for a mistrial during voir dire is not a
proper motion because voir dire is not part of a trial, and the trial does not begin until the
jury is impaneled and the cause is submitted. Nix v. State 166 N.E.2d 326 (Ind. 1960);
see also Bardonner v. State, 587 N.E.2d 1353, 1364. Instead, a defendant should have
moved to strike, discharge the jury panel, or challenge the array. Id.; see also Utterback
v. State, 310 N.E.2d 552, 555 (Ind. 1974). Therefore, the motion for a mistrial was
properly denied in this case.
II. Dismissal of Juror
Next, Stambaugh contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it refused
to dismiss a juror who went on one date with the State’s witness. Where an “inference of
8
implied juror bias arises, a trial court should analyze such potential bias by considering
the nature of the connection and any indications of partiality; the court must weigh the
nature and extent of the relationship versus the ability of the juror to remain impartial.”
Alvies v. State, 795 N.E.2d 493, 499 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). Furthermore, it is for the trial
court to determine whether a juror is biased for or against the defendant; only if the
defendant was placed in substantial peril will an appellate court find an abuse of
discretion. Id. Timely disclosure of a juror’s relationship with a witness or party,
coupled with an assertion that the juror will remain impartial, adequately protects a
defendant’s right to an impartial jury. McCants v. State, 686 N.E.2d 1281, 1285 (Ind.
1997). Objections relating to the qualification of a juror must be timely made or they are
waived. Smith v. State, 477 N.E.2d 311, 315 (Ind. Ct. App. 1985).
During the second day of the trial proceedings, Juror Rhodes informed the trial
court that she was familiar with Officer Hibbs from a single date that occurred over six
months before the trial. Because of this information, the trial court questioned Juror
Rhodes in the presence of both counsel. The trial court ruled that Juror Rhodes could
remain on the jury panel. Stambaugh did not make any further record nor objected to
Juror Rhodes remaining on the jury panel. Accordingly, because Stambaugh failed to
timely object, he waived the error. Short v. State, 443 N.E.2d 298, 306 (Ind. 1982).
Waiver notwithstanding, Juror Rhodes first stated that she did not recognize
Officer Hibbs when his name was mentioned, and that it was only after she actually saw
Officer Hibbs when he testified in person that she recognized him, after which she
9
notified the trial court. Juror Rhodes explained that she did not know Officer Hibbs other
than that single date, and her experience would not cause her to view his testimony
differently than any other witness, and she would remain a fair and impartial juror in this
matter. Based on this evidence, we cannot conclude that Stambaugh was placed in
substantial peril. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing Juror
Rhodes to remain as a juror in this case.
III. Motion in Limine
Lastly, Stambaugh contends that the trial court erred in granting, in part, the
State’s Motion in Limine prohibiting any mention of the number of times Stambaugh was
shot by the Officers and the nature and extent of his injuries. The trial court has broad
discretion in ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence. Gutierrez v. State, 961
N.E.2d 1030, 1034 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), dist’g by Palilonis v. State, 970 N.E.2d 713
(Ind. Ct. App. 2012). The trial court’s ruling on review of admissibility of evidence will
be disturbed on review only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. Id. An abuse of
discretion occurs when the trial court’s ruling is clearly against the logic, facts, and
circumstances presented. Id.
Stambaugh contends that the State introduced DVDs of the police officers’ in-car
videos, but the recordings were redacted to “exclude most of the information sought by
the defense in the case.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 17). Stambaugh argues that the number of
times he was hit by the gun shots along with his injuries and treatment of those injuries
should be admitted into evidence under the completion doctrine. The completion
10
doctrine applies when part of a writing or recorded statement is introduced and allows an
adverse party to request that other parts be introduced, to provide a context for otherwise
isolated comments when fairness requires it. Barnett v. State, 916 N.E.2d 280, 286 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2009). The rule may be invoked to admit omitted portions of a statement in
order to (1) explain the admitted portion; (2) place the admitted portion in context; (3)
avoid misleading the trier of fact; or (4) insure a fair and impartial understanding of the
admitted portion. Lieberenz v. State, 717 N.E.2d 1242, 1248 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999), trans.
denied. However, a court need not admit the remainder of the statement, or portions
thereof, that are neither explanatory of nor relevant to the portions already introduced.
Id.
Here, Stambaugh never sought to play the redacted portion for the trial court or
enter it into the record for appellate review. Nonetheless, under the completion doctrine,
a court need not admit the remainder of the statement, or portions thereof, that are neither
explanatory of nor relevant to the portions already introduced. Id. Here, Stambaugh
failed to establish that the redacted videotape created confusion or misled the jury. Thus,
the videotape entered into evidence was properly admitted.
Furthermore, the trial court excluded the evidence because it found that it was
irrelevant in this case. Indiana Evidence Rule 401 defines relevant evidence as,
“evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence
to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without
the evidence.” When the trial court granted the State’s Motion in Limine that sought to
11
exclude evidence relating to injuries Stambaugh received from the police shooting, the
trial court specifically advised Stambaugh that the ruling was only preliminary and could
be reconsidered in light of the evidence presented at trial. Stambaugh never requested the
trial court to reconsider, nor did he present any evidence to make the excluded matters
relevant.
Stambaugh was not able to show that the injuries he received from the police had
“any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the
determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would [have been]
without the evidence.” Ind. Evid. Rule 401. When the police started shooting,
Stambaugh already had resisted law enforcement, fled from a traffic stop, driven into
oncoming traffic, and almost hit a police officer, all while being pursued by three marked
police cars with sirens activated. The number of times Stambaugh was shot by police and
the injuries he has sustained had no bearing on whether or not Stambaugh had committed
the crimes he was charged with, and moreover, was not relevant evidence. Thus, the trial
court properly excluded the evidence.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, we conclude that (1) the trial court properly denied the
motion for mistrial; (2) the trial court properly refused to dismiss a juror; and (3) the trial
court did not err in granting, in part, the State’s Motion in Limine.
Affirmed.
12
BROWN, J. concurs
BRADFORD, J. concurs with separate concurring opinion
13
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JOSEPH E. STAMBAUGH, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 71A03-1212-CR-545
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
BRADFORD, Judge, concurring.
I concur with the majority in all respects. However, I write separately to add that
even if Stambaugh would have made an appropriate motion during voir dire, I believe
that the denial of said motion could, at most, be considered harmless because the
challenged statements were cumulative of other evidence that was subsequently admitted
without objection during trial.
The Indiana Supreme Court has held that it is well established that the exposure of
facts to the jury that are cumulative of other properly admitted evidence does not require
14
reversal, but rather is, at most, harmless. See generally Martin v. State, 736 N.E.2d 1213,
1219 (Ind. 2000) (providing that it is well settled that the erroneous admission of
evidence is harmless and does not require reversal if other evidence having the same
probative value is admitted without objection or contradiction). In the instant matter,
Prospective Juror Pajor revealed no information before the other prospective jurors that
was not subsequently presented without objection to the jury during the State’s
presentation of evidence. During voir dire, upon questioning by the trial court as to how
he was familiar with Stambaugh, Prospective Juror Pajor indicated that he was
Stambaugh’s probation officer for the underlying charge relating to Stambaugh’s lifetime
suspension of his driving privileges. During trial, the State introduced an exhibit that
contained the information showing that Stambaugh had previously received a lifetime
suspension of his driving privileges. Stambaugh did not object to the admission of this
exhibit, and it was admitted into trial. Accordingly, because Prospective Juror Pajor’s
statement relating to the lifetime suspension of Stambaugh’s driving privileges was
cumulative of evidence that was subsequently admitted without objection at trial, I would
further conclude that even if Stambaugh would have made an appropriate motion during
voir dire, the denial of said motion could, at most, be considered harmless.
15