FOR PUBLICATION
May 09 2013, 8:42 am
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
ELIZABETH A. HOUDEK GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
RYAN D. JOHANNINGSMEIER
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
G.H., )
)
Appellant-Respondent, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-1207-JV-532
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Petitioner. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
JUVENILE DIVISION
The Honorable Marilyn A. Moores, Judge
The Honorable Scott Stowers, Magistrate
Cause No. 49D09-1202-JD-442
May 9, 2013
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
VAIDIK, Judge
Case Summary
G.H. appeals the trial court’s true finding for what would be Class D felony
criminal gang activity if committed by an adult. He argues that there is insufficient
evidence to support his adjudication. We conclude that the State failed to prove that G.H.
had a specific intent to further a gang’s criminal goals, which is necessary to sustain an
adjudication for criminal gang activity. We reverse.
Facts and Procedural History
In December 2010, fourteen-year-old V.A. met a male friend to attend a party.
Before going to the party, the two boys met another group of teenagers, including
fourteen-year-old G.H., at G.H.’s house. In total, about twenty juveniles gathered at
G.H.’s house.
A.M., one of the boys at G.H.’s house, left for a short time. When A.M. returned,
he walked up to V.A. and pulled back his coat to reveal a sawed-off shotgun. Tr. p. 21.
V.A. decided to leave G.H.’s house and began walking home. A group of people
followed him, including G.H. People began suggesting that G.H. and V.A. should fight.
V.A. told G.H., “I’m not going to fight you, I’m just going to cut out[.]” Id. at 23. G.H.
began taunting V.A., and another boy struck V.A. in the head with a glass bottle. The
group swarmed V.A. and began kicking and punching him. One of V.A.’s friends
intervened and helped him up, and the two boys ran away. However, the group pursued
them, and when they caught V.A., the battery continued. Eventually, a bruised and
bleeding V.A. escaped the group.
While running from the group, V.A. encountered his sixteen-year-old brother, J.A.
Despite the battery, V.A. and J.A. decided to go to another party. When G.H., A.M., and
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the other boys who had attacked V.A. showed up at that party, J.A. told his brother to
leave. V.A. left but later returned, afraid for his older brother’s safety. When the party
ended around 1:00 a.m., the boys set off for home.
As they walked, the brothers heard nearby shouts of “skoo woo” and “Drop ‘Em
Squad.” Id. at 35, 89. V.A. knew that Drop ‘Em Squad was a gang because he used to be
a member of it. Id. at 35. V.A. and J.A. walked faster, but G.H., A.M., and some other
boys blocked them at the end of an alley. A.M. asked V.A. and J.A. if they wanted to
fight. J.A. said he did not want to fight, and the brothers took off running.
The brothers made it home safely, where their mother examined V.A. V.A. had a
bloody nose, blood on his clothes, a footprint on his back, and a bump on his head. Id. at
93, 102. When V.A.’s mother looked out her window, she saw a crowd of boys. She
called the police and reported the incident.
In February 2012, the State alleged that G.H. was a delinquent child for
committing what would be Class C felony criminal gang intimidation, Class C felony
stalking, Class C felony intimidation, Class D felony criminal gang activity, and Class A
misdemeanor battery if committed by an adult. The trial court held a fact-finding hearing
in May 2012.
At the hearing, V.A. testified about the incident and G.H.’s gang involvement.
When asked if he knew whether G.H. was a member of Drop ‘Em Squad, V.A. responded
“no, not really.” 1 Id. at 38. He also testified that there were no gang calls during the first
incident, but after the party, when the boys blocked him and J.A. at the end of the alley,
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G.H. interprets this statement as V.A. saying that G.H. was not a member of Drop ‘Em Squad.
The State says V.A. simply said he did not know. There was no clarification, but at the very least, we
observe that V.A. could not confirm that G.H. was a member of the gang.
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the boys were yelling “skoo woo” and “Drop ‘Em Squad.” Id. at 46. J.A. recalled things
differently; he testified that G.H. was with the other boys in the alley confrontation, but
did not yell “skoo woo” or “Drop ‘Em Squad.” Id. at 89. J.A. said that all of the boys
involved in the battery, including G.H., were members of Drop ‘Em Squad, and that he
had once heard G.H. say he was a gang member, although J.A. did not say when he heard
G.H. say this. Id. at 90. J.A. also said he believed all the boys were gang members at the
time of the incident because “they were all hanging out together.” Id. at 91.
No witness could link any physical evidence of gang activity to G.H. Indianapolis
Metropolitan Police Department Detective Miguel Roa, a member of the IMPD’s
Criminal Gang Unit, testified that gang members frequently called out “skoo woo,”
followed by a gang name, as a way of identifying themselves as members of that gang.
Id. at 111. He also testified that Drop ‘Em Squad is a confirmed east-side gang. Id. at
110, 129-30. Detective Roa said that he searched G.H.’s home but found no evidence of
gang affiliation. Id. at 132-36. At the conclusion of the fact-finding hearing, the trial
court took the matter under advisement.
In June 2012, the trial court entered a true finding on the Class D felony criminal
gang activity and Class A misdemeanor battery allegations. The court entered not true
findings on the Class C felony criminal gang intimidation, Class C felony stalking, and
Class C felony intimidation allegations. G.H. was placed on probation. G.H. now
appeals the Class D felony criminal gang activity true finding only.2
2
G.H. filed his notice of appeal on July 3, 2012. The State filed a motion to dismiss alleging that
the notice of appeal was untimely. This Court denied the State’s motion. See Order on State’s Motion to
Dismiss, Cause No. 49A02-1207-JV-532 (Ind. Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2013). The State renews its dismissal
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Discussion and Decision
G.H. argues that there is insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s true
finding that he committed criminal gang activity. G.H. does not dispute that Drop ‘Em
Squad is a criminal gang. However, he contends that the State failed to prove that he was
an active gang member, that he knew anything about the gang’s criminal advocacy, and
that the battery he committed had any link to alleged gang membership.
When the State seeks to have a juvenile adjudicated as a delinquent for
committing an act that would be a crime if committed by an adult, the State must prove
each element of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. G.R. v. State, 893 N.E.2d 774, 776
(Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citing J.S. v. State, 843 N.E.2d 1013, 1016 (Ind. Ct. App.
2006), trans. denied). When we review a juvenile adjudication, we consider only the
evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the judgment, and will not reweigh
evidence or judge the credibility of witnesses. Id. If there is substantial evidence of
probative value from which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the juvenile was
guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, we will affirm the adjudication. Id.
Indiana Code section 35-45-9-1 defines a criminal gang as a group with at least
three members that:
(1) either:
(A) promotes, sponsors, or assists in; or
(B) participates in; or
(2) requires as a condition of membership or continued membership;
the commission of a felony or an act that would be a felony if committed by
an adult or the offense of battery ([Ind. Code § 35-42-2-1]).
request in its Appellee’s Brief. However, this Court has already denied this request and we decline to
consider the matter further.
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A person who knowingly or intentionally actively participates in a criminal gang commits
criminal gang activity, a Class D felony. Ind. Code § 35-45-9-3. To prove that G.H.
committed criminal gang activity, the State must show that he: (1) was an active member
of a criminal gang, (2) had knowledge of the group’s criminal advocacy, and (3) had a
specific intent to further the group’s criminal goals. Robles v. State, 758 N.E.2d 581, 585
(Ind. Ct. App. 2001) (citations omitted), trans. denied. The specific-intent element
requires proof of a nexus between furthering the goals of the criminal gang and the
alleged crime. Id.
There is negligible evidence that G.H. was a member of Drop ‘Em Squad. V.A.
could not say that G.H. was a member of the gang. J.A. testified that G.H. said he was in
a gang, but he did not say when G.H. said this. Though both V.A. and J.A. testified that
G.H. was with the group of boys who blocked their path at the end of an alley, the
brothers gave contradictory testimony about whether G.H. yelled “skoo woo” or “Drop
‘Em Squad.” And Detective Roa testified that he found no evidence of G.H.’s gang
affiliation. At best, this evidence shows that G.H. was a gang member at some point in
time, which is insufficient. See Ferrell v. State, 746 N.E.2d 48, 51 (Ind. 2001) (The
State’s case “consisted only of evidence that Ferrell, at some point, was a member of a
gang that commits criminal offenses. That is not enough.”).
The State argues that G.H. and the other boys were gang members at the time of
the incident because J.A. testified that they hung out together. This guilt-by-association
argument is circular and unpersuasive. At trial, the State was attempting to prove that
G.H., A.M., and another boy had all engaged in criminal gang activity. Now, the State
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relies on J.A.’s testimony to argue that G.H. is a gang member because he spent time with
other gang members. But the State was attempting to prove at the same time that these
other supposed gang members were, in fact, gang members. The guilt-by-association
argument does not establish active gang membership in this context.
However, even if the evidence established G.H.’s active gang membership, we
would still conclude that the evidence is insufficient to sustain G.H.’s adjudication
because there is no evidence that G.H. had the specific intent to further Drop ‘Em
Squad’s criminal goals by battering V.A.
The battery allegation against G.H. stemmed from the fight that occurred outside
G.H.’s house early in the evening. After seeing that another boy had a sawed-off
shotgun, V.A. decided to leave G.H.’s house and began walking home. A group of
people followed him, including G.H. People began suggesting that G.H. and V.A. should
fight. V.A. declined and G.H. began taunting him. After another boy struck V.A. in the
head with a glass bottle, the group swarmed V.A. and began kicking and punching him.
Eventually, a bruised and bleeding V.A. escaped the group. V.A. testified that no one
yelled “skoo woo” or “Drop ‘Em Squad” during this fight. Tr. p. 57.
This evidence does not show a nexus between V.A.’s battery and Drop ‘Em
Squad’s criminal goals.3 There was no mention of the gang at the time of the battery and
3
The State argues alternatively that the evidence shows G.H.’s active membership in an unnamed
gang of three boys who assisted or participated in V.A.’s battery. See Appellee’s Br. p. 10 (citing Kelly v.
State, 813 N.E.2d 1179, 1183-84 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied). The State raises this argument for
the first time on appeal, and thus it is waived. C.T.S. v. State, 781 N.E.2d 1193, 1204 (Ind. Ct. App.
2003) (failure to raise an argument in the trial court results in its waiver on appeal), trans. denied. And
we note that the Kelly Court confined its holding to the facts before it, saying, “While admittedly, no
evidence was presented that the instant group possessed traits commonly associated with a traditional
street gang, e.g., a name, symbolic colors, or initiation rituals, the facts of this particular case amply
satisfy the statutory elements of the offense.” 813 N.E.2d at 1184 (emphasis added).
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no claim that the purpose of the battery was retribution by Drop ‘Em Squad, initiation
into Drop ‘Em Squad, or to fulfill any other criminal goal of the gang. The only mention
of Drop ‘Em Squad came later in the evening, in the alley confrontation, and no
allegations against G.H. arose from that incident.
Because the State failed to prove that G.H. had a specific intent to further Drop
‘Em Squad’s criminal goals, his adjudication for criminal gang activity must be reversed.
Reversed.
KIRSCH, J., and PYLE, J., concur.
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