Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of Mar 22 2013, 9:34 am
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
JOHN T. WILSON GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Anderson, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
JONATHAN R. SICHTERMANN
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
ANDREW J.P. COX, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 48A05-1209-CR-451
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MADISON CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable Thomas Newman Jr., Judge
Cause No. 48D03-0908-FB-266
March 22, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
MATHIAS, Judge
In April 2010, Andrew J.P. Cox (“Cox”) pleaded guilty to Class B felony
burglary, Class D felony theft, and Class A misdemeanor criminal mischief in Madison
Circuit Court. He was sentenced to an aggregate of ten years with six years executed at
the Madison County Work Release Facility and four years suspended. He was also
placed on probation. In July 2012, the State filed a Notice of Probation Violation
alleging that Cox had committed new criminal offenses, including: Class C felony
burglary, Class D felony attempted theft, and Class A misdemeanor possession of
marijuana. On August 6, 2012, the trial court revoked Cox’s probation and ordered his
remaining sentence executed in the Indiana Department of Correction. Cox now appeals
and argues that the trial court erred by admitting the probable cause affidavit into
evidence and argues that the evidence was insufficient to revoke his probation.
We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
On April 26, 2010, Andrew J.P. Cox (“Cox”) pleaded guilty to Class B felony
burglary, Class D felony theft, and Class A misdemeanor criminal mischief. On May 10,
2010, Cox was sentenced to an aggregate of ten years with six years executed at the
Madison County Work Release Facility and four years suspended. On June 20, 2011, at
Cox’s request, the trial court modified his sentence from work release to in-home
detention for the balance of his sentence. On December 8, 2011, the State filed a Petition
to Terminate In-Home Detention alleging that Cox was in arrears for services rendered
by the Adult Probation Department. After Cox paid his fees in full, the State requested
the court to vacate the hearing on the petition, and the trial court granted this request. On
2
January 30, 2012, at Cox’s request, the trial court again modified his sentence, and he
was released from in-home detention and placed on probation for the balance of his
sentence.
On March 22, 2012, the State filed a Notice of Probation Violation alleging that
Cox had failed “to abstain from the use of alcoholic beverage/illicit drugs” after he tested
positive for the presence of marijuana and alcohol in his urine on or about March 8, 2012.
Appellant’s App. p. 24. On April 30, 2012, Cox admitted the violation, and the trial court
found that he had violated his probation. Cox was ordered to return to Work Release for
three months and then to return to probation for the balance of his sentence.
On July 20, 2012, the State filed another Notice of Probation Violation alleging
that Cox had committed new criminal offenses, including: Class C felony burglary, Class
D felony attempted theft, and Class A misdemeanor possession of marijuana.
Appellant’s App. p. 26. A hearing on the matter was held on July 31, 2012. At the
hearing, Aura Baugh-Wallace (“Wallace”) testified that on July 13, 2012, a neighbor
informed her that two men were behind her parents’ garage. When Wallace approached
the garage, she observed Letarus Peeples (“Peeples”) standing near the garage while Cox
crawled out of a hole in the garage. Wallace confronted Cox, and he ran away down the
street. Wallace called the police, and Officer Matthew Blakeley (“Officer Blakeley”)
arrived on the scene. After speaking with Wallace, and later Peeples, Officer Blakeley
located Cox and placed him under arrest. During a pat-down search of Cox, Officer
Blakeley discovered a plastic baggie with a green leafy substance that field-tested
positive for marijuana. On August 6, 2012, the trial court found that Cox had violated the
3
conditions of his probation. The court then revoked his probation and ordered the
sentence to be executed at the Indiana Department of Correction.
Cox now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
Discussion and Decision
The trial court’s decision whether to revoke probation is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. Rosa v. State, 832 N.E.2d 1119, 1121 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). “An abuse of
discretion occurs if the decision is against the logic and effect of the facts and
circumstances before the court.” Id. If a person is found to have violated the terms of his
probation, the trial court can “[o]rder execution of all or part of the sentence that was
suspended at the time of initial sentencing.” Ind. Code § 35-38-2-3(g)(3).
I. Probable Cause Affidavit
Cox argues that the trial court erred by admitting a probable cause affidavit into
evidence, because it was inadmissible hearsay evidence. A trial court may consider
hearsay evidence in a probation violation trial that would otherwise be impermissible in a
criminal trial, if the hearsay evidence is substantially trustworthy. Reyes v. State, 868
N.E.2d 438, 442 (Ind. 2007) (“The substantial trustworthiness test requires that the trial
court evaluate the reliability of the hearsay evidence.”). Under the substantial
trustworthiness test, the trial court must evaluate the hearsay evidence for sufficient
indicia of reliability. Robinson v. State, 955 N.E.2d 228, 232 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).
“Ideally, the trial court should explain on the record why the hearsay is reliable and why
that reliability is substantial enough to supply good cause for not producing live
4
witnesses.” Id. at 232 (quoting United States v. Kelley, 446 F.3d 688, 693 (7th Cir.
2006)) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, Cox failed to make a contemporaneous objection at the time the probable
cause affidavit was introduced at trial,1 and as a result, he has waived this issue on
appeal. Brown v. State, 783 N.E.2d 1121, 1125 (Ind. 2003). Yet, Cox also argues that
the error was fundamental error, and “[a] claim that has been waived by a defendant’s
failure to raise a contemporaneous objection can be reviewed on appeal if the reviewing
court determines that a fundamental error occurred.” Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204,
207 (Ind. 2010). However, “[t]he fundamental error exception is ‘extremely narrow, and
applies only when the error constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or
potential for harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental
due process.’” Id. (quoting Mathews v. State, 849 N.E.2d 578, 587 (Ind. 2006)). The
error must rise to the level that a fair trial is impossible or that is “‘clearly blatant
violations of basic and elementary principles of due process.’” Id. (quoting Clark v.
State, 915 N.E.2d 126, 131 (Ind. 2009)). “This exception is available only in ‘egregious
circumstances.’” Id. (quoting Brown v. State, 799 N.E.2d 1064, 1068 (Ind. 2003)).
In Whatley v. State, we held that the probable cause affidavit that was prepared
and signed by a detective bore substantial indicia of reliability. 847 N.E.2d 1007, 1010
(Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Here, the probable cause affidavit was prepared by the arresting
officer, Officer Blakeley, on the day of the offense, and it was signed and dated under
penalties of perjury. Thus, the error, if any, did not rise to the level such that a fair trial
was impossible or such that it was a blatant violation of basic due process principles. For
1
In fact, Cox affirmatively stated “No objection” to the admission of the affidavit. Tr. p. 39.
5
all these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not commit fundamental error in
allowing the admission of the probable cause affidavit.
II. Insufficient Evidence
Cox argues that there was insufficient evidence for the trial court to revoke his
probation. When the sufficiency of evidence is challenged, we will neither “reweigh the
evidence nor reassess witness credibility.” Whatley, 847 N.E.2d at 1010 (citing Marsh v.
State, 818 N.E.2d 143, 148 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004)). Rather, we look to the evidence most
favorable to the State and affirm the judgment if “there is substantial evidence of
probative value supporting revocation.” Id.
The State’s burden of proof regarding alleged probation violations is proof by a
preponderance of the evidence. Id. Moreover, our supreme court recently clarified that
when the State alleges that the defendant violated probation by committing a new
criminal offense, the State has to prove that the defendant committed the offense by a
preponderance of the evidence. 2 See Heaton v. State, No. 48S02-1206-CR-350 (March
5, 2013) (citing Ind. Code section 35-38-2-3(e)). In Heaton, the State argued at trial that
a preponderance of the evidence supported the allegation of the criminal offense;
however, the trial court referenced the probable cause standard in its order. Thus, our
supreme court found the record was “unclear as to which standard the trial court actually
applied in determining whether the defendant had committed a new criminal offense,”
2
Prior to our supreme court’s decision in Heaton, there was ambiguity in the case law regarding whether
the commission of new criminal offense had to be established by the preponderance of the evidence or by
probable cause.
6
and, therefore, remanded “the case to the trial court for reconsideration of whether the
defendant violated her probation.” Id. at slip op. no. 5.
Thus, we must first address whether the trial court in this case used the correct
standard of review. The State argued on appeal3 that it was only required to prove the
criminal offenses by probable cause; however, at trial, the State argued that a
“preponderance of the evidence” established that Cox had committed the offenses. Tr. p.
40. The trial court then subsequently found that Cox “violated conditions of his
probation in that he committed burglary, attempted theft, possession of marijuana . . . .”
Id. at 41. Though the trial court did not expressly state4 that it found Cox had committed
the criminal offenses by a preponderance of the evidence, the court did find that
“defendant violated conditions of his probation by preponderance of the evidence” and,
unlike the trial court in Heaton, it never mentioned the probable cause standard. See
Appellant’s App. pp. 7, 29. Thus, the record supports that the trial court used the
preponderance of the evidence standard.
Now that we have concluded that the trial court used the correct standard, we turn
to whether there was sufficient evidence for the trial court to conclude by a
preponderance of the evidence that the criminal offenses occurred and that Cox’s
probation should be revoked. Here, the evidence most favorable to the judgment shows
that on July 13, 2012 a neighbor alerted Wallace that two men were behind her parents’
garage messing with a lawnmower. Tr. p. 25. When Wallace went to inspect the garage,
3
The parties’ briefs in this case were submitted prior to our supreme court’s decision in Heaton.
4
We do strongly recommend that trial courts in the future clearly state that they have found that the
defendant committed the criminal offenses by a preponderance of the evidence.
7
she observed Peeples standing near the garage and observed Cox, whom she recognized
as her younger brother’s friend, crawling out of a hole in the garage. The hole had not
been there previously. When she confronted Cox, he ran off down the street. She then
called the police, and Officer Blakeley arrived on the scene. After speaking with
Wallace, Officer Blakeley spoke with Peeples, who informed him that Cox pulled the
boards off the garage to create a hole big enough to crawl into the garage. When Officer
Blakeley located Cox, Cox fled into a nearby apartment. Officer Blakeley pursued him
and subsequently placed Cox under arrest.
Cox argues there was insufficient evidence for the trial court to conclude by a
preponderance of the evidence that he committed burglary and attempted theft, because
there was no evidence he intended to a commit a felony therein or attempted to steal
anything. Appellant’s Br. at 9. However, the intent to commit a felony may be inferred
from the circumstances. Gilliam v. State, 508 N.E.2d 1270, 1271 (Ind. 1987). Here,
there was evidence that Cox messed with the lawnmower by the garage, that he created
the hole in the garage, and that he fled after Wallace caught him crawling out of the hole
in her parents’ garage. Moreover, Wallace also testified that approximately an hour prior
to incident, Cox had “wanted a ride to go break into somebody else’s house[.]” Tr. p 28.
This was sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that Cox committed
burglary and attempted theft.
Cox also argues there was insufficient evidence that he committed possession of
marijuana because the only evidence that he committed possession of marijuana was in
the probable cause affidavit. However, we need not reach this issue, because regardless
8
of whether there was sufficient evidence to support that Cox committed possession of
marijuana, a violation of a single condition of probation is sufficient to revoke probation.
Jenkins v. State, 956 N.E.2d 146, 149 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied (citing
Richardson v. State, 890 N.E.2d 766, 768 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008)). Here, the trial court’s
conclusion that burglary and theft had been committed was sufficient evidence to revoke
Cox’s probation.5 For all these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion when it concluded by a preponderance of the evidence that Cox violated his
probation.
Conclusion
The trial court did not err by admitting the probable cause affidavit, and the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by finding there was sufficient evidence to revoke Cox’s
probation.
Affirmed.
CRONE, J., concurs.
KIRSCH, J., dissents with separate opinion.
5
In Heaton, the State asserted that the probation revocation should be affirmed because the defendant did
not contest the trial court’s findings that the defendant had violated other conditions of probation. Slip
op. no. 5. Our supreme court noted that probation may be revoked on evidence of a violation of a single
condition but held that remand was appropriate in that case because the remaining violations were
technical in nature and “the selection of an appropriate sanction will depend upon the severity of the
defendant’s probation violation[.]” Id. Here, the remaining violations found by the trial court were not
technical in nature but rather were serious criminal offenses; therefore, we need not remand the case.
9
IN
THE
COURT
OF
APPEALS
OF
INDIANA
ANDREW J.P. COX, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A05-1209-CR-451
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
KIRSCH, Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent.
The due process requirements of a probation revocation proceeding are well-
established: Due process requires a written statement by the fact finder regarding the
evidence relied upon and the reasons for revoking probation. Terrell v. State, 886 N.E.2d
98, 100-01 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (citing Parker v. State, 676 N.E.2d 1083, 1085 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1997) (citing Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 482 (1972))), trans. denied. This
requirement is imposed on trial courts to promote accurate fact finding and to ensure the
accurate review of revocation decisions. Hubbard v. State, 683 N.E.2d 618, 620-21 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1997). The rationale underlying the writing requirement in probation revocation
proceedings has its genesis in Morrissey where the United States Supreme Court
concluded that while an informal hearing structure is permissible for parole revocation
proceedings, it still must comport with basic notions of due process, including a written
statement by the fact finders as to the evidence relied on and the reasons for revoking
10
parole. 408 U.S. at 488-89 (emphasis added). In Gagnon v. Scarpelli, the Supreme
Court applied the Morrissey holding to probation revocation proceedings, holding that for
purposes of due process analysis, the two proceedings are the same. 411 U.S. 778, 782
(1973). Our Supreme Court in Medicus v. State, 664 N.E.2d 1163 (Ind. 1996), applied
the Gagnon rule to probation revocation proceedings. Id. at 1164-65.
Here, the trial court failed to enter findings of fact regarding the evidence upon
which it relied and its reasons for revoking probation. Rather, it merely made the
conclusory finding that the defendant violated the conditions of his probation. In failing
to make a written statement regarding the evidence relied upon and the reasons for
revoking probation, the trial court failed to satisfy the due process requirements.
Accordingly, I would vacate the trial court’s order of revocation and remand with
instructions.
11
Andrew J.P. Cox v. State of Indiana
Combined Opinion