Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Jan 15 2013, 9:24 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
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establishing the defense of res judicata, of the supreme court,
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collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
GREGORY F. ZOELLER CARA SCHAEFER WIENEKE
Attorney General of Indiana Special Assistant to State Public Defender
Wieneke Law Office, LLC
ELLEN H. MEILAENDER Plainfield, Indiana
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellant-Plaintiff, )
)
vs. ) No. 09A02-1205-PC-356
)
JASON BURKETT, )
)
Appellee-Defendant. )
APPEAL FROM THE CASS SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Wayne E. Steele, Special Judge
Cause No. 09D02-0305-FB-25
January 15, 2013
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
FRIEDLANDER, Judge
The State of Indiana appeals the post-conviction court’s grant of Jason Burkett’s
petition for post-conviction relief (PCR), presenting the following restated issue for review:
Did the post-conviction court err in concluding that appellate counsel rendered ineffective
assistance in failing to adequately present two instances of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel, based upon trial counsel’s failure to call two witnesses at trial?
We reverse and remand.
The underlying facts were set out in this court’s disposition of Burkett’s direct appeal,
as follows:
Burkett and W.L. were in an on-and-off relationship for about four years and
had one son together. W.L. ended the relationship with Burkett in April 2003.
However, Burkett and W.L. remained friends for the benefit of their son.
On May 24, 2003, W.L. agreed to spend the day with Burkett. The day
ended with Burkett and W.L. watching a movie at a drive-in theater. W.L. told
Burkett she wanted to go home, but Burkett drove to his house instead. When
they arrived at Burkett’s house, at approximately 1:00 a.m., Burkett and W.L.
argued. W.L. wanted to go to sleep and told Burkett that she wanted to go
back to Pam Putnam’s house, where W.L. had been staying.
When W.L. tried to sleep on the couch in the living room, Burkett
pulled the blanket that covered W.L. and stood before her naked. Burkett then
pulled W.L.’s clothes off and pulled her onto the floor. W.L. fought Burkett
and told him to stop. Burkett picked W.L. up, carried her to the bedroom, and
threw her on the bed. Unbeknownst to W.L., Burkett was recording the events
in the bedroom with a video camera. W.L. resisted verbally and physically as
Burkett tried to force open her legs with his hands and place his mouth on her
vagina. W.L. repeatedly told Burkett to stop and continued to resist. At one
point during the struggle, Burkett inserted his fingers into W.L.’s vagina and
pinched her cervix, resulting in a half-moon-shaped wound to W.L.’s cervix.
Burkett inserted his penis into W.L. and ejaculated. Burkett also inserted a
“very large penis shaped toy” into W.L.’s vagina. Transcript at 54-55.
When Burkett stood up afterward, W.L. curled up on the bed. Burkett
checked W.L. for bruises and told her that she had to take a shower, which she
did. While in the shower, W.L. heard noises that she recognized as herself
pounding on Burkett during the attack. Burkett informed her that if she did not
wash herself “good,” then he would. Transcript at 58. When W.L. returned to
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the bedroom, Burkett told her to lean over the bed. Burkett inserted his penis
into W.L.’s vagina and ejaculated. Burkett made W.L. take another shower.
After W.L.’s second shower, she fell asleep on the bed.
When W.L. awoke the next morning, Burkett took W.L.’s hand and
placed it on his penis. Burkett told W.L. if she did not masturbate him he
would force himself on her again. W.L. complied. Afterwards, Burkett was
playing with the video tape, set it down, and left the room. W.L. tried to hide
the video tape in a pillowcase, but Burkett found it.
Burkett and his brother, Robert Burkett, then drove W.L. to Putnam’s
house. W.L. contacted the police and went to the hospital. On May 25, 2003,
the trial court issued a search warrant for Burkett’s house and Robert’s car.
The video tape of the attack ended up in the hands of Burkett’s friend, John
Thompson. Thompson gave the tape to W.L., who turned it over to the police.
The State charged Burkett with two counts of rape as class B felonies,
criminal sexual deviate conduct as a class B felony, two counts of attempted
rape as class B felonies, sexual battery as a class D felony, criminal
confinement as a class D felony, and possession of marijuana as a class A
misdemeanor. Burkett filed a notice of intent to present evidence of past
sexual conduct and a motion for severance of offenses. The trial court granted
Burkett’s motion to sever the charge of possession of marijuana, but denied
Burkett’s motion to sever the remaining sex offense charges. On May 12,
2004, the trial court granted Burkett’s motion to present evidence of the
victim’s past sexual conduct with Burkett, but denied the admission of
evidence that W.L. and Burkett had on one previous occasion videotaped a
sexual encounter.
The jury found Burkett guilty of two counts of rape as class B felonies,
criminal deviate conduct as a class B felony, sexual battery as a class D felony,
and criminal confinement as a class D felony.
Burkett v. State, No. 09A02-0410-CR-883, slip op. at 2-5 (Ind. Ct. App. March 28, 2005).
Burkett appealed, challenging the trial court’s denial of his motion for severance of
offenses, the enhancement and appropriateness of his sentence, and the effectiveness of trial
counsel’s performance. With respect to the latter issue, Burkett alleged that trial counsel
should have presented the issue of the past sexual conduct between W.L. and Burkett, which
in turn was relevant to his defense of consent. This court rejected Burkett’s claims and
affirmed the convictions and sentence. After filing a pro se PCR petition on March 15, 2007,
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Burkett obtained counsel, who filed a modified PCR petition on December 2, 2008. This
petition was denied on April 19, 2011, after several hearings.
Burkett, pro se, commenced an appeal of the denial of his PCR petition. On August
22, 2011, however, he moved to dismiss the appeal without prejudice and remand to the post-
conviction court “so that he could reopen the evidence and expand the record to include
additional evidence in support of his post-conviction claims.” Appellant’s Appendix at 383.
That motion was granted and the matter was returned to the post-conviction court. On
September 21, 2011, 1 Burkett filed a verified motion for leave to supplement and/or amend
his PCR petition to add a claim of ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel and
supplement his claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. The State opposed this
motion and, on November 15, 2011, filed a Motion to Deny and Dismiss All Post-Conviction
Proceedings, Motion, etc., in Their Entirety and Motion to Set Hearing. The State claimed
that what Burkett proposed to do – essentially, to reopen his PCR endeavors and assert an
additional claim for ineffective assistance of post-conviction counsel – “[was] a new and
completely separate cause of action, not related to the court’s denial of the petition for post-
conviction relief, and must be filed separately under a new post-conviction relief petition.”
Id. at 381. The court denied the State’s motion and the matter proceeded to a hearing on
February 27, 2012.
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In a pleading entitled “Objection to State’s Motion to Deny and Dismiss All Post-Conviction Proceedings,
Motions, Etc.”, Appellant’s Appendix at 383, post-conviction counsel claimed Burkett filed what we presume
to be these same motions on September 23. We note, however, that Burkett did file a motion to proceed in
forma pauperis on September 23. The apparent discrepancy with respect to the date of filing is of no
consequence, and we discovered it only in the process of untying the Gordian knot that is the procedural
history of Burkett’s post-conviction endeavors.
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On April 26, 2012, the post-conviction court granted Burkett’s PCR petition on two
bases. We reproduce the following portion of that order, which explains the court’s
rationale:
Trial counsel failed to adequately investigate the case and prepare for trial.
More specifically, counsel failed to call Jessica Adkins as a witness at trial. At
the post-conviction evidentiary hearing, Adkins testified that had she been
called as a witness, she would have told the jury that she had spent the night at
Burkett’s house on the evening in question, and that she heard nothing unusual
that evening. She also saw Burkett leave his bedroom several times that
evening. This evidence would cast doubt on the credibility of the victim’s
testimony at trial that she was unable to call for help or escape from Burkett.
By not adequately investigating the case and calling Adkins as a witness at
trial, counsel rendered deficient performance. Burkett was prejudiced by
counsel’s performance; had the jury heard Adkins’ testimony that supported an
inference that victim consented to sexual intercourse with Burkett that night,
he may have been acquitted at trial.
Rather than argue that the trial Court had erred in excluding evidence
regarding past sexual conduct between the Petitioner and the victim, on appeal
counsel argued that he had been ineffective in filing the Motion required by
Indiana Evidence Rule 412 late and without sufficient detail. The appellate
Court found that permission to introduce detail evidence had not been denied
due to the late filing, but that the Petitioner failed to demonstrate what
additional information would have been exculpatory at trial.
Under Indiana Evidence Rule 412, past sexual conduct evidence is generally
not admissible. After a hearing the trial Court granted permission to introduce
evidence regarding the length of the parties’ consensual sexual relationship,
but denied permission to introduce details of it, such as the fact that at least
one encounter had been tape recorded. However, according to the appellate
Court, counsel failed to submit sufficient evidence as an offer of proof to show
that the evidence would have affected the verdict.
During the post-conviction hearing the Petitioner’s mother and brother, as well
as the victim, testified regarding a prior video taped sexual encounter that had
enraged the victim. His mother also testified to conversations with the victim
about her sexual desires, and she acknowledged that she may have had such
discussions with the Petitioner’s mother. The important point about the prior
recording was the victim’s reaction upon learning that others had viewed it,
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leading to the Petitioner’s promise to never record them again, and suggesting
a motive for her rape allegation after she found that he had in fact recorded
them again.
Trial Counsel should have made an offer of proof with the testimony offered at
the post-conviction hearing to then be able to better argue the issue in the
direct appeal and obtain a reversal at that time. It is quite possible that the
evidence regarding the prior recording and/or the sexual desires conversation
would have affected the verdicts.
Appellant’s Appendix at 442-43. The State appeals from this order.
Pursuant to Indiana Post–Conviction Rule 1(7), either the State or the petitioner may
appeal a ruling on a PCR petition. When the State does so, it is premised upon the claim that
the post-conviction court erred in concluding that the petitioner sufficiently established one
of his claims so as to be entitled to relief. Post-conviction proceedings do not provide
criminal defendants with a “super-appeal.” State v. Hollin, 970 N.E.2d 147, 150 (Ind. 2012).
Instead, they provide a narrow remedy to present issues that were not known at the time of
the original trial or were unavailable on direct appeal. State v. Hollin, 970 N.E.2d 147. “The
petitioner has the burden of establishing his grounds for relief by a preponderance of the
evidence.” Ind. Post–Conviction Rule 1(5).
When the State appeals a judgment granting post-conviction relief, we review using
the standard in Indiana Trial Rule 52(A):
On appeal of claims tried by the court without a jury or with an advisory jury,
at law or in equity, the court on appeal shall not set aside the findings or
judgment unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the
opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of witnesses.
State v. Hollin, 970 N.E.2d at 150. “The clearly erroneous standard of review is a review for
sufficiency of the evidence, and we neither reweigh that evidence nor determine the
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credibility of witnesses. Instead, we consider only the probative evidence and reasonable
inferences supporting the trial court’s judgment.” Id. In the present case, the post-conviction
court entered findings of fact and conclusions of law. We do not defer to the post-conviction
court’s legal conclusions, but its “findings and judgment will be reversed only upon a
showing of clear error—that which leaves us with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been made.” Id. at 151 (quoting Ritchie v. State, 875 N.E.2d 706, 714 (Ind.
2007)).
Burkett’s PCR claim, and thus the post-conviction court’s ruling, was premised upon
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. In order to prevail on a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, a petitioner must demonstrate both that counsel’s performance was
deficient and that the petitioner was prejudiced thereby. Kubsch v. State, 934 N.E.2d 1138
(Ind. 2010) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984)). This is the so-called
Strickland test. Counsel’s performance is deficient if it falls below an objective standard of
reasonableness and “counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as
‘counsel’ guaranteed to the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Id. at 1147 (quoting
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. at 687)). To establish the requisite prejudice, a petitioner
“must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. “A reasonable probability is a
probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Smith v. State, 765 N.E.2d
578, 585 (Ind. 2002). The two elements of Strickland are separate and independent inquiries.
The failure to satisfy either component will cause an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
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to fail. Taylor v. State, 840 N.E.2d 324 (Ind. 2006). Thus, if it is easier to dispose of such a
claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, that course should be followed. Landis v.
State, 749 N.E.2d 1130 (Ind. 2001).
The post-conviction court concluded that, ultimately, trial counsel rendered ineffective
assistance in conducting an inadequate investigation and, thereby, failing to call Adkins as a
witness at trial. According to the post-conviction court, had counsel done so, Adkins would
have testified that she was there on the night this incident occurred and did not hear anything
unusual at the time, and that she saw Burkett leave his bedroom several times that evening.
The court concluded this testimony would have undermined the victim’s claim that she was
unable to call for help or escape. We believe the post-conviction court overestimated the
import of Adkins’s proposed testimony.
Robert Burkett, Adkins’s boyfriend and the petitioner’s brother, lived with the
petitioner in the house where the rapes occurred. Robert testified at trial. His testimony of
the day’s events that preceded the rapes is entirely consistent with the victim’s. He testified
that he was home when Burkett and the victim arrived by car – Robert’s car – around
midnight on May 24 and that he (Robert) left shortly thereafter, a few minutes after midnight.
He testified that he went to visit Adkins, and that he and Adkins did not return until 5:30 or
6:00 the next morning. Robert testified that he and Adkins went downstairs to the basement,
where Robert was staying, and remained down there talking until “probably about eight
o’clock in the morning.” Appellant’s Appendix at 190. This is consistent with the victim’s
testimony that the rapes occurred sometime after Robert left, i.e., when no one was home,
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and that “[a]fter everything happened, … Rob and his girlfriend came home and they went
downstairs.” Id. at 63. Robert testified that from 5:30 until 8 a.m., he did not hear anything
indicating there was anyone else in the house except when he heard someone walk from
Burkett’s bedroom to the bathroom, the toilet flush, and that person return to the bedroom.
We cannot discern any relevant and meaningful difference between Adkins’s
proposed testimony and Robert’s testimony. The victim did not describe calling for help or
claim that she attempted to escape. Rather, she more or less explained why she did not do so.
Therefore, Atkins’s testimony to that effect would have merely corroborated those aspects of
the victim’s testimony. In our estimation, Adkins’s proposed testimony would not have
added meaningfully to the narrative that the defense sought to establish, i.e., that the sexual
activity between Burkett and the victim was consensual. At most, it merely corroborated
Robert’s testimony, which in turn was not at odds with the victim’s account of what occurred
while Robert (and thus Adkins) was in the house.
The second basis upon which the post-conviction court ultimately granted Burkett’s
petition was that trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to challenge the
exclusion of testimony by Burkett’s mother and Robert to the effect that Burkett and the
victim had on a previous occasion videotaped a sexual encounter that he subsequently had
shown to others. This allegedly upset the victim and she made Burkett promise not to
videotape their sexual encounters in the future. According to the post-conviction court, had
Burkett’s mother and brother been permitted to testify on this subject at trial, the jury might
have concluded that the victim’s rape accusation was motivated by anger at Burkett for
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breaking the promise to never again videotape their sexual activity.
Once again, we conclude that the post-conviction court overestimated the persuasive
value of the testimony in question. We reiterate that in order to justify granting Burkett’s
PCR petition, this evidence must be such that there is a reasonable probability that had the
jury considered the proposed testimony about the prior videotape, it would have reached a
different verdict. See Smith v. State, 765 N.E.2d 578. That is, such evidence would have
altered the calculus on the question of whether the victim consented to the sexual acts
depicted on the videotape.
If Burkett’s theory of defense is to be believed, the victim was merely play-acting
during the incident, i.e., acting out a rape fantasy. The first sexual assault clearly ended
while the camera was still recording. It depicted Burkett getting off of the bed, retrieving the
still-recording camera, pointing it in the victim’s direction, and making comments indicating
that the incident had been recorded. There is no dispute that, up to that point, the victim did
not know the camera was recording, and perhaps did not even notice it was there. Yet, the
victim did not appear to react to Burkett’s announcement; she remained curled up in a fetal
position on the bed. That is, she continued to act in a manner one would expect from a
woman who had just been sexually assaulted. There was no display of a level of anger that
would prompt a person to make a false allegation of rape, or indeed any anger at all. There
was no indication that the victim felt in any sense in control of the situation. She continued
to cower on the bed as long as the camera filmed.
In short, the proposed evidence would not have provided a back-story that suggests a
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different interpretation of the events depicted on the videotape with respect to the question of
whether the victim’s participation was voluntary. In fact, the victim’s actions, as depicted in
the videotape, appear entirely inconsistent with Burkett’s theory of defense in several
important respects. Therefore, there is no reasonable probability that it would have led the
jury to a different conclusion on the question of whether the victim consented to Burkett’s
sexual acts. Lacking that, i.e., the prejudice element, Burkett’s claim of ineffective
assistance premised ultimately upon trial counsel’s failure to preserve the issue of the
admissibility of the evidence regarding the prior videotape must fail. The post-conviction
court erred in concluding otherwise.
Having determined that the post-conviction court erred in concluding that Burkett
established both elements of Strickland with respect to the claims involving the failure to call
Adkins and the failure to preserve the issue of the admissibility of evidence about the prior
videotape, we reverse the grant of Burkett’s PCR petition in those respects. We note,
however, that Burkett presented additional grounds for post-conviction relief in his PCR
petition that the post-conviction court did not rule upon. Therefore, we remand this cause
with instructions to reverse the grant of Burkett’s request for relief on the grounds addressed
herein, and to consider the remainder of the claims presented in his PCR petition.
Judgment reversed and remanded.
NAJAM, J., and BRADFORD, J., concur.
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