FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
MARIELENA DUERRING GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Duerring Law Offices Attorney General of Indiana
South Bend, Indiana
IAN McLEAN
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
FILED
Sep 20 2012, 9:23 am
IN THE
CLERK
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
EFREN MENDOZA-VARGAS, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 20A03-1201-CR-27
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE ELKHART SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable George Biddlecome, Judge
Cause No. 20D03-0911-FA-00053
September 20, 2012
OPINION – FOR PUBLICATION
MATHIAS, Judge
Efren Mendoza-Vargas (“Mendoza-Vargas”) was convicted in Elkhart Superior
Court of Class A felony dealing in methamphetamine, Class D felony maintaining a
common nuisance, and Class D felony possession of marijuana. Mendoza-Vargas
appeals and claims that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence
regarding Mendoza-Vargas’s post-Miranda statements to the police. Concluding that the
police failed to scrupulously honor Mendoza-Vargas’s right to remain silent, we reverse
and remand for retrial.
Facts and Procedural History
In the fall of 2009, the Elkhart County Interdiction and Covert Enforcement
(“ICE”) team arranged several controlled buys between an undercover ICE officer, a
confidential informant, and suspected drug dealers. Eventually, their investigation led
them to a house on Pottawattomie Drive in Elkhart, Indiana. The ICE team was then able
to obtain a warrant to search the residence. The officers executed the warrant late in the
evening of November 5, 2009. The officers approached the front door of the house,
knocked on the door, and stated, “Police department, search warrant.” Tr. p. 194. The
officers were able to see a man, later identified as Mendoza-Vargas, walking toward the
front door. However, instead of opening the door, Mendoza-Vargas stopped, turned
around, and began to walk away toward the interior of the home. At this point, the police
forced the front door open, entered the house, and detained Mendoza-Vargas. The police
sat Mendoza-Vargas on a couch in the living room with his hands cuffed in front of him
while they continued their search.
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In the upstairs bedroom of the house, the police found a boot with $2,000 cash
hidden inside, a black trash bag with several cell phones, and documents with Mendoza-
Vargas’s name on them. In a closet adjoining the living room and a first-floor bedroom,
the police found another boot with $2,900 cash hidden inside, a pair of jeans with $5,000
cash in one of the pockets, and a package containing over 430 grams of marijuana. In the
first-floor bedroom, the police found a toolbox containing digital scales and two packages
containing over 630 grams of methamphetamine. The cash found in the boots and jeans
included some of the buy money used during the controlled buys.
As the police searched the house, ICE employee Jennifer Gomez (“Gomez”) was
brought in to speak with Mendoza-Vargas, as she was fluent in both English and Spanish.
Gomez read to Mendoza-Vargas his Miranda rights in Spanish, explaining to him: that he
had the right to remain silent; that anything he said could be used against him in court;
that he had a right to an attorney and have the attorney be present during any questioning;
that if he could not afford an attorney, one would be appointed for him at no expense to
him; and that if he agreed to speak with the police but later changed his mind, he could
stop answering questions and request an attorney at any time. Tr. pp. 239-40. Mendoza-
Vargas acknowledged to Gomez that he understood these rights.
When Gomez asked if Mendoza-Vargas wished to answer any questions, he shook
his head indicating “no.” Tr. pp. 48, 240. One of the undercover officers then told
Mendoza-Vargas that dealing drugs carried a harsh sentence, informed him that he could
“help” himself by cooperating with the police, and asked him if he knew of any people
who dealt drugs in Elkhart County. The undercover officer then asked Mendoza-Vargas
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a question regarding rubber bands found in the house. Gomez did not translate this
question but instead informed the undercover officer that Mendoza-Vargas had indicated
that he did not want to answer any questions. Mendoza-Vargas then looked at Gomez
and asked her, “What if I don’t want to answer that?” Tr. p. 241. When Gomez related
this question to the undercover officer, the officer stated that he did not believe the rubber
bands were “incriminating” and that if Mendoza-Vargas did not want to answer the
question, he did not have to answer the question. Mendoza-Vargas appeared
“overwhelmed,” and Gomez asked him if he wanted time to think about whether he
wanted to answer any questions. Mendoza-Vargas told Gomez that he would like five
minutes to think. The police therefore left Mendoza-Vargas alone on the couch, with
Gomez standing in the doorway to the nearby bedroom.
After about five to ten minutes, the undercover officer came back into the living
room and asked Mendoza-Vargas, “Can I ask you a question?” Tr. p. 243. Mendoza-
Vargas turned around and looked at the officer, “paying attention to him and waiting for
the question.” Id. The officer asked Mendoza-Vargas if his “contact” was in Indiana.
Mendoza-Vargas replied “no” and indicated that his contact was in Mexico. Mendoza-
Vargas then began to speak freely with the officers. He informed them that he knew
several people in Elkhart County who were dealing drugs, that he had lived in the house
for approximately three months, that he was staying in the first-floor bedroom where the
toolbox containing the methamphetamine had been found, that twice weekly
approximately four kilograms of methamphetamine were sent from Mexico to the house
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for resale by a man named Abel Ruellos, and that approximately $1,000 was sent back in
exchange for each shipment.
On November 9, 2010, the State charged Mendoza-Vargas with Class A felony
dealing in methamphetamine, Class D felony maintaining a common nuisance, and Class
D felony possession of marijuana. The jury found Mendoza-Vargas guilty as charged,
and the trial court sentenced Mendoza-Vargas to an aggregate sentence of forty years.
Mendoza-Vargas now appeals.
Standard of Review
Mendoza-Vargas claims that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting his
statements to the police into evidence. Questions regarding the admission of evidence are
within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we review the court’s decision only for
an abuse of that discretion. Wells v. State, 904 N.E.2d 265, 269 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). A
trial court abuses its discretion only if its decision is clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and circumstances before it, or if the court has misinterpreted the law. Id. Our
review of rulings for the admissibility of evidence is essentially the same regardless of
whether the challenge is made through a pretrial motion to suppress or by an objection at
trial. Jackson v. State, 890 N.E.2d 11, 15 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). In either case, we will
not reweigh the evidence and consider conflicting evidence in a light most favorable to
the trial court’s ruling. Id. However, we also consider any undisputed evidence that is
favorable to the defendant. Id. Additionally, we may consider foundational evidence
introduced at trial in conjunction with any evidence from a suppression hearing that is not
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in direct conflict with the trial evidence. Kelley v. State, 825 N.E.2d 420, 427 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2005).
Discussion and Decision
Mendoza-Vargas claims that the trial court should have suppressed any evidence
regarding his statement to the police because his statements were obtained in violation of
his right to remain silent as set forth in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).1
Specifically, Mendoza-Vargas argues that the police violated his Miranda rights by
continuing to question him even after he indicated that did not want to speak with the
police.
When one who is subject to custodial interrogation requests the assistance of
counsel, all questioning must immediately cease and interrogation can be resumed only
when the accused initiates a communication with police, and when it is apparent that he
knowingly and intelligently waived his right to counsel. Moore v. State, 498 N.E.2d 1, 8
(Ind. 1986) (citing Oregon v. Bradshaw, 462 U.S. 1039, 1044 (1983)). Things are
different, however, when the suspect does not request counsel but instead only invokes
his right to remain silent. See United States ex rel. Riley v. Franzen, 653 F.2d 1153,
1158 (7th Cir. 1981) (noting the difference between a suspect invoking the right to
counsel and a suspect invoking the right to silence).
In Miranda v. Arizona, the United States Supreme Court wrote that “[o]nce
warnings have been given the subsequent procedure is clear. If the individual indicates in
1
Mendoza-Vargas makes no cognizable argument that the admission of his statements violated the
Indiana Constitution and focuses his argument solely on a federal constitutional analysis.
6
any manner, at any time prior to or during questioning, that he wishes to remain silent,
the interrogation must cease.” 384 U.S. 436, 473 (1966) (emphasis added). Although
this provision could be read as prohibiting all further questioning of an individual who
has indicated that he wishes to remain silent, the Court later clarified that this is not what
was intended, stating:
Clearly, therefore, neither this passage nor any other passage in the
Miranda opinion can sensibly be read to create a per se proscription of
indefinite duration upon any further questioning by any police officer on
any subject, once the person in custody has indicated a desire to remain
silent.
Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102 (1975). Instead, when a suspect has only invoked
his right to remain silent:
there is not a per se rule prohibiting the authorities from ever initiating a
discussion or further questioning the individual on the subject. Rather, it
must be shown on a case by case basis that the authorities “scrupulously
honored” the defendant’s right to cut off questioning at any time, and that
he knew and understood these rights and voluntarily waived them.
Id. at 9; see also Berghuis v. Thompkins, 130 S. Ct. 2250, 2273-74 (2010) (stating “the
admissibility of statements obtained after the person in custody has decided to remain
silent depends under Miranda on whether his ‘right to cut off questioning’ was
‘scrupulously honored’”).
It is the State’s burden to prove that the suspect’s right to remain silent was
scrupulously honored. Jenkins v. State, 627 N.E.2d 789, 796 (Ind. 1993); Moore, 498
N.E.2d at 10. There are several non-exclusive factors used to determine whether
interrogation was properly resumed, including: the amount of time that lapsed between
interrogations; the scope of the second interrogation; whether new Miranda warnings
7
were given; and the degree to which police officers pursued further interrogation once the
suspect has invoked his right to silence. United States v. Gillaum, 372 F.3d 848, 856 (7th
Cir. 2004) (citing United States v. Schwensow, 151 F.3d 650, 658 (7th Cir. 1998);
Mosley, 423 U.S. at 104-05).
Here, the record indicates that after being informed of his Miranda rights,
Mendoza-Vargas was asked if he wanted to answer questions. Mendoza-Vargas
responded by shaking his head “no.” This was an obvious invocation of his right to
remain silent. But instead of immediately ceasing any questions, the police continued to
question Mendoza-Vargas even after he had invoked his right to remain silent. The
undercover officer told Mendoza-Vargas that he could “help himself out” by cooperating
with the police, noted that dealing drugs carried a harsh prison sentence, and asked
Mendoza-Vargas if he knew people in Elkhart County who dealt drugs. This can hardly
be called “scrupulously honoring” Mendoza-Vargas’s right to remain silent. Instead, it
was an effort to induce Mendoza-Vargas into answering questions.
The undercover officer then asked Mendoza-Vargas a question regarding rubber
bands found in the house, prompting translator Gomez to remind the officer that
Mendoza-Vargas had indicated that he did not want to answer any questions. Still,
Mendoza-Vargas apparently understood enough English to comprehend the question
without translation and asked Gomez whether he had to answer that question, indicating
that he was unsure of whether he had to answer questions despite his invocation of his
right to remain silent.
8
Then, instead of waiting for any substantial period of time, Gomez asked
Mendoza-Vargas if he needed time to think about whether he wanted to answer any
questions. Again, this appears to have been an attempt to induce him to cooperate by
answering questions. When Mendoza-Vargas indicated that he needed a few minutes to
think things over, the police gave Mendoza-Vargas some time. But when the undercover
officer asked Mendoza-Vargas if he could ask him a question, he asked the question
before Mendoza-Vargas indicated that he did, in fact, wish to answer questions at that
time. And when Mendoza-Vargas chose to answer, the officer chose not to give
Mendoza-Vargas new Miranda warnings.
Under these facts and circumstances, we are unable to conclude that the State met
its burden of proving that Mendoza-Vargas’s right to remain silent was scrupulously
honored. The police did not wait a substantial amount of time before re-initiating
questioning and instead immediately began to question Mendoza-Vargas right after he
invoked his right to remain silent. Nor did they re-advise him of his Miranda rights
before re-initiating questioning. See Borkholder v. State, 544 N.E.2d 571, 574 (Ind. Ct.
App. 1989) (noting that police should cease questioning immediately and resume
questioning only after the passage of a significant amount of time and readvise defendant
of Miranda rights); Gillaum, 372 F.3d at 856 (listing factors to consider in whether police
scrupulously honored the right to remain silent).
These facts and circumstances stand in stark contrast to those cases where our
courts have held that a suspect’s right to remain silent was scrupulously honored by the
police. See, e.g., Pilarski v. State, 635 N.E.2d 166, 170 (Ind. 1994) (concluding that
9
suspect’s right to remain silent was scrupulously honored where police reinitiated
questioning approximately ninety minutes after the defendant invoked his right to remain
silent and reread Miranda warnings prior to renewed questioning); Buie v. State, 633
N.E.2d 250, 259 (Ind. 1994)2 (concluding that defendant’s right to remain silent was
scrupulously honored where he was “given Miranda warnings at every turn,” twice
signed Miranda waiver forms, and police made no further attempt to obtain a statement
from defendant after he indicated he did not wish to speak with the police); Jenkins v.
State, 627 N.E.2d 789, 796 (Ind. 1993) (holding that police scrupulously honored
defendant’s right to remain silent where they did not question him after his invocation of
his rights, but instead defendant initiated the conversation with the police by asking
questions, at which point the officers reminded defendant that he had previously asserted
his right to remain silent); Moore v. State, 498 N.E.2d 1, 9-10 (Ind. 1986) (holding that
police scrupulously honored defendant’s right to remain silent where police did not renew
questioning of defendant until the day after he asserted his right to remain silent and
where police readvised him of his Miranda rights before defendant gave statement);
Moore v. State, 551 N.E.2d 459, 462 (Ind. Ct. App. 1990) (holding that defendant’s right
to remain silent was scrupulously honored by the police where detective stopped
questioning defendant on the subject after he refused to answer questions and instead
asked defendant whether he would consent to being tested for a sexually-transmitted
disease). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court abused its discretion when it
2
The double jeopardy analysis in Buie was abrogated in our supreme court’s seminal holding in
Richardson v. State, 717 N.E.2d 32 (Ind. 1999). But this abrogation had no effect on Buie’s holding
regarding the Fifth Amendment right to remain silent.
10
admitted Mendoza-Vargas’s statements to the police into evidence, because the police
failed to scrupulously honor Mendoza-Vargas’s right to remain silent.3
The question therefore becomes whether this error requires us to reverse
Mendoza-Vargas’s convictions and remand for retrial.4 The State argues that any error in
the admission of Mendoza-Vargas’s statements was harmless, given the contraband and
illegal drugs found at the house where Mendoza-Vargas was arrested. We do not doubt
that this evidence might be sufficient to support a conviction without Mendoza-Vargas’s
statements regarding his involvement in the drug trade at the house. But this is not
dispositive under a harmless error analysis.
Errors in the admission or exclusion of evidence are to be disregarded as harmless
error unless they affect the substantial rights of the party. Corbett v. State, 764 N.E.2d
622, 628 (Ind. 2002). And to determine whether an error in the introduction of evidence
affected the appellant’s substantial rights, we assess the probable impact of that evidence
upon the jury. Id.
3
The cases cited by the State are distinguishable in that they address issues of whether a defendant’s
statement and/or waiver of Miranda rights was voluntary. See, e.g., Miller v. State, 770 N.E.2d 763, 767
(Ind. 2002) (addressing claim that defendant’s statement to the police and waiver of Miranda rights was
involuntary); Luckhart v. State, 736 N.E.2d 227, 229 (Ind. 2000) (addressing claim that defendant’s
statement to the police was involuntary in light of police deception); Ellis v. State, 707 N.E.2d 797, 801
(Ind. 1999) (addressing claim that defendant’s confession to the police was involuntary in light of police
deception and alleged coercion, and defendant’s alleged drug and alcohol use and lack of sleep); Brown v.
State, 271 Ind. 129, 131, 390 N.E.2d 1000, 1002 (1979) (involving claim that defendant’s waiver of
Miranda rights was invalid); Allen v. State, 787 N.E.2d 473, 480 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003) (addressing claim
of voluntariness of defendant’s statement in light of police deception); Whitfield v.State, 699 N.E.2d 666,
669 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998) (addressing question of voluntariness of defendant's confession in light of claims
of police promises of lenience and favorable treatment). None of these cases involve situations where a
defendant invoked his or her right to remain silent but was still subjected to questioning.
4
Mendoza-Vargas makes no argument that there was insufficient evidence to convict him, thus barring
retrial. See Cuto v. State, 709 N.E.2d 356, 362 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999) (noting that retrial is allowed when a
conviction is reversed on appeal for legal error, and the evidence at trial was sufficient to support the
original conviction).
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Here, we are unable to say that evidence regarding Mendoza-Vargas’s own
incriminating statements had no impact on the jury’s decision. This is not a case where
the evidence is overwhelming and the defendant’s own incriminating statements would
have little impact on the jury’s decision to convict. Instead, the State argued the theory of
constructive possession because Mendoza-Vargas was not found in direct possession of
any of the substances and relied on Mendoza-Vargas’s statements during its closing
argument to bolster its claim of constructive possession and intent. Tr. pp. 369-70. We
therefore reverse Mendoza-Vargas’s convictions and remand for retrial, at which
Mendoza-Vargas’s statements to the police shall be inadmissible given the police failure
to scrupulously honor Mendoza-Vargas’s invocation of his right to remain silent.
Reversed and remanded for retrial.
VAIDIK, J., and BARNES, J., concur.
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