Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
FILED
Aug 29 2012, 9:44 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata, CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case. tax court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
ANN M. SUTTON GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Marion County Public Defender Agency Attorney General of Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
MARJORIE LAWYER-SMITH
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
TIMOTHY TINGLE, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-1110-CR-976
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Steven Eichholtz, Judge
The Honorable Peggy Hart, Commissioner
Cause No. 49G20-0912-FA-99622
August 29, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
FRIEDLANDER, Judge
Timothy Tingle appeals from his convictions after a bench trial of Dealing in cocaine1
as a class A felony, Dealing in a controlled substance2 as a class B felony, and Possession of
a controlled substance3 as a class C felony. Tingle presents the following issue for our
review: Did the trial court abuse its discretion by admitting evidence related to a duffle bag
and its contents, which were recovered during the execution of a valid search warrant?
We affirm.
On December 8, 2009, Detective Andrew Deddish and other officers from the
Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department executed a valid felony arrest warrant for
Tingle at the Mann Village Apartments. The officers knocked on an apartment door and
announced their presence, but no one responded. The officers then gained entry to the
apartment by using a key provided to them by management at the apartment complex. Upon
entering the apartment, the officers observed Tingle and Sara Scott lying on the living room
floor under a blanket. The officers then handcuffed the two for officer safety and conducted
a protective sweep of the apartment. A baby girl was in a crib in one of the bedrooms.
Detective Deddish noticed a white pill on a table in the living room as he entered the
apartment and believed that the pill was a controlled substance.4 Scott became upset when
Detective Deddish told her that the officers were serving an arrest warrant for Tingle. Scott
told the detective that she was the tenant of the property and did not want Tingle to return.
1
Ind. Code Ann. §35-48-4-1 (West, Westlaw current with all 2012 legislation).
2
I.C. §35-48-4-2 (West, Westlaw current with all 2012 legislation).
3
I.C. §35-48-4-7 (West, Westlaw current with all 2012 legislation).
4
Tingle does not challenge the seizure of the single pill seen on the top of the table in the living room, nor
does he challenge the officers’ entry into the apartment or the validity of the arrest warrant.
2
Scott asked the officer to take Tingle’s duffle bag with him when he left because it contained
all of Tingle’s personal property at the apartment. Scott described the bag and explained that
the bag was located in the second bedroom.
After retrieving the bag, Detective Deddish took it into the living room and placed it
on the floor by Tingle. He asked another officer to inventory the bag because the officers
were going to take it to the property room. When the officer opened the bag, he found what
was later identified as a large amount of cocaine, various controlled substances, and a digital
scale. Detective Deddish photographed the narcotics and the scale, and took possession of
them for delivery to the property room. Also inside the bag were several personal items,
including a black wallet containing papers and cards with Tingle’s name on them, men’s
clothing, shaving accessories, a hair trimmer, and two cell phones, among other things. A
third officer generated a list of the items found in the duffle bag as they went through its
contents. After the inventory was completed, Detective Deddish transported the bag to the
property room where it was left as Tingle’s personal property. The bag was later destroyed
by property room personnel pursuant to policy when Tingle did not retrieve it.
The State charged Tingle with one count of dealing in cocaine as a class A felony, one
count of possession of cocaine as a class A felony, one count of dealing in a controlled
substance as a class B felony, six counts of possession of a controlled substance each as a
class C felony, and two counts of dealing in a schedule IV controlled substance, each as a
class C felony. Prior to trial, the State moved to dismiss three of the counts against Tingle,
and the trial court granted the motion. Tingle then waived his right to a jury trial. The trial
court took Tingle’s motion to suppress the evidence found in the duffle bag under advisement
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and proceeded with the bench trial. Ultimately, the trial court denied Tingle’s motion to
suppress and his motion to dismiss. At the conclusion of the bench trial, the trial court found
Tingle guilty of the remaining charges, but further found that several of the convictions were
merged. The trial court sentenced Tingle to thirty years executed for his class A felony
conviction, ten years for the class B felony conviction, and four years for the class C felony
convictions, and ordered that they be served concurrently to each other and with Tingle’s
sentence in another matter. Tingle now appeals.
Tingle argues that the trial court erred by allowing the admission of the evidence
found in the duffle bag. In general, Tingle argues that the seizure and search of the bag were
done in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and article 1, Section 11
of the Indiana Constitution.
Tingle’s first contention is the officer’s testimony should not have been permitted
because he read from the inventory list prepared by another officer as to contents of the
duffle bag. Tingle claims that he was denied his right to confront his accuser because the
duffle bag was destroyed prior to trial and the State used the inventory list to refresh Officer
Barrow’s memory of the bag’s contents.
The standard used to review rulings “on the admissibility of evidence is effectively the
same whether the challenge is made by a pre-trial motion to suppress or by a trial objection.”
Burkes v. State, 842 N.E.2d 426, 429 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006). Questions regarding the
admission of evidence are within the sound discretion of the trial court, and we review the
court’s decision only for an abuse of discretion. State v. Seabrooks, 803 N.E.2d 1190 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2004). A trial court abuses its discretion only if its decision is clearly against the
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logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it, or if the court has misinterpreted the
law. Id. Additionally, errors in admitting evidence are to be disregarded as harmless error
unless they affect the substantial rights of the party. Turben v. State, 726 N.E.2d 1245 (Ind.
2000); Ind. Trial Rule 61. A trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence will be
upheld if it is sustainable on any legal theory supported by the record, even if the trial court
did not use that theory. Gonser v. State, 843 N.E.2d 947 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
The federal Fourth Amendment and article 1, section 11, of the Indiana Constitution
each protect citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. Holder v. State, 847 N.E.2d
930 (Ind. 2006). Although structured similarly, the interpretation and application of each
constitutional provision varies. Id. Tingle’s attack on the admissibility of Officer Barrow’s
testimony is based on the federal constitution.
The duffle bag was placed in the property room on December 8, 2009, the day of
Tingle’s arrest. The property room categorized the duffle bag as personal property, which
Tingle or his designee could have retrieved at any time. The IMPD General Order 9.4
provides as follows:
[The property room] will make every reasonable effort to release or dispose of
evidence and found/recovered property within six (6) months after final
disposition of a case. This may result from conclusion of a court case or
release by the officer or deputy prosecutor upon termination of an
investigation. Property not claimed by an owner may be disposed of at auction
or destroyed in accordance with Property Section standard operating
procedures.
Ex. Vol. at 35.
Detective Deddish testified that he instructed Officer Barrow to inventory the bag
before taking it to the property room. When Officer Barrow began to conduct the inventory,
5
he found a black, plastic bag. Upon opening the black, plastic bag, Officer Barrow
discovered it contained a large quantity of cocaine and various controlled substances. Officer
Barrow showed the drugs to Detective Deddish, who photographed them and seized them for
purposes of taking them to the property room as evidence. Officer Barrow continued to
inventory the remainder of the contents of the bag, stating aloud what he found to another
officer who wrote the list of contents. Officer Barrow then checked the written list for
accuracy. At trial, Officer Barrow detailed the contents he could remember, and then
reviewed the inventory list to refresh his memory.
In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the case upon which Tingle relies to
support his argument, the United States Supreme Court held that the Confrontation Clause
“bars admission of out-of-court statements in criminal trials unless the declarant is
unavailable to testify and the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.”
Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. at 59. We have previously stated that the critical aspect
of that holding is its application solely to testimonial statements. Ramirez v. State, 928
N.E.2d 214 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). “[T]he testimonial character of the statement . . . separates
it from other hearsay that, while subject to traditional limitations upon hearsay evidence, is
not subject to the Confrontation Clause.” Id. at 217 (quoting Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S.
813, 821-22 (2006)).
Here, there is no Confrontation Clause violation. Officer Barrow testified at trial and
was subject to cross-examination by Tingle. Officer Barrow saw the contents of the duffle
bag that were inventoried even though he was not the officer who physically prepared the
6
inventory list. He reviewed the list after it was generated to verify its accuracy and
completeness.
Additionally, the list was not testimonial in nature. The list was created for purposes
of documenting the contents to secure them and to ensure there were no dangerous items
contained therein prior to taking them to the property room. This was consistent with IMPD
General Order 9.4. It is clear from the testimony of Detective Deddish and Officer Barrow
that the list was prepared pursuant to department policy and not in preparation for trial.
Indiana Evidence Rule 612 permits witnesses to use documents to refresh their
memories during trial. The rule does not contain a requirement that the document used to
refresh a witness’s memory be prepared by that witness. The State’s request and the trial
court’s decision to allow Officer Barrow to refresh his memory with the inventory list falls
squarely within the parameters of the rule.
We conclude that Tingle has failed to establish that he was deprived of his right to
confront his accuser stemming from the destruction of the duffle bag prior to trial. The
admission of testimony regarding the inventory list and its use to refresh Officer Barrow’s
memory was not an abuse of the trial court’s discretion, nor was it a violation of the
Confrontation Clause.
Tingle further argues that the search of the duffle bag violated his right against
unlawful searches and seizures under state and federal constitutional provisions. In general,
a search must be authorized by a properly issued warrant. Fair v. State, 627 N.E.2d 427 (Ind.
1993). The State bears the burden of showing both the need for an exemption from the
warrant requirement and that its conduct fell within the bounds of the exception before
7
introduction of evidence seized during a warrantless search will be allowed. Id. The United
States Supreme Court has recognized that police departments generally follow a routine
practice of securing and inventorying property, serving the function of protecting the
prisoner’s property while it is in police custody and protection of the police against claims
over lost or stolen property as well as from potential danger. South Dakota v. Opperman,
428 U.S. 364 (1976).
The issue in Illinois v. Lafayette, 462 U.S. 640 (1983), was the propriety of the
inventory of the defendant’s shoulder bag. The defendant was arrested and taken to a police
station. In the process of booking the defendant, the police officers took defendant’s
shoulder bag, emptied it, and inventoried it. The officers found amphetamine pills, and the
defendant was arrested for possessing the pills. It was the standard procedure of that police
station to inventory everything in the possession of an arrested person. The United States
Supreme Court held that the search of the defendant’s bag was reasonable for purposes of the
Fourth Amendment because the intrusion of the defendant’s Fourth Amendment Rights was
outweighed by the promotion of the legitimate government interests.
In the present case, Scott told the officers that Tingle was visiting the apartment and
that Detective Deddish should take the duffle bag with Tingle when he was taken to jail on
the valid arrest warrant. Scott stated that all of Tingle’s possessions he had brought with him
to her apartment were in that bag. She provided a description of the bag in question, and
confirmed that it was Tingle’s bag after the officer retrieved it from the location Scott had
given. Scott requested that the bag be removed from her apartment because it belonged to
Tingle. Detective Deddish had consent to take it as part of the process of arresting Tingle.
8
Here, it was reasonable for the officers as part of their routine procedure to inventory
the bag prior to taking it to the property room in order to document the contents of the bag.
The inventory search in this case was reasonable especially in light of the fact that there was
no evidence that the search was a pretext for general rummaging in order to find
incriminating evidence. See Widduck v. State, 861 N.E.2d 1267 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). The
bag was too large to transport with Tingle to the processing center. The actions of the law
enforcement officers in this case fall within the inventory search exception to the Fourth
Amendment warrant requirement. Because Tingle has failed to demonstrate a violation of his
constitutional rights, we conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting the evidence
found in the duffle bag.
As for state constitutional protections, we examine the reasonableness of the conduct
of law enforcement officers, and not the expectation of privacy associated with Fourth
Amendment constitutional analysis. Litchfield v. State, 824 N.E.2d 356 (Ind. 2005). The
reasonableness of the search under the circumstances turns on the degree to which the search
or seizure disrupts the individual’s normal activities, and the facts and observations that
support the officer’s decision to initiate the search or seizure. Id.
In this case, the tenant of the apartment told Detective Deddish that she wanted Tingle
to leave and that she wanted him to take his duffle bag with him. After confirming that the
duffle bag was the one belonging to Tingle, Detective Deddish asked officers to inventory
the bag for purposes of documenting its contents prior to taking it to the property room.
Here, the law enforcement needs were strong because the property room houses
numerous items daily. Some of the items are evidence, while others are personal property to
9
be safeguarded while the owners are detained in jail. It is reasonable for police to search the
personal effects of a person under lawful arrest as part of the routine administrative
procedure prior to jailing the suspect. Spindler v. State, 555 N.E.2d 1319 (Ind. Ct. App.
1990). We find no violation of state constitutional protections and conclude that the trial
court did not err by allowing the admission of the evidence discovered in the duffle bag
during the inventory.
The entry by police officers into the apartment and Tingle’s subsequent arrest were
proper pursuant to the valid arrest warrant. The seizure and search of the duffle bag were
proper as a personal property inventory. We conclude that Tingle has failed to establish that
the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence recovered during the execution of
the arrest warrant.
Judgment affirmed.
MAY, J., and BARNES, J., concur.
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