FILED
Pursuant to Ind.Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
Aug 07 2012, 9:10 am
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case. CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
DONALD J. EVANS GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Valparaiso, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
RYAN D. JOHANNINGSMEIER
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
KEVIN K. COTTON, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 64A05-1111-CR-641
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE PORTER SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable David L. Chidester, Judge
Cause No. 64D04-0804-FD-3552 & 64D04-0803-CM-2697
August 7, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
RILEY, Judge
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant-Defendant, Kevin K. Cotton (Cotton), appeals the trial court’s
revocation of his probation.
We affirm.
ISSUES
Cotton raises three issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as the
following two issues:
(1) Whether the trial court properly revoked Cotton’s probation; and
(2) Whether the trial court properly denied Cotton’s motion for change of judge.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On October 6, 2011, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing to consider whether
or not to revoke Cotton’s probation.1 Cotton appeared and intended to submit a plea
agreement in which he admitted he had violated his probation by committing a new crime
of child molesting. However, during the hearing, Cotton expressed his innocence in the
child molesting conviction in case number D02-0911-FA-12164 (FA-12164) and stated
that he intended to appeal the conviction. FA-12164 served as the primary basis for the
petition to revoke Cotton’s probation. Because the State was unable to establish a factual
1
The record is unclear in which cause the State filed a petition for violation of probation as Cotton failed to include
the State’s petitions to revoke his probation in his appendix. From the limited record before us, it appears that the
State filed a petition to revoke Cotton’s probation in a previous misdemeanor conviction as well as in a previous D
felony conviction.
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basis for the plea agreement, Cotton was returned to the Porter County Jail and held
without bond pending further proceedings.
On October 20, 2011, a second evidentiary hearing was held before the trial court
regarding the petition to revoke Cotton’s probation. During the second hearing, Cotton’s
defense counsel informed the trial court that Cotton did not intend to enter into a plea
agreement and that Cotton had requested that his counsel file a motion for a change of
judge. Defense counsel refused this request because after researching the issue he did not
believe Cotton had grounds to file a motion for a change of judge. Cotton also expressed
that he no longer wanted his attorney to represent him as his defense counsel. The trial
court denied Cotton’s oral motions to withdraw the appearance of his counsel and motion
for a change of judge. The trial court explained to Cotton that it believed him to be a
danger to the community while on bond and unable to adhere to court directives. The
judge also explained to Cotton that he held no prejudice against him and had given him
all due process in the matter.
The trial court took judicial notice of Cotton’s conviction in FA-12164, and of the
police reports, probable cause affidavit, and charging information in two invasion of
privacy charges that were then pending before the same trial court. The trial court also
allowed the State to submit a positive drug screen from Cotton’s probationary period
which violated the terms of his probation and served as an additional basis for revocation.
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On October 27, 2011, the trial court issued its Amended Order revoking Cotton’s
probation and ordered Cotton to execute twenty months of his previously suspended
sentence.
Cotton now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Standard of Review
The decision to revoke probation is within the sound discretion of the trial court
and its decision is reviewed on appeal for abuse of that discretion. Ripps v. State, 968
N.E.2d 323, 326 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial
court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances
before it. Figures v. State, 920 N.E.2d 267, 271 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). When reviewing
the trial court’s determination that the appellant violated his probation, we may neither
reweigh the evidence nor reassess the credibility of the witness. Thornton v. State, 792
N.E.2d 94, 96 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003). This court must look at the evidence most favorable
to the trial court’s judgment and determine whether substantial evidence of probative
value supports that judgment. Id. at 96-97.
I. Revocation of Probation
Cotton first contends that the trial court improperly revoked his probation.
Probation is a matter of grace and a conditional liberty which is a favor, not a right.
Ripps, 968 N.E.2d at 326. The trial court determines the conditions of probation and may
revoke probation if those conditions are violated. Id. Probation revocation proceedings
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are civil in nature and the State needs to prove a violation of probation by only a
preponderance of the evidence. Thornton, 792 N.E.2d at 96. A trial court may revoke a
person’s probation upon evidence of the violation of any single term of probation.
Washington v. State, 758 N.E.2d 1014, 1017 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). If there is substantial
evidence of probative value to support the trial court’s decision that the probationer is
guilty of a violation, the revocation is appropriate. Id.
Cotton argues that the trial court abused its discretion by taking judicial notice of
underlying records when the State failed to introduce the actual paper records from which
the court took judicial notice. Initially, we note that Cotton failed to object to the trial
court’s announcement that it would be taking judicial notice of the transcript and filings
that supported his conviction in cause number FA-12164. Because he failed to make a
contemporaneous objection, he has waived his arguments. See Brown v. State, 929
N.E.2d 204, 207 (Ind. 2010) reh’g denied. Waiver notwithstanding, a court may take
judicial notice of the law including rules of court and the records of a court of this state.
Ind. Evidence Rule 201(B). While the trial court is barred from taking judicial notice of
other cases previously before that court, this rule has not been applied to probation
revocation hearings. Whatley v. State, 847 N.E.2d 1007, 1009 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
Cotton’s child molestation conviction was a record of the court of the state; therefore, the
trial court properly took judicial notice of the conviction.
Cotton also disputes whether his positive drug screen was credible enough to
support the State’s petition to revoke Cotton’s probation. As stated above, a trial court
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may revoke a probation based on a violation of any single term of probation. See
Washington, 758 N.E.2d at 1017. The State submitted a drug screen obtained during
Cotton’s probationary period as evidence that he violated a term of his probation by the
use of controlled substances. At no point did Cotton object to the drug test admitted by
the State to preserve this error for appeal. Consequently, Cotton has waived review of
any error. See Brown, 929 N.E.2d at 207. Even if his drug screen was improperly
submitted, an independent basis for revocation existed for Cotton’s probation revocation.
The trial court also based the revocation on Cotton’s criminal activity following
probation, including invasion of privacy charges in FD-12163. Therefore, there was
substantial evidence of probative value to support the trial court’s decision that Cotton
had violated the terms of his probation and properly revoked his probation.
II. Denial of Motion for Change of Judge2
Cotton also contends that the trial court improperly denied his motion for a change
of judge. In felony and misdemeanor cases, the State or defendant may request a change
of judge for bias or prejudice. Ind. Crim. Rule 12(B). Adjudicating a request for change
of judge based on Rule 12(B) requires an objective, not subjective, legal determination by
the judge, who is to examine the affidavit, treat the facts recited in the affidavit as true,
2
Defense counsel stated to the court, “Cotton has requested that I file a Motion for Change of Judge from Your
Honor. I informed him that I did not think that there were grounds for the same, I researched that issue, provided
him with the same, and Mr. Cotton has now indicated to me that he does not wish for me to continue to serve as his
legal counsel in these matters before your Honor.” (Transcript, Vol. II, pp. 4-5). The trial court replied, “the motion
by the defendant to withdraw the appearance of his counsel is hereby denied, the motion for Change of Judge is
denied.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 5). The chronological case summary does not indicate an actual filing of the two motions
but we will interpret the motions as actually filed.
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and determine whether those facts support a rational inference of bias or prejudice. Voss
v. State, 856 N.E.2d 1211, 1216 (Ind. 2006). A change of judge is neither automatic nor
discretionary, but rather requires that the trial judge make a legal determination, not a
self-analysis, of actual bias or prejudice. Id. The law presumes that a judge is unbiased
and unprejudiced in matters which come before him. Beverly v. State, 543 N.E.2d 1111,
1115 (Ind. 1989). Neither adverse rulings nor findings by a trial judge or the fact that he
sentenced a defendant in a previous trial are sufficient reason to believe the judge has a
personal bias or prejudice per se. Id.
Here, Cotton did not establish a rational inference of bias or prejudice; therefore,
the trial judge did not err in denying his motion to change the judge. At the second
evidentiary hearing held on October 20, 2011, Cotton, in general terms, expressed to the
trial court that he believed the court was prejudiced against him. In response, the trial
court made a finding that it had no adverse feelings towards Cotton, but was disappointed
he had signed a plea agreement but did not submit it. The trial court expressed to Cotton
that it was frustrated that he had wasted the trial court’s time at the first evidentiary
hearing but specifically reassured him that it held no prejudice against him. Furthermore,
Cotton argues that the trial court judge should have recused himself because it was
improper to take judicial notice of the conviction in the prior child molestation case; his
argument fails because the trial court is permitted to take judicial notice without being
requested. See Evid. R. 201(C)
CONCLUSION
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Based on the foregoing, we conclude that: (1) the trial court properly revoked
Cotton’s probation; and (2) the trial court properly denied Cotton’s motion for change of
judge.
Affirmed.
NAJAM, J. and DARDEN, S. J. concur
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