Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), this
Memorandum Decision shall not be FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Jul 17 2012, 9:10 am
court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata, CLERK
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ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
DOUGLAS K. MAWHORR GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Muncie, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
GEORGE P. SHERMAN
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
ADRIAN HARDY, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 18A02-1111-CR-1002
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE DELAWARE CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable John M. Feick, Judge
Cause No. 18C04-1005-FB-15
July 17, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION – NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BAKER, Judge
Appellant-defendant Adrian L. Hardy appeals his convictions for Dealing in
Cocaine,1 a class B felony, and Maintaining a Common Nuisance,2 a class D felony.
Specifically, Hardy argues that an audio recording of a drug transaction was erroneously
admitted into evidence, that trial counsel was ineffective for several reasons, and that the
evidence was insufficient to support the convictions. Hardy also maintains that the
sentencing order improperly designated the amount of time that he is to serve on his
sentence for a prior conviction for which he was on probation at the time the instant
offenses were alleged to have occurred.
We conclude that Hardy’s trial counsel was not ineffective, and no other errors
occurred. However, we remand this cause with instructions that the trial court correct a
scrivener’s error in the abstract of judgment to reflect the proper amount of time that
Hardy is to serve.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed and remanded.
FACTS
Mary Taylor and Hardy lived together in Muncie and were involved in a cocaine-
selling operation. They conducted the business over the telephone and had moved into
the residence on Powers Street sometime in December 2006.
In May 2010, the Muncie Police Department was investigating Taylor. The police
observed both Hardy and Taylor at their residence on several occasions. On May 12,
1
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1(a)(1).
2
I.C. § 35-48-4-13(b)(2).
2
arrangements were made for a confidential informant (C.I.) to attempt to buy drugs from
Hardy and Taylor. That evening, Taylor received a telephone call from an individual
who was interested in buying drugs. Although Taylor was not at the house, she sent the
C.I. to their residence on Powers Street to meet Hardy.
Before the C.I. went to the residence, Muncie Police Officer Bret Elam searched
the C.I. to ensure that he was not in possession of any weapons, drugs, or money. Officer
Elam provided the C.I. with electronic recording equipment and $100 that had previously
been photocopied. Officer Elam drove the C.I. to the West Powers Street residence and
parked fifteen to twenty feet from the house. The C.I. entered the house and spoke with
Hardy, who the C.I. referred to as “Big A.” Tr. p. 285, 359-60, 400. Hardy then
telephoned Taylor and asked how much “dope” he should give to the buyer. Id. at 358.
The C.I. returned to Officer Elam’s vehicle a short time later, carrying a piece of torn
plastic that contained an off white, rock-like substance. Taylor did not receive any
money from Hardy for the initial May 12 transaction.
Because Taylor did not participate in the transaction, arrangements were made for
the C.I. to make another purchase that evening at the same address. Taylor returned
home around 10:30 p.m. When Taylor arrived she received another phone call. Hardy
was present at the time of the call, but left shortly thereafter. Taylor gave Hardy some
money before he left. After Hardy was gone, the C.I. made a purchase from Taylor and
the police obtained a search warrant for the house.
3
During the search, the police found a scale in the top dresser drawer, another was
found in a laundry basket. Marijuana was found in the living room and the bedroom that
Taylor and Hardy shared. It was determined that the scale found in the bedroom was
used to weigh cocaine, and both Taylor and Hardy used this scale. Baggies found in
Taylor and Hardy’s bedroom were used for marijuana, and cash was seized from the
bedroom mattress.
Hardy was arrested at a bar several hours after the police raided the house, and
was found in possession of a “wad of money” in his right front pocket when he was
searched. Tr. p. 392. Cash found in Hardy’s possession included a ten dollar bill and
two five dollar bills, which were bills that the police had provided to the C.I. to purchase
cocaine.
Hardy was charged with the above offenses on May 17, 2010. Laboratory testing
showed that the substance purchased by the C.I. from Hardy was, in fact, cocaine.
Thereafter, Hardy filed a motion in limine, objecting to the testimonial nature of the
audio recording and argued that it should be excluded because it was testimonial hearsay
evidence and violated Hardy’s right to cross-examination. The trial court denied the
motion on its merits, but showed a standing objection to Hardy’s motion.
During Hardy’s jury trial that commenced on August 23, 2011, the State made a
number of comments about government intervention for the public’s safety with regard to
drug dealing. Hardy’s counsel did not object to such alleged improper voir dire.
4
The prosecutor also commented and inquired on numerous occasions that the C.I.
could not testify because of safety concerns, and inquired of the jury, on several
occasions, if they had concerns about the C.I. not testifying.
The prosecutor remarked in both his opening and closing statement about the
world and local problems with drugs. The prosecutor also commented how drugs cause
other crimes in the community and remarked that people who sell drugs need to be held
accountable for their actions. Hardy’s counsel also did not object on chain of custody
grounds to a package that contained alleged cocaine that Hardy transferred to the C.I.
During the trial, an audio recording of the transaction between Hardy and the C.I.
on May 12, 2010, was admitted into evidence as State’s Exhibit 3. When the recording
was admitted, the trial court instructed the jury that statements made by the C.I. on the
recording were not being admitted into evidence to prove the “truth of the matter,” but
rather to provide the jury with the context of the conversation. Tr. p. 286. Hardy’s
counsel rested without calling any witnesses to testify who were present during the
alleged transaction. Following the presentation of the evidence, Hardy was found guilty
as charged.
At a sentencing hearing that was conducted on October 19, 2011, Hardy was
ordered to concurrent terms of twelve years with one year suspended on Count I and to
two years on Count II. The trial court also sentenced Hardy to serve his suspended
portion of his sentence on another cause for which he was on probation when he
committed the dealing in cocaine and maintaining a common nuisance offenses. The trial
5
court determined that Hardy had seventeen months of incarceration to serve
consecutively to his sentence in this action. However, the abstract of judgment stated that
Hardy was to serve seventeen years in the prior cause. Appellant’s App. p. 111.
Hardy now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
I. Admission of Audio Tape Into Evidence
Hardy claims that the trial court erred in admitting the audio tape of the drug
transaction into evidence. Specifically, Hardy argues that the recording amounted to
inadmissible hearsay evidence that violated his right to cross-examination.
In resolving this issue, we initially observe that the trial court has broad discretion
in ruling on the admissibility of evidence and its rulings will be disturbed only where it is
shown that the trial court abused its discretion. Turner v. State, 953 N.E.2d 1039, 1045
(Ind. 2011). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is clearly
against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it. Id.
In Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004), the United States Supreme Court
held that the Sixth Amendment bars “admission of testimonial statements of a
witnesswho did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the defendant
had had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Id. at 53-54. The first issue that must
be addressed in reviewing a Sixth Amendment challenge to hearsay is whether the
allegedly improperly admitted hearsay evidence was “testimonial.” Only statements of
this sort are subject to the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. Davis v.
6
Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821 (2006). And testimony is typically a “solemn declaration
or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact.” Crawford, 541
U.S. at 51.
In this case, we cannot say that the audio recording was a solemn declaration or
affirmation as defined by Crawford. Moreover, no statements were made in response to
police questioning. In essence, Hardy is claiming that the recording violated his right to
confrontation because the recording essentially “testified” that he was on the property.
Appellant’s Br. p. 19. However, Hardy’s statements on the recording could not violate
his right to confrontation because at least one court has established that a defendant has
“no right to confront himself.” United States v. Brown, 441 F.3d 1330, 1359 (11th Cir.
2006) (holding that a party’s own statement that is offered against him is not testimonial).
Even more compelling, the witnesses who identified Hardy’s voice on the recording
testified at trial. Thus, Hardy did have the opportunity to confront those witnesses. Tr. p.
359, 400.
We further note that the C.I.’s statements merely provided the context of what he
and Hardy were discussing. The C.I.’s statements were not offered for the truth of what
was said. Rather, we agree with the trial court’s determination that the statements made
by the C.I. on the recording were not being admitted into evidence to prove the truth of
the matter asserted. Rather, they provided the jury with the context of the conversation.
Id. at 286.
7
For all of these reasons, we conclude that the C.I.’s statements did not violate
Hardy’s right to confrontation. See Williams v. State, 930 N.E.2d 602, 609 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2010) (holding that the C.I.’s recorded statements did not violate the defendant’s
right to confrontation because they merely provided context for the defendant’s own
statements), Therefore, Hardy’s claim fails.
II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Hardy next claims that he is entitled to a new trial because his trial counsel was
ineffective for several reasons. More specifically, Hardy argues that his trial counsel
should have objected to the prosecutor’s alleged improper questioning of jurors during
voir dire, he failed to object to the cocaine that was admitted into evidence, and that he
should have argued additional mitigating circumstances at sentencing that were apparent
in the record.
To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we note that the
defendant must establish the two components set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466
U.S. 668 (1984). First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was
deficient. Id. at 687. This requires a showing that counsel’s representation fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness and that “counsel made errors so serious that
counsel was not functioning as ‘counsel’ guaranteed to the defendant by the Sixth
Amendment.” Id. In other words, the standard asks whether, “considering all the
circumstances,” counsel’s actions were “reasonable[] under prevailing professional
norms.” Id. at 688.
8
Second, a defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the
defense. This requires a showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the
defendant of a fair trial. Id. To establish prejudice, a defendant must show that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. Id. at 694. A reasonable probability is one that is
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id.
We “strongly presume” that counsel provided adequate assistance and exercised
reasonable professional judgment in all significant decisions. McCary v. State, 761
N.E.2d 389, 392 (Ind. 2002). Additionally, counsel is to be afforded considerable
discretion in the choice of strategy and tactics. Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 603
(Ind. 2001). Counsel’s conduct is assessed based upon the facts known at the time and
not through hindsight. State v. Moore, 678 N.E.2d 1258, 1261 (Ind. 1997). We do not
“second-guess” strategic decisions requiring reasonable professional judgment even if the
strategy in hindsight did not serve the defendant’s interests. Id. In other words, trial
strategy is not subject to attack through an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, unless
the strategy is so deficient or unreasonable as to fall outside of the objective standard of
reasonableness. Autrey v. State, 700 N.E.2d 1140, 1141 (Ind. 1998).
A. Questioning During Voir Dire
As for Hardy’s claim regarding juror questioning during voir dire, we note that
proper examination during voir dire may include questions designed to disclose the
jurors’ attitudes towards the offense charged and to uncover preconceived ideas about
9
defenses that the defendant intends to use. Steelman v. State, 602 N.E.2d 152, 158 (Ind.
Ct. App. 1992). In making these determinations, the parties may pose hypothetical
questions, provided they do not suggest prejudicial evidence that was not adduced at trial.
Id. The function of voir dire examination is to ascertain whether jurors can render a fair
and impartial verdict in accordance with the law and evidence. Coy v. State, 720 N.E.2d
370, 372 (Ind. 1992).
In this case, it is apparent that the prosecutor was attempting to elicit the jurors’
preconceived notions about drug dealing and specifically about how jurors viewed the
use of confidential informants by police. Tr. p. 157-60. In other words, the prosecutor
was attempting to ascertain if any jurors had any biases against the use of confidential
informants. See Hopkins v. State, 429 N.E.2d 631, 634 (Ind. 1981) (holding that there is
nothing wrong with inquiring into jurors’ minds about their biases in regard to the
credibility of witnesses with an eye toward removing prospective jurors predisposed to
disbelieve those with certain characteristics). Likewise, Hardy has failed to establish
that counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the prosecutor’s references to the war
on drugs. Schnitz v. State, 650 N.E.2d 717, 723 (Ind. Ct. App. 1995).
B. Admission of Cocaine at Trial
Hardy next claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the
admission into evidence of the cocaine that the C.I. had purchased. Hardy contends that
an objection should have been made because there was one reference made that the
exhibit was from “219 W. Powers” street, instead of “719 West Powers.” Appellant’s Br.
10
p. 24. However, it is apparent to us that trial counsel did not object because he knew this
was simply a misstatement, because the remaining evidence established that the
investigation was focused on 719 W. Powers and that was where the C.I. had obtained the
cocaine. Tr. p. 284-90. As a result, Hardy has failed to show that his trial counsel was
ineffective on this basis.
C. Mitigating Factors
Hardy’s final claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is that his trial counsel
should have argued at sentencing that the following were mitigating factors: (1) Hardy
was only thirty-five years old; (2) Hardy had nearly completed a two-year degree in
culinary arts prior to his arrest; and (3) Hardy behaved well while he was in jail between
the time of arrest and sentencing.
We note that the determination of mitigating circumstances is within the trial
court’s discretion. Rogers v. State, 878 N.E.2d 269, 272 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). The trial
court is not obligated to accept the defendant’s argument as to what constitutes a
mitigating factor, and a trial court is not required to give the same weight to proffered
mitigating factors as does a defendant. Id. A trial court does not err in failing to find a
mitigating factor where that claim is highly disputable in nature, weight, or significance.
Id. An allegation that a trial court abused its discretion by failing to identify or find a
mitigating factor requires the defendant on appeal to establish that the mitigating
evidence is significant and clearly supported by the record. Id.
11
In Corcoran v. State, 774 N.E.2d 495, 500 (Ind. 2002), our Supreme Court
determined that a defendant, who was twenty-two years old, was “well past the age of
sixteen where the law requires special treatment.” Also, in Monegan v. State, 756 N.E.2d
499, 504 (Ind. 2001), it was held that age is neither a statutory nor a per se mitigating
factor. And the Corcoran court also held that the trial court properly rejected a proffered
mitigator that the defendant behaved well in jail prior to sentencing, because good
behavior is expected from those who are incarcerated. Finally, we note that this court
determined in Benefield v. State, 904 N.E.2d 239, 248 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans.
denied, that a trial court is not obligated to find that the defendant’s participation in
higher education is a mitigating factor.
Under these circumstances, Hardy has failed to rebut the presumption that his trial
counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the exercise of
reasonable professional judgment. Pruitt v. State, 903 N.E.2d 899, 906 (Ind. 2009). As a
result, Hardy does prevail on his ineffective assistance of counsel claim.
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Hardy next argues that his convictions must be set aside because the evidence was
insufficient. Hardy contends that the State failed to demonstrate that he was on the
property when the C.I. was present and there was no evidence that Hardy delivered the
cocaine. Hardy also argues that the conviction for maintaining a common nuisance must
be set aside because the State did not show that he “controlled” the property when the
transaction took place. Appellant’s Br. p. 29.
12
In resolving Hardy’s challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, we do not reweigh
the evidence or judge the credibility of the witnesses. Rather, we respect “the jury’s
exclusive province to weigh conflicting evidence.” McHenry v. State, 820 N.E.2d 124,
126-27 (Ind. 2005). We consider only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences
therefrom that support the verdict. Id. We will affirm a conviction unless no reasonable
fact-finder could find the elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
Drane v. State, 867 N.E.2d 144, 146 (Ind. 2007).
We also note that a conviction may be based entirely on circumstantial evidence.
Franklin v. State, 715 N.E.2d 1237, 1241 (Ind. 1999). The circumstantial evidence need
not overcome every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. Rather, the evidence is
sufficient if an inference may reasonably be drawn from it to support the verdict. Kriner
v. State, 699 N.E.2d 659, 663 (Ind. 1998).
A. Dealing in Cocaine
To convict Hardy of dealing in cocaine as a class A felony, the State had to prove that
Hardy “knowingly or intentionally delivered cocaine.” I.C. § 35-48-4-1(a)(1). The
evidence demonstrates that the C.I. went to Hardy and Taylor’s house to purchase
cocaine. Tr. p. 358. Hardy called Taylor and asked how much “dope” should be given to
the buyer. Tr. p. 358. The C.I. returned to Officer Elam’s vehicle a short time later,
carrying a piece of torn plastic that contained an off-white, rock-like substance, which
tested positive for cocaine. Id. at 285, 289, 318-19. When Hardy was arrested several
hours later, he was in possession of several bills that the police had given to the C.I. to
13
purchase cocaine. This was sufficient evidence to support Hardy’s conviction for dealing
in cocaine.
B. Maintaining Common Nuisance
To convict Hardy of this offense, the State had to prove that Hardy knowingly
maintained the residence located at 719 West Powers Street that was used one or more
times for manufacturing, keeping, offering for sale, selling, delivering or financing the
delivery of cocaine. I.C. § 35-48-4-13(b)(2). To be convicted of this offense, a
defendant need not own or legally possess the building or structure. Jones v. State, 807
N.E.2d 58, 66-67 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004). And a defendant’s possessory interest in the
premises does not require actual ownership. Id.
In this case, the evidence showed that Taylor and Hardy moved into the residence
on 719 West Powers Street in Muncie, sometime between December 2006 and January
2007. Tr. p. 353-55, 280-81. Taylor and Hardy were friends and business partners in a
cocaine-selling enterprise, and Hardy’s name was on the lease. The evidence also
established that Taylor and Hardy shared “clients” throughout their partnership. Id. at
379.
When the police searched the residence, one scale was in the top drawer of the
dresser, another was in a laundry basket, and marijuana was in the living room and the
bedroom that Taylor and Hardy shared. Tr. p. 363-64. The scale found in the bedroom
was used to weigh cocaine. And both Hardy and Taylor used this scale.
14
Based on the foregoing, the jury could reasonably find that Hardy had maintained
the residence for dealing in cocaine. See Jones, 807 N.E.2d at 67 (holding that evidence
that the defendant had constructive possession of cocaine found in the residence was
sufficient to prove that the defendant maintained the residence). As a result, we conclude
that the evidence was sufficient to support Hardy’s conviction for maintaining a common
nuisance.
IV. Sentencing
Hardy next attacks a portion of the trial court’s sentencing order. Specifically,
Hardy maintains that the order improperly designates the amount of time that he is to
serve on his sentence for a prior conviction for which he was on probation at the time the
instance offenses were alleged to have occurred.
During Hardy’s sentencing hearing, the trial court had to determine how much
suspended time that he had to serve under the prior cause. Tr. p. 473. The trial court
determined that Hardy had seventeen months of suspended time, for which he was on
probation at the time of his arrest. Tr. p. 473-74. The trial court ordered Hardy to serve
the seventeen months consecutive to the sentence that was imposed in this case.
However, we note that that Abstract of Judgment indicates that Hardy is to serve
seventeen years under the prior cause consecutive to the sentence imposed in the instant
case. That said, it is apparent that the designation of seventeen years set forth in the
abstract of judgment amounts to a scrivener’s error. To avoid future confusion with
regard to this issue, we elect to remand this cause to the trial court with instructions to
15
correct the abstract of judgment to reflect a time period of seventeen months that was
originally ordered.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed and remanded.
KIRSCH, J., and BROWN, J., concur.
16
Adrian Hardy v. State of Indiana
Combined Opinion