FOR PUBLICATION
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
STEPHEN T. OWENS GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
JAMES T. ACKLIN JODI KATHRYN STEIN
Chief Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
FILED
Jul 12 2012, 9:20 am
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA CLERK
of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
ANDREW MCWHORTER, )
)
Appellant-Petitioner, )
)
vs. ) No. 33A01-1202-PC-72
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Respondent. )
APPEAL FROM THE HENRY CIRCUIT COURT
The Honorable E. Edward Dunsmore, Judge
Cause No. 33C02-0806-PC-1
July 12, 2012
OPINION - FOR PUBLICATION
BAILEY, Judge
Case Summary
Andrew McWhorter (“McWhorter”) appeals the denial of his petition for post-
conviction relief, wherein he challenged his conviction for Voluntary Manslaughter. He
presents the sole issue of whether he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel. We
reverse and remand for retrial on Reckless Homicide.
Facts and Procedural History
On direct appeal, the Court recited the relevant facts as follows:
In December 2005, McWhorter, Amanda Deweese (Deweese), and their baby
were living with Barbara Gibbs (Gibbs), McWhorter’s grandmother. On
December 2, 2005, inside Gibbs’ home, McWhorter shot Deweese in the head
with a twelve-gauge shotgun at close range causing her death.
Earlier that night, both Deweese and McWhorter visited Janis Floyd’s (Floyd)
home. Floyd observed Deweese acting nervous and crying, and observed that
McWhorter smelled of alcohol. Meanwhile, Gibbs attended a Christmas show,
arriving home about 10:45 p.m. Shortly after she arrived home McWhorter
and Deweese came home as well. The two argued. Just as Floyd observed,
Gibbs could tell that McWhorter was intoxicated.
A few moments later, Deweese and Gibbs were sitting in the kitchen and
McWhorter came in carrying a shotgun. He told Gibbs, “I’m going to show
you how to use this gun[,] grandma, in case [you ever] need it.” (Transcript p.
122). Gibbs told McWhorter to put the gun away. McWhorter placed the gun
on the table and began loading and unloading it repeatedly. Eventually
McWhorter took the gun out of the room.
Around this time, McWhorter confronted Deweese about her having
intercourse with another man while she was pregnant with their baby.
McWhorter asked for the return of the engagement ring that he had given
Deweese. She took it off and handed it to him. He threw it on the floor and
stepped on it. Gibbs picked the ring up, handed it to Deweese, and McWhorter
asked for it again. Deweese gave it back and McWhorter threw it again, this
time into a bedroom.
2
McWhorter went into the room where he had thrown the ring and stayed there
for a while. During this time, Gibbs was sitting across the kitchen table from
Deweese, facing her and McWhorter was standing behind Gibbs facing
Deweese. Gibbs and Deweese were talking about whether McWhorter might
try to kill himself. “[T]he next thing [Gibbs] knew, [she] heard a boom.” (Tr.
P. 126). Gibbs could see Deweese and quickly realized Deweese had been
shot. Gibbs turned around and saw McWhorter standing close by. Gibbs
asked what had happened and McWhorter said “oh no, oh no,” and started
screaming and carrying on. (Tr. P. 135). While Gibbs called 911, McWhorter
said, “I didn’t know there was a shell in it,” and left the room. (Tr. P. 135).
Henry County Deputy Sheriff Ken Custer (Deputy Custer) was the first officer
on the scene. He asked her what had happened and she stated that
“[McWhorter] shot [Deweese].” (Tr. P. 168). Supporting officers then
arrived. The officers found McWhorter in the house lying behind a baby crib
and a shotgun lying inside the crib. After McWhorter was taken into custody,
he said on two occasions, “I shot her.” (Tr. pp. 174-176).
McWhorter v. State, 33A01-0701-CR-2, slip op. at 2-4 (Ind. Ct. App. Aug. 9, 2007), trans.
denied.
The State charged McWhorter with Murder. At trial, McWhorter conceded that he
had killed Deweese; the only contested issue was McWhorter’s intent. McWhorter’s defense
was that he had accidently killed Deweese; however, at the close of the evidence the jury was
instructed, without objection from defense counsel, on Voluntary Manslaughter and Reckless
Homicide.1
On August 3, 2006, the jury returned the following verdict: “We, the jury, find the
Defendant, Andrew W. McWhorter, not guilty of murder, but guilty of voluntary
manslaughter, a Class A felony, as a lesser included offense of murder, a felony.” (App. 20.)
1
It is not clear from the post-conviction and trial record as to whether the State proffered instructions on lesser
offenses or the trial court sua sponte drafted the combined instruction given. It is clear, however, that the jury
did not receive such instruction upon McWhorter’s initiative.
3
The following day, McWhorter was adjudicated a habitual offender. He was sentenced to
forty-five years imprisonment, enhanced by thirty years due to his status as a habitual
offender. His conviction was affirmed on direct appeal. See id.
On June 12, 2008, McWhorter filed a pro-se petition for post-conviction relief; his
petition was amended on September 21, 2011. On November 18, 2011, the post-conviction
court conducted an evidentiary hearing upon the allegation of ineffectiveness of trial counsel.
On January 24, 2012, the post-conviction court entered its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of
Law, and order denying McWhorter post-conviction relief. He now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
Post-Conviction Standard of Review
The petitioner in a post-conviction proceeding bears the burden of establishing the
grounds for relief by a preponderance of the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5);
Fisher v. State, 810 N.E.2d 674, 679 (Ind. 2004). When appealing from the denial of post-
conviction relief, the petitioner stands in the position of one appealing from a negative
judgment. Id. On review, we will not reverse the judgment of the post-conviction court
unless the evidence as a whole unerringly and unmistakably leads to a conclusion opposite
that reached by the post-conviction court. Id. A post-conviction court’s findings and
judgment will be reversed only upon a showing of clear error, that which leaves us with a
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id. In this review, findings of
fact are accepted unless they are clearly erroneous and no deference is accorded to
conclusions of law. Id. The post-conviction court is the sole judge of the weight of the
4
evidence and the credibility of witnesses. Id.
Effectiveness of Trial Counsel Standard of Review
To establish a post-conviction claim alleging a violation of the Sixth Amendment right
to effective assistance of counsel, a defendant must establish the two components set forth in
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). “First, a defendant must show that counsel’s
performance was deficient.” Id. at 687. This requires a showing that counsel’s
representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that “counsel made
errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as ‘counsel’ guaranteed to the defendant by
the Sixth Amendment.” Id. “Second, a defendant must show that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to
deprive the defendant of a fair trial,” that is, a trial where the result is reliable. Id. To
establish prejudice, a “defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id.
at 694. A reasonable probability is one that is sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome. Id. Further, we “strongly presume” that counsel provided adequate assistance and
exercised reasonable professional judgment in all significant decisions. McCary v. State, 761
N.E.2d 389, 392 (Ind. 2002).
Analysis
McWhorter claims that his trial attorney was ineffective for failing to object to the
Voluntary Manslaughter instruction given to the jury. We agree, as defense counsel
5
acquiesced to the giving of an instruction that (1) was not warranted by the evidence and (2)
invited a compromise or unreliable verdict.
A defendant is entitled to have a jury properly instructed on an essential rule of law.
Palmer v. State, 573 N.E.2d 880, 880 (Ind. 1991). In evaluating allegations of
ineffectiveness in this regard, we look to the law available at the time of counsel’s
representation to determine whether a proper objection would have been sustained. Walker
v. State, 843 N.E.2d 50, 59 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied.
Indiana’s voluntary manslaughter statute provides:
(a) A person who knowingly or intentionally:
(1) kills another human being; or
(2) kills a fetus that has attained viability (as defined in IC 16-18-2-
365);
while acting under sudden heat commits voluntary manslaughter, a Class B
felony. However, the offense is a Class A felony if it is committed by means
of a deadly weapon.
(b) The existence of sudden heat is a mitigating factor that reduces what
otherwise would be murder under section 1(1) of this chapter to voluntary
manslaughter.
Ind. Code § 35-42-1-3. “Sudden heat” is characterized as “anger, rage, resentment, or terror
sufficient to obscure the reason of an ordinary person, preventing deliberation and
premeditation, excluding malice, and rendering a person incapable of cool reflection.”
Dearman v. State, 743 N.E.2d 757, 760 (Ind. 2001). It is not an element of Voluntary
Manslaughter. Boesch v. State, 778 N.E.2d 1276, 1279 (Ind. 2002). Rather, it is that which
distinguishes Voluntary Manslaughter from Murder. Id. Although Voluntary Manslaughter
is a lesser-included offense of Murder, it is an atypical example of a lesser-included offense.
6
Watts v. State, 885 N.E.2d 1228, 1231 (Ind. 2008). “In the case of voluntary manslaughter
… sudden heat is a mitigating factor, not an element, that the State must prove in addition to
the elements of murder. . . . [I]f there is no serious evidentiary dispute over sudden heat, it is
error for a trial court to instruct a jury on voluntary manslaughter in addition to murder.” 2 Id.
at 1232 (emphasis in original).
The theory of McWhorter’s defense was that an accidental shooting had occurred;
defense counsel employed an “all or nothing” strategy seeking acquittal while realizing that
the jury might instead convict McWhorter of Murder. The State did not initially charge
McWhorter with Voluntary Manslaughter, and the trial court could properly have given a
Voluntary Manslaughter instruction over McWhorter’s objection only in the face of a serious
evidentiary dispute as to whether the lesser offense was committed but the greater was not.
See id. An unsupported Voluntary Manslaughter instruction deprives the defendant of the
opportunity to pursue a legitimate trial strategy. Id. at 1233.
Here, any testimony that might have arguably approached evidence of “sudden heat”
was elicited by the State from McWhorter’s grandmother. She testified that McWhorter and
Deweese had argued about Deweese having a sexual encounter with someone other than
McWhorter while she was pregnant with McWhorter’s child. McWhorter had expressed
anger by stepping on and throwing Deweese’s engagement ring. Anger alone is not
sufficient to support an instruction on sudden heat; nor will words alone constitute sufficient
2
Where a defendant has produced evidence of sudden heat, the State may not obtain a conviction for Murder,
as opposed to Voluntary Manslaughter, unless the State has negated the evidence of sudden heat. “It bears
repeating that only when evidence of sudden heat is presented does the State assume the burden of proving the
absence of sudden heat to obtain a murder conviction.” Massey v. State, 955 N.E.2d 247, 255 n.4 (2011)
(emphasis in original).
7
provocation to warrant the instruction, particularly when the words at issue are not
intentionally designed to provoke the defendant. Suprenant v. State, 925 N.E.2d 1280, 1282
(Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. In Suprenant, a panel of this Court concluded that
alleged provocation “comprised of words ending a relationship accompanied by preparations
to leave” did not constitute “sudden heat” justifying a Voluntary Manslaughter instruction.
925 N.E.2d at 1284. In this case, there was merely a verbal admission. Although Deweese
had admitted to being with a man other than McWhorter at some time in the past, there is no
evidence that she offered any provocation whatsoever beyond “mere words.” The Voluntary
Manslaughter instruction lacked evidentiary support.
Moreover, the instruction prescribed sequential error for jury deliberation. Final
Instruction No. 3 provided in relevant part:
The Defendant is charged with murder. Voluntary manslaughter and reckless
homicide are lesser included offenses in the charge of murder. If the State
proves the Defendant guilty of murder, you need not consider the included
crimes. However, if the State fails to prove the Defendant committed murder,
you may consider whether the Defendant committed voluntary manslaughter or
reckless homicide, which the Court will define for you.
You must not find the Defendant guilty of more than one crime.
The statute defining the offense of Murder which was in force at the time of
the offense charged reads as follows:
35-42-1-1. Murder A person who: knowingly … kills another human
being … commits murder, a felony.
To convict the Defendant, the State must have proved each of the following
elements:
1. The Defendant
2. knowingly
3. killed
8
4. Amanda L. Deweese
If the State failed to prove each of these elements beyond a reasonable
doubt, you must find the Defendant not guilty of murder, a felony, as charged
in the Information.
You may then consider any included crime. The crime of voluntary
manslaughter is included in the charged crime of murder. Voluntary
manslaughter is defined by statute as follows:
A person who knowingly … kills another human being while acting under
sudden heat commits voluntary manslaughter, a Class B felony. The offense is
a Class A felony if it is committed by means of a deadly weapon.
Sudden heat is a mitigating factor that reduces what otherwise would be
murder to voluntary manslaughter. The State has the burden of proving
beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant was not acting under sudden
heat.
Before you may convict the Defendant, the state must have proved each of the
following beyond a reasonable doubt:
1. The Defendant
2. knowingly
3. killed
4. Amanda Deweese
5. and the Defendant was not acting under sudden heat
6. and the Defendant killed by means of a deadly weapon.
If the State failed to prove each of elements 1 through 4 of the crime of murder
beyond a reasonable doubt, you must find the Defendant not guilty of murder
as charged.
If the State did prove each of elements 1 through 4 and element 6 beyond a
reasonable doubt, but the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
element 5, you may find the Defendant guilty of voluntary manslaughter, a
Class A felony, a lesser included offense of murder. If this is your finding but
that the Defendant did not do so by means of a deadly weapon, you may find
the Defendant guilty of voluntary manslaughter, a Class B felony, a lesser
included offense of murder. If the State proves the Defendant guilty of
voluntary manslaughter, you need not consider the next included crime.
9
If the State did prove each of elements 1 through 5 beyond a reasonable doubt,
you may find the Defendant guilty of murder, a felony.
(App. 25-26.) (emphasis added.)
As such, the inartfully drafted instruction directed the jury to proceed, upon a failure
of proof of one or more of the elements of Murder, to consider the lesser charge of Voluntary
Manslaughter. However, the only element in dispute was intent. The jury was led by the
sequential error of the instruction to, as a practical matter, find that McWhorter did not
knowingly or intentionally kill Deweese, but that he did knowingly or intentionally kill
Deweese while acting in sudden heat. That which does not exist cannot be mitigated.
Counsel’s failure to object was deficient performance.
We then must consider whether McWhorter was prejudiced such that the result of the
trial was unreliable. The State asserts that a jury can acquit a defendant of Murder while
convicting of Voluntary Manslaughter and has historically done so in many cases. We do not
disagree. However, that result should ensue only upon proper instruction. The purpose of
jury instruction is to inform the jury of the law applicable to the facts of a particular case.
Williams v. State, 782 N.E.2d 1039, 1047 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied. Presumably, a
jury acts in obedience to the trial court’s instructions. See Chandler v. State, 581 N.E.2d
1233, 1237 (Ind. 1991).
Here, with intent the only element in dispute, the jury was advised that McWhorter
could be convicted of Voluntary Manslaughter if less than all the elements of Murder were
proven. Indeed, the jury was directed to proceed with consideration of the Voluntary
Manslaughter charge only if there had been a failure of proof as to one or more of the
10
elements of Murder, which are also elements of Voluntary Manslaughter. A finding that less
than all the elements of Murder were proven is, in these circumstances, necessarily a finding
that the requisite intent was not established. We find that the instruction to proceed to
consider Voluntary Manslaughter only upon a failure of proof of Murder invites
inconsistency and renders the result of the trial unreliable. McWhorter was prejudiced in that
he ultimately stood convicted of Voluntary Manslaughter, an offense not initially charged by
the State and one upon which McWhorter did not proffer evidence or request instruction.
The post-conviction court erred by not granting McWhorter relief upon his ineffectiveness of
counsel claim.
McWhorter further argues that he may not be retried on the Voluntary Manslaughter
charge because retrial would violate the double jeopardy principles of the United States
Constitution. The Fifth Amendment guarantee against double jeopardy bars a defendant
from being prosecuted for an offense after being acquitted for the same offense. Griffin v.
State, 717 N.E.2d 73, 77 (Ind. 1999). The State responds that the jury is able to differentiate
between offenses and, in finding McWhorter not guilty of Murder, acquitted him only of an
“intentional killing” and did not intend to acquit him of Voluntary Manslaughter. State’s
Brief at 22.
To ascribe this intent to the jury, as the State urges, would require that we disregard
the explanation of law given to the jury and render the instruction superfluous. The jury was
directed to convict McWhorter of Murder only upon proof that (1) McWhorter (2) knowingly
(3) killed (4) Amanda Deweese. (App. 25.) The jury was further instructed to proceed to
11
consideration of Voluntary Manslaughter only if one or more elements of Murder were not
proven. However, the elements of Murder are also requisite elements of Voluntary
Manslaughter. Because intent was the only contested element, the failure of proof was as to
that element. The jury returned a joint verdict form, stating that McWhorter was not guilty of
Murder but guilty of Voluntary Manslaughter.3 This contemporaneous verdict form
functioned as an acquittal of Voluntary Manslaughter, which requires the same intent as
Murder.
McWhorter may not be retried on the charges of which he was acquitted. However, as
he concedes, he may be retried on Reckless Homicide, the offense upon which the jury
returned no verdict, and the elements of which differ from Murder and Voluntary
Manslaughter.4
Conclusion
McWhorter has established that he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel.
Accordingly, we reverse the denial of post-conviction relief. McWhorter may be retried on
the charge of Reckless Homicide.
Reversed and remanded.
ROBB, C.J., and MATHIAS, J., concur.
3
Thus, the deliberations had culminated in a verdict. We acknowledge that a jury is not prohibited by double
jeopardy principles from revisiting or reconsidering its initial conclusion on a given issue during its
deliberations but prior to rendering a verdict. Blueford v. Arkansas, 132 S. Ct. 2044, 2052 (2012). In
Blueford, the jury had been instructed to proceed to consider a lesser-included offense if it had reasonable
doubt of guilt of the greater charge, and the jury foreperson had reported to the court that the jury was
unanimous against a finding of guilt on the greater offense. Id. at 2051. A report, but no verdict, having been
rendered, the defendant could properly be retried after the declaration of a mistrial. Id.
4
One commits Reckless Homicide when he recklessly kills another human being. Ind. Code § 35-42-1-5.
12
Andrew McWhorter v. State of Indiana
Combined Opinion