Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule
65(D), this Memorandum Decision
shall not be regarded as precedent
or cited before any court except for
FILED
Jan 25 2012, 8:52 am
the purpose of establishing the
defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
estoppel, or the law of the case. of the supreme court,
court of appeals and
tax court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
C. ROBERT RITTMAN GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Grant County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Marion, Indiana
RYAN D. JOHANNINGSMEIER
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JAMES ROBY, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 27A05-1106-CR-302
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE GRANT SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Dana J. Kenworthy, Judge Pro Tempore
Cause No. 27D02-1101-FB-19
JANUARY 25, 2012
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BARTEAU, Senior Judge
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
James Roby appeals his conviction for Class D felony possession of cocaine. Ind.
Code § 35-48-4-6(a) (2006). We affirm.
ISSUE
Roby raises one issue, which we restate as: whether the trial court erred by
admitting evidence obtained during the execution of a search warrant.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In January 2011, Detective Mark Stefanatos, an officer of the Marion Police
Department assigned to the JEAN Team Drug Task Force, received a call from dispatch
that an anonymous caller had reported heavy traffic at 209 North Hill Street. Detective
Stefanatos had dealt with the tenant of that residence, Rebecca Riddle, a number of times
due to her use of illegal drugs.
Detective Stefanatos and two other detectives from the task force parked near the
residence and conducted surveillance. Within a few minutes, a dark vehicle pulled up in
front of the residence. A man, later identified as Roby, exited the residence and went to
the passenger side of the vehicle. Roby reached into the vehicle, reached back out, and
put his hand into his pocket. He then went back inside the residence, and the vehicle
drove off. The vehicle was at the residence for a minute or less. Detective Stefanatos
believed these actions to be consistent with a drug transaction. When he observed the
vehicle commit a traffic infraction, he called for a marked car. A canine officer
conducted a traffic stop. The canine alerted by the driver’s side, but no cocaine was
found in the vehicle.
2
Detective Stefanatos went back to the residence to conduct a “knock and talk.”
When he knocked on the door, Roby answered. Detective Stefanatos was let inside the
residence. Tr. pp. 81, 216. Upon walking inside the residence, Detective Stefanatos saw
underneath a glass coffee table a digital scale, which is commonly used to weigh and
package drugs for sale, with a white powdery residue on it. He also saw a razor blade,
which is commonly used to cut crack cocaine, and a push rod, which is commonly used
in smoking crack cocaine. At that point, he asked for consent to search, but Roby and
Riddle both declined. Detective Stefanatos removed the digital scale and field-tested the
white substance, which tested presumptively positive for cocaine base. Based on his
observations, Detective Stefanatos obtained a warrant to search the residence, Roby, and
Riddle. The detective who searched Roby found four plastic baggies containing crack
cocaine in his right front pocket.
The State charged Roby with Class B felony dealing in cocaine. Ind. Code § 35-
48-4-1(a)(2) (2006). Roby filed a motion to suppress the plastic baggies of crack cocaine
found on his person and the evidence found in the residence. The trial court denied the
motion after a hearing. Roby was tried by a jury, who returned a verdict of not guilty of
Class B felony dealing in cocaine but guilty of the lesser included offense of Class D
felony possession of cocaine. The trial court sentenced Roby to three years with six
months suspended to probation. Roby now appeals.
DISCUSSION AND DECISION
Roby contends that the trial court erred by admitting evidence obtained from his
person and the residence because the search warrant was not supported by probable
3
cause. Although Roby originally challenged the admission of this evidence through a
motion to suppress, he appeals following a completed trial. He thus properly frames the
issue on appeal as whether the trial court erred by admitting the challenged evidence at
trial. See Collins v. State, 822 N.E.2d 214, 218 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005), trans. denied.
Our standard of review of a trial court’s determination as to the admissibility of
evidence is for an abuse of discretion. Smith v. State, 754 N.E.2d 502, 504 (Ind. 2001).
We reverse only if a trial court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the
facts and circumstances. Id. We do not reweigh the evidence, and we consider any
conflicting evidence in favor of the trial court’s ruling. Collins, 822 N.E.2d at 218.
However, we must also consider the uncontested evidence favorable to the defendant. Id.
Although a trial court’s determination of historical facts is entitled to deferential review,
we employ a de novo standard when reviewing the trial court’s ultimate determinations
of reasonable suspicion and probable cause. Myers v. State, 839 N.E.2d 1146, 1150 (Ind.
2005) (citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 695-99, 116 S. Ct. 1657, 134 L. Ed.
2d 911 (1996)).
When deciding whether to issue a search warrant, a magistrate must make a
practical, common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the
affidavit, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found
in a particular place. Jackson v. State, 908 N.E.2d 1140, 1142 (Ind. 2009). The duty of
the reviewing court is to determine whether the magistrate had a substantial basis for
concluding that probable cause existed. Id. A substantial basis requires the reviewing
court to focus on whether reasonable inferences drawn from the totality of the evidence
4
support the determination of probable cause. Id. Although we review de novo the trial
court’s substantial basis determination, we nonetheless afford significant deference to the
magistrate’s determination when focusing on whether reasonable inferences drawn from
the totality of the evidence support that determination. Id.
Here, Detective Stefanatos set up surveillance at 209 North Hill Street based on an
anonymous tip that there was heavy traffic at that location. Within minutes, a vehicle
drove up to the residence and Roby walked out of the residence. Roby reached into the
passenger side of the vehicle, reached back out, and put his hand in his pocket. The
vehicle drove away, and Roby went back into the residence. When the vehicle was
stopped, a canine alerted by the driver’s side but no cocaine was found. Detective
Stefanatos went back to the residence and knocked on the door. Roby answered the door
and let him in. Detective Stefanatos saw a digital scale with white residue, a razor blade,
and a push rod. The white residue on the scale tested presumptively positive for cocaine
base. Reasonable inferences drawn from these observations provide a substantial basis
for concluding that probable cause existed.
Despite this clear evidence, Roby argues that Detective Stefanatos barged into the
residence without permission. This assertion amounts to an invitation to reweigh the
evidence, which we will not do. The evidence most favorable to the verdict shows that
Detective Stefanatos knocked on the door, and Roby let him into the residence.
Roby further argues that Detective Stefanatos illegally seized the digital scale and
thus the scale and presumptive test results of the residue found on the scale cannot
support a finding of probable cause. This argument also fails. The plain view doctrine
5
allows a police officer to seize items of readily apparent criminality when he
inadvertently discovers them while rightfully occupying a particular location. Jones v.
State, 783 N.E.2d 1132, 1137 (Ind. 2003). Here, Detective Stefanatos knocked on the
door after receiving an anonymous tip of heavy traffic and observing Roby participate in
actions consistent with a drug transaction. See Hardister v. State, 849 N.E.2d 563, 570
(Ind. 2006) (“An anonymous tip is not a basis for either reasonable suspicion or probable
cause, but it is sufficient to make inquiries which the occupants are free to decline to
answer if they so choose.”). Roby answered the door and let Detective Stefanatos in the
residence. Detective Stefanatos therefore had a right to be in the residence when he saw
the digital scale with white residue, the razor blade, and the push rod in plain view.
Further, the discovery of these items was inadvertent as Detective Stefanatos was at the
residence not to search for evidence but to ask questions. See Warner v. State, 773
N.E.2d 239, 245 (Ind. 2002) (holding that seizure of blood-stained gauze fell within plain
view exception where officers saw gauze from lawful vantage point while they were
legitimately on the premises to question defendant as part of murder investigation). The
seizure of the scale was not illegal, and the scale and the presumptive test results could
therefore be used to support a finding of probable cause.
There was a substantial basis to conclude that probable cause existed. We
therefore conclude that the trial court did not err by admitting the evidence obtained as a
result of the search warrant.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm Roby’s conviction.
6
Affirmed.
CRONE, J., and BROWN, J., concur.
7