NOTICE
2014 IL App (5th) 120245
Decision filed 09/15/14. The
text of this decision may be NO. 5-12-0245
changed or corrected prior to
the filing of a Petition for
Rehearing or the disposition of IN THE
the same.
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
________________________________________________________________________
MATTHEW BRUNTJEN, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Madison County.
)
v. )
)
BETHALTO PIZZA, LLC, d/b/a Imo's Pizza; and )
IMO'S FRANCHISING, INC., )
) No. 10-L-577
Defendants-Appellants )
)
(Kenneth Lyerla; Lisa Lyerla; Jeremiah Greene; )
Jason Yelton; Metro East Distributing, Inc.; ) Honorable
Leonard Cummings, Jr.; and Tresorella's, Inc., ) A. A. Matoesian,
Defendants). ) Judge, presiding.
________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE CHAPMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Justice Stewart concurred in the judgment and opinion.
Justice Spomer dissented, with opinion.
OPINION
¶1 The defendants, Bethalto Pizza, LLC, doing business as Imo's Pizza (Bethalto),
and Imo's Franchising, Inc. (Imo's), appeal the December 13, 2011, judgment entered by
the circuit court of Madison County after a jury verdict in favor of the plaintiff, Matthew
Bruntjen, in the amount of $2,284,500.68, for damages he sustained in an automobile
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accident. The defendants' posttrial motions were denied on May 18, 2012. The
defendants raise a number of issues on appeal. We affirm.
¶2 I. FACTS
¶3 On March 31, 2011, Matthew Bruntjen filed an amended complaint against, inter
alios, Kenneth Lyerla, Bethalto, and Imo's. According to the amended complaint, on
August 17, 2009, Kenneth Lyerla was delivering a pizza when he crossed the center line
and hit the van in which the plaintiff was a passenger, causing a severe brain injury. The
amended complaint alleged that Lyerla was an employee of Bethalto and that Imo's was
the franchising corporation that established policies and procedures for all Imo's
franchisees, including Bethalto. The amended complaint included a count alleging
vicarious liability against Imo's as well as a count alleging direct negligence against
Imo's. In the direct negligence count, the plaintiff alleged that Imo's created an
environment with its franchisees that put timely delivery of food products ahead of public
safety, and allowed Lyerla to operate a motor vehicle to deliver pizzas on its behalf
without first ascertaining that he was capable of safely operating a motor vehicle.
¶4 Lyerla conceded that his negligence caused the automobile accident at issue, and
Bethalto admitted that it was responsible for the acts of Lyerla as his employer.
However, Imo's, as a franchisor, contested its duty to the plaintiff via a motion to dismiss,
a motion for summary judgment, and a motion for a directed verdict, all of which were
denied. Subsequently, defendants filed motions for a mistrial, judgment notwithstanding
the verdict, remittitur or a new trial on the issue of damages, and a new trial on all issues.
The court's denial of these motions forms the basis of many of the issues raised in this
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appeal. As defendants' claims of error are numerous, we will further develop the facts
necessary for disposition as we address each issue on appeal.
¶5 Imo's and Bethalto shared the same counsel at trial, but are represented by separate
counsel on appeal. Imo's has expressly adopted and incorporated all arguments and
points of error raised by Bethalto in this appeal, in addition to the arguments and points
raised in its own brief.
¶6 II. ANALYSIS
¶7 A. Peremptory Challenges
¶8 The plaintiff named several additional defendants in the amended complaint: (1)
Lisa Lyerla, the owner of the vehicle Kenneth Lyerla was driving at the time of the
accident; (2) Jeremiah Greene, the driver of the van in which the plaintiff was a
passenger; (3) Jason Yelton, the owner of the van; and (4) Metro East Distributing, Inc.
(Metro East), the plaintiff's employer. When jury selection commenced, four defense
attorneys participated. Lisa and Kenneth Lyerla were represented by one attorney;
Jeremiah Greene and Jason Yelton were represented by a second attorney; Metro East
was represented by a third attorney; and Bethalto and Imo's were represented by a fourth
attorney. The trial court awarded eight peremptory challenges to the plaintiff and
distributed eight peremptory challenges among the defendants by awarding two
challenges to each of the four attorneys representing the defendants.
¶9 Before jury selection began, counsel for defendant Metro East stated as follows:
"I do want to state for the record–this is John Wendler. I represent Metro East
Distributing. My understanding is that Metro East has two strikes, and I'm going
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to use them to the best advantage to get my client out of this case, which may–it
could or might end up me striking people that I normally wouldn't strike as
defendant. And even if I, to get a dismissal for my case, I need to work in concord
with the plaintiff if I had to. So, I want to put it out in the open so anyone can
make an objection."
¶ 10 Counsel for Bethalto and Imo's then stated:
"I'm going to object if any of the parties who are named as a defendant are
dismissed immediately after jury selection. I think that that would demonstrate
gamesmanship and it would influence the jury selection process. So, I just want to
make that clear. I think that by now the plaintiff should know who they're going
to leave in the case or take out of the case."
¶ 11 During the empanelment of the first four members of the jury, counsel for Bethalto
and Imo's objected and moved for a mistrial, stating that plaintiff's counsel had just
instructed Metro East on how to exercise its challenge. Counsel then went on to state that
he believed that there had been some kind of deal struck where some of the defendants
were going to use their challenges for the benefit of plaintiff in order to gain dismissals.
The court denied counsel's motion for mistrial. Shortly thereafter, the court empanelled
the first four jurors. This panel was accepted by counsel for Bethalto and Imo's. At that
point, counsel still had an additional peremptory challenge. Jury selection concluded
without any further objections.
¶ 12 The next morning, Metro East, Yelton, and Greene filed a joint motion for a good-
faith finding of settlement, informing the court that the plaintiff had agreed to their
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dismissal in exchange for $20,000. Counsel for Bethalto and Imo's then stated that he
was renewing his motion for mistrial. He also stated that he was objecting to the
settlement as not being made in good faith because of how the challenges were exercised.
Counsel for plaintiff stated that the settlement was in good faith and that the settlement
amount was all the insurance coverage available. Plaintiff's counsel went on to state that
none of the remaining defendants (Bethalto, Imo's, or Kenneth Lyerla) had identified any
juror who was objectionable or how their rights were violated. Counsel for Bethalto and
Imo's was then asked by the judge, "Is it your position that they should be kept in this
trial throughout the whole thing, even though they have settled?" Counsel answered, "I
am objecting to the good[-]faith finding."
¶ 13 Counsel for Metro East responded:
"Everything done here was for the purpose of defending our client. They can no
more claim that we can't take any and every avenue to defend our clients, than we
can claim they did. Everything has been in the open. They had every opportunity
to object to any jurors that were on the panel; they didn't do it."
The judge then asked Bethalto and Imo's counsel, "So what do you suggest?" Counsel
responded, "I suggest keeping them in." The judge approved the settlement. Lisa Lyerla
was subsequently dismissed from the suit. The case proceeded to trial against Kenneth
Lyerla, Bethalto, and Imo's. Kenneth Lyerla was dismissed sometime prior to verdict.
¶ 14 Bethalto and Imo's contend that a new trial is warranted because they were
deprived of their statutory allocation of peremptory challenges when two of the
codefendant groups used their peremptory challenges for the benefit of plaintiff. Plaintiff
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responds that defendants were not deprived of their statutory allocations, because each
side agreed to the allocation of peremptory challenges among themselves in compliance
with the plain language of the statute.
¶ 15 Defendants based their motion for new trial, in part, on the trial court's denial of
their motion for a mistrial. " 'Generally, a mistrial should be granted where an error of
such gravity has occurred that it has infected the fundamental fairness of the trial, such
that continuation of the proceeding would defeat the ends of justice.' " Lovell v. Sarah
Bush Lincoln Health Center, 397 Ill. App. 3d 890, 899 (2010) (quoting People v. Bishop,
218 Ill. 2d 232, 251 (2006)). A trial court's denial of a motion for a mistrial will not be
disturbed unless there has been a clear abuse of discretion. Id.
¶ 16 Section 2-1106 of the Illinois Code of Civil Procedure provides, in relevant part:
"Each side shall be entitled to 5 peremptory challenges. If there is more than one
party on any side, the court may allow each side additional peremptory challenges,
not to exceed 3, on account of each additional party on the side having the greatest
number of parties. Each side shall be allowed an equal number of peremptory
challenges. If the parties on a side are unable to agree upon the allocation of
peremptory challenges among themselves, the allocation shall be determined by
the court." 735 ILCS 5/2-1106(a) (West 2010).
While defendants couch their argument in terms of not receiving their statutory
allocation, we agree with plaintiff that the plain language of the statute was adhered to
because each side was given the same number of challenges and the defendants agreed to
the allocation among themselves.
6
¶ 17 Defendants essentially concede this point when they state in their brief that "the
trial court correctly allocated eight peremptory challenges to each side, eight challenges
to plaintiff and eight challenges to split among the four defendants." What counsel meant
was that the defendants' maximum allocation of eight peremptory challenges was divided
evenly among the four groups of defendants, represented by four different attorneys. As
both Imo's and Bethalto were represented by one attorney, they received two challenges.
¶ 18 We note that many of the cases cited by defendants are ones where the court
assigned an unequal number of challenges to each side. To the extent that they rely on
that issue, we find those cases of little value in our analysis. Most notably, defendants
cite to Schultz v. Gilbert, where the trial court incorrectly interpreted the statute to allow
extra peremptory challenges to additional parties on a plaintiff's side without affording
the same ratio to defendants. Schultz v. Gilbert, 300 Ill. App. 417, 420-21 (1939). We
also note that defendants cite to a number of cases from foreign jurisdictions, which we
decline to discuss as we believe Illinois case law adequately addresses and controls the
issues before us.
¶ 19 We believe defendants' real point of contention is how the allocated challenges
were utilized by the settling codefendants–that they were utilized for the benefit of
plaintiff rather than the benefit of defendants, Bethalto and Imo's. In defendants' words,
"In essence, the co-defendants were actually in plaintiff's camp, which destroyed the
adversary nature of the proceeding and promoted fundamental unfairness." It is this
argument that we will address.
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¶ 20 At trial, Bethalto and Imo's counsel moved for a mistrial and, in the alternative, for
a denial of a good-faith settlement of the codefendants. However, at no time did counsel
request that the court reallocate the peremptory challenges, as provided for by statute in
the event parties on a side are unable to agree on the allocation. Even after the court
asked defendants' counsel what he suggested doing, counsel opted to keep the panel
intact, instead repeatedly moving for a mistrial and urging the court not to approve the
settlement. Bethalto and Imo's cannot now claim that they were denied equal allocation
of peremptory challenges based on an alleged de facto realignment of the sides when they
did not request that relief below. A court properly denies the request for a mistrial when
less drastic remedies are not pursued. People v. Hood, 213 Ill. 2d 244, 262-63 (2004).
Also of note, Bethalto and Imo's do not claim error on appeal as to the good-faith
settlement finding–the other form of relief sought in the trial court.
¶ 21 In O'Donnell v. Holy Family Hospital, a similar claim was made. O'Donnell v.
Holy Family Hospital, 289 Ill. App. 3d 634, 649 (1997). There, the trial court refused to
dismiss for cause two persons who indicated that they could not award millions of dollars
in damages. Plaintiffs claimed on appeal that they were forced to exhaust all their
peremptory challenges and forced to accept the objectionable jurors. Id. In rejecting this
claim, the court stated:
"We need not decide whether refusal to dismiss the two jurors for cause was error.
Plaintiffs' counsel never requested additional preemptories or informed the court
that plaintiffs were being forced to accept objectionable jurors. Nor do plaintiffs
attempt to explain why the jurors they were forced to accept were objectionable.
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Plaintiffs' simple assertion of prejudice is insufficient grounds for finding
reversible error." Id.
¶ 22 Similarly, in Lange v. Freund, the court refused to review a claim that plaintiffs
were denied a fair and impartial jury where the trial court had announced before jury
selection began that if a four-member panel had not been completed and sworn by the
end of the day, all jurors in that panel would be dismissed and they would begin anew the
next day. Lange v. Freund, 367 Ill. App. 3d 641, 648 (2006). Neither party objected to
this rule. Id. The four-member panel was not sworn by the end of the day, and the panel
members were dismissed. Id. Neither party objected at that time or when jury selection
resumed the next day and the remainder of the jury was empanelled. Id. The appellate
court stated, "Since the Langes did not object to the court's announcement of its rule, to
its application of the rule at the time the three jurors from the incomplete second panel
were dismissed, or to its assessment of the parties' remaining number of peremptory
challenges, they have waived the issue." Id. at 648-49.
¶ 23 Here, Bethalto and Imo's not only failed to ask for the relief afforded by statute–a
reallocation of challenges–they also failed to object to any jurors they now claim were
objectionable. Relief not requested in the trial court may not be considered on appeal.
Powell v. Dean Foods Co., 2012 IL 111714, ¶ 41. Because defendants' counsel did not
identify any objectionable jurors at trial, we do not know whether they had any
challenges left when the objectionable jurors were seated. However, a review of the
record does reveal that Bethalto and Imo's had one challenge left at the point in time
when the first four members of the jury were empanelled and the defendants moved for a
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mistrial. The failure to use a peremptory challenge on an objectionable juror waives the
issue on appeal. People v. Bowens, 407 Ill. App. 3d 1094, 1100 (2011). We find that the
claimed error, if in fact it was an error, has been forfeited.
¶ 24 Forfeiture notwithstanding, the erroneous denial of a peremptory challenge does
not require reversal unless the defendant can show that a biased or otherwise unqualified
juror rendered a verdict against him. Jimenez v. City of Chicago, 732 F.3d 710, 714 (7th
Cir. 2013). "Prejudice in the jury selection process is not shown by the mere assertion
that a party would have preferred different members of the jury; Illinois courts have
instead required a showing that a party was forced to accept a juror that was
objectionable and was unable to excuse that juror due to the lack of peremptory
challenges." Lange, 367 Ill. App. 3d at 649 (citing O'Donnell, 289 Ill. App. 3d at 649;
Snyder v. Poplett, 98 Ill. App. 3d 359, 365 (1981)). Even a Batson challenge (Batson v.
Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986)) is subject to a harmless error analysis without a showing
that a biased juror was seated. Jimenez, 732 F.3d at 714. Bethalto and Imo's argue,
however, that "[t]he issue is not that objectionable jurors were empanelled," but that
through plaintiff's manipulation with the jury selection process potentially "pro-defense"
jurors were removed resulting in a "pro-plaintiff" jury. This position is untenable and not
supported by case law. "Generally, the nature of a peremptory challenge suggests it may
be used for any reason." Tucker v. Illinois Power Co., 217 Ill. App. 3d 748, 751 (1991).
"The right of peremptory challenge is a right to exclude jurors, not to select them. It
enables a party to say who shall not try his case, but it does not enable him to select the
particular jurors by whom he wishes his case tried." Schultz, 300 Ill. App. at 422.
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Bethalto and Imo's were given the right to exclude the jurors that they did not want to try
their case through their allotment of challenges. Defendants' argument assumes that they
also have the right to control how other parties on the same side choose to use their
challenges. Defendants have not cited a case that supports this proposition. Defendants'
presumption of a unified defense may be an expectation, but does not equate to an
entitlement. Simpson v. Matthews, 339 Ill. App. 3d 322, 332 (2003).
¶ 25 Furthermore, the record reveals that Bethalto and Imo's had filed cross-claims
against the settling defendants, which contributed to an adversarial environment. There is
no requirement that once the parties on a side "agree upon the allocation of peremptory
challenges among themselves" (735 ILCS 5/2-1106(a) (West 2010)), the parties must
also agree on how the allocated challenges shall be used. "[T]he right to a fair trial does
not mean an ideal trial or a trial under circumstances most advantageous to either party."
Simpson, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 332.
¶ 26 Moreover, unless shown otherwise, we must presume that the jurors were
impartial. Apart from defendants' nebulous claim that a "pro-plaintiff" jury was
empanelled, they have made no showing that anything but a fair and impartial jury
decided the case to conclusion. To find otherwise would open up any verdict adverse to
the party in question.
¶ 27 We are equally unpersuaded by defendants' analogy to a "Mary Carter agreement."
As counsel concedes, the settlements at issue here were not "technically" Mary Carter
agreements, and thus we need not analyze them as such. See Simpson, 339 Ill. App. 3d at
328-29. We believe, however, that defendants' claim that the settlements were akin to a
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Mary Carter agreement also lacks merit. The settling defendants were forthright about
not aligning with Bethalto and Imo's, and they used their challenges as they saw fit.
¶ 28 Finally, we find no basis for defendants' accusation that a fraud was committed on
the trial court or that plaintiff's counsel violated the rules of professional conduct.
¶ 29 We believe that the transparency of the jury selection proceedings adequately
protected Bethalto's and Imo's right to a fair trial, while at the same time promoting the
court's policy to encourage settlements. We find that the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying defendants' motion for a mistrial.
¶ 30 B. Imo's Liability
¶ 31 Imo's contends that the trial court erred in denying its section 2-619 (735 ILCS
5/2-619 (West 2010)) motion to dismiss plaintiff's amended complaint, its motion for
summary judgment, and its motions for directed verdict because plaintiff failed to plead
and prove, as a matter of law, that Imo's owed him a duty of care or that the breach of any
duty was a proximate cause of his alleged injury. Imo's also contends that plaintiff failed
to prove that it was liable under a theory of respondeat superior. Imo's therefore
contends that it was entitled to a judgment notwithstanding the verdict. In the alternative,
Imo's asks for a new trial.
¶ 32 We apply a de novo standard of review to a trial court's denial of a motion for
summary judgment, motion for directed verdict, and motion for judgment n.o.v. Lawlor
v. North American Corp. of Illinois, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 37; McClure v. Owens Corning
Fiberglas Corp., 188 Ill. 2d 102, 132 (1999). "[V]erdicts ought to be directed and
judgments n.o.v. entered only in those cases in which all of the evidence, when viewed in
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its aspect most favorable to the opponent, so overwhelmingly favors movant that no
contrary verdict based on that evidence could ever stand." Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern
R.R. Co., 37 Ill. 2d 494, 510 (1967). We apply an abuse of discretion standard to a
motion for new trial. Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 455 (1992). A trial court has
abused its discretion when the verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id.
A verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence where the opposite result is
clearly evident or the jury's findings are unreasonable, arbitrary, and not based upon the
evidence. Id. at 454.
¶ 33 As previously discussed, plaintiff's complaint contained counts alleging that Imo's
was liable due to its own negligence as well as on a theory of vicarious liability. The jury
found Imo's liable on both counts.
¶ 34 1. Direct Negligence
¶ 35 As a threshold matter, notwithstanding Imo's contention that plaintiff failed to
plead and prove that Imo's owed him a duty of care, we do not address the sufficiency of
the complaint, as Imo's attacks on plaintiff's pleadings were by a section 2-619 petition,
thereby admitting the legal sufficiency of the complaint. Reynolds v. Jimmy John's
Enterprises, LLC, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶ 31.
¶ 36 Imo's argues that plaintiff failed to plead and prove that Imo's owed a duty to
plaintiff. Imo's general contention is that, as a matter of law, it owed no duty of care to
plaintiff because there was no relationship between plaintiff and Imo's giving rise to a
direct duty to protect plaintiff from the conduct of a third person. Plaintiff contends that
every person owes a duty of ordinary care to guard against injuries that are the
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foreseeable risk of a defendant's conduct. He argues that he pled and proved that Imo's
created a foreseeable risk of injury. Plaintiff also argues that he demonstrated that Imo's
assumed the risk of protecting him against harm caused by Lyerla. Imo's contends that
plaintiff failed to establish a duty under either theory. Imo's further argues that if there
was a duty, plaintiff failed to show that the breach of a duty was the proximate cause of
his alleged injury.
¶ 37 a. Duty of Care
¶ 38 It is well settled Illinois law that " 'every person owes a duty of ordinary care to all
others to guard against injuries which naturally flow as a reasonably probable and
foreseeable consequence of an act, and such a duty does not depend upon contract, privity
of interest or the proximity of relationship, but extends to remote and unknown
persons.' " Simpkins v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 19 (quoting
Widlowski v. Durkee Foods, 138 Ill. 2d 369, 373 (1990)). "Thus, where a defendant's
course of action creates a foreseeable risk of injury, the defendant has a duty to protect
others from such injury." Doe-3 v. McLean County Unit District No. 5 Board of
Directors, 2012 IL 112479, ¶ 21; Simpkins, 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 19.
¶ 39 The criterion in a duty analysis is whether a plaintiff and a defendant stood in such
a relationship to each other that the law imposed an obligation upon the defendant to act
for the protection of the plaintiff. Simpkins, 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 18; Marshall v. Burger
King Corp., 222 Ill. 2d 422, 436 (2006). However, there is no requirement that the
relationship between the parties be a direct one. Doe-3, 2012 IL 112479, ¶ 22. The
relationship test is answered through the analysis of four factors: (1) the reasonable
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foreseeability of the injury, (2) the likelihood of the injury, (3) the magnitude of the
burden of guarding against the injury, and (4) the consequences of placing that burden on
the defendant. Id. The analysis of these factors depends on policies inherent in the
factors, and the weight given to each factor depends on the circumstances of the
particular case. Id.
¶ 40 The duty analysis begins with the question of whether the defendant by act or
omission created or contributed to a risk of harm to the plaintiff. Simpkins, 2012 IL
110662, ¶ 21. If the answer to that question is yes, then we proceed to analyze the four
relationship factors stated above. If the answer is no, then we address whether there were
any special relationships that establish duty between the defendant and the plaintiff, i.e.,
common carrier/passenger, innkeeper/guest, custodian/ward, and possessor of land who
holds it open to the public/member of the public who enters in response to the possessor's
invitation. Id. ¶ 20 (citing Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 438).
¶ 41 Where the act or omission of the defendant did not contribute to a risk of harm to
the plaintiff, the absence of a special relationship negates any duty to take affirmative
action to protect the plaintiff. Generally, there is no duty to control the conduct of a third
person to prevent him from causing physical harm to another. Hollywood Trucking, Inc.
v. Watters, 385 Ill. App. 3d 237, 242 (2008); see also Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 314 (1965). However, this rule does not apply where an act or omission of the
defendant does contribute to the risk of harm. "Restatement Third of Torts (Liability for
Physical and Emotional Harm) § 37 (2010) now covers this ground and clarifies the
Second Restatement's rule by making it clear that the defendant does not escape liability
15
if he has himself created a risk of physical harm." D. Dobbs, The Law of Torts, ch. 35,
§ 405, p. 652 n.3 (2d ed. 2011). "[T]he no-duty-to-control rule has no logical application
when the defendant is affirmatively negligent in creating a risk of harm to the plaintiff
through the instrumentality of another or otherwise." Dobbs, ch. 36, § 414, p. 700.
¶ 42 Turning to the instant case, we ask the threshold question whether Imo's conduct
by act or omission created or contributed to a risk of harm to plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges
that Imo's actively contributed to a risk of harm to the plaintiff by (a) establishing an
unusually large delivery area for the Bethalto store; (b) requiring "timely" delivery; (c)
requiring Bethalto to have Lyerla sign a contract stating he could be terminated for failing
to deliver pizzas expeditiously; and (d) creating a financial incentive to young drivers to
drive at unsafe speeds. He alleges that this conduct created or contributed to a condition
of unsafe driving that put plaintiff traveling on the same roads as Lyerla at risk of harm.
Because plaintiff alleges that Imo's conduct contributed to the risk of harm, we look to
the four relationship factors to determine whether this conduct gave rise to a legally
cognizant duty.
¶ 43 The first factor we consider is the reasonable foreseeability of the injury. Imo's
argues that it "merely created a scenario under which Bethalto would place its employees
upon the roadways to deliver pizzas." As such, Imo's contends, there would be no reason
for it to expect that an employee of its franchisee would operate a vehicle in a negligent
manner. Furthermore, Imo's argues that it placed an emphasis on safety in its franchise
agreement, manual, and driver contract.
16
¶ 44 "Foreseeability of harm, in connection with a duty, is not a magical concept that
ignores common sense." St. Paul Insurance Co. of Illinois v. Estate of Venute, 275 Ill.
App. 3d 432, 436 (1995). A person has a greater reason to anticipate negligence than
criminal conduct. Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 440 (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 302B cmt. d (1965)). It is unrealistic to posit that Imo's had no reason to expect that a
franchisee's employee would operate a vehicle negligently. Imo's knew or should have
known that from time to time vehicle-related accidents would occur involving its
franchisee's delivery drivers, and that some of those accidents would be attributable to the
fault of the delivery driver. We may assume the general foreseeability of occasional
accidents involving pizza delivery drivers, who will be at fault some of the time. See
Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 442 (recognizing the reasonable foreseeability of harm caused by
automobile accidents given the pervasiveness of automobiles, roadways, and parking
lots). The relevant query then becomes whether it was reasonably foreseeable that Imo's
actions would or could affect the conduct of Lyerla, thereby contributing to the risk of
harm to plaintiff.
¶ 45 Restatement (Second) of Torts section 303 states, "An act is negligent if the actor
intends it to affect, or realizes or should realize that it is likely to affect, the conduct of
another, a third person, or an animal in such a manner as to create an unreasonable risk of
harm to the other." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 303 (1965). Imo's argues that
because it emphasizes driver safety the expectation by Imo's was that "a franchisee's
delivery personnel will act in a reasonably safe manner and never sacrifice safety for
speedy delivery."
17
¶ 46 Nineteen-year-old Kenneth Lyerla crossed the center line and hit the vehicle in
which plaintiff was a passenger head-on. An eyewitness testified that Lyerla was
speeding–"flying down the road"–when he swerved to avoid a stopped vehicle. The
witness testified that Lyerla did not appear to reduce his speed before impact. At the
time, he was in the process of a pizza delivery for his employer, Bethalto Pizza.
¶ 47 Imo's operating manual, franchise agreement, and driver contract were admitted
into evidence. Imo's policies emphasized speed of delivery–"as soon as possible." Imo's
required a driver contract that allowed for termination for failure to make "timely"
deliveries or with "expedition." Imo's compensation scheme did not require drivers to be
paid an hourly rate, but did require that they make minimum wage. Drivers could make
more than minimum wage only by delivering as many pizzas an hour as possible, because
they could keep delivery fees and tips. Imo's benefited by drivers making as many
deliveries as fast as possible because its franchisees paid it a monthly continuing fee
license equal to 4% of their sales. There was no bonus for safe driving or any safe
driving training or program.
¶ 48 Imo's required its franchisees to provide pizza deliveries, and it allowed the
franchisee to determine size of the delivery area beyond a three-quarter-mile radius from
each restaurant. The delivery range for the Bethalto franchise was up to 10 miles. The
further away the delivery, the less money drivers could potentially make, as drivers could
drive as long as 15 minutes in one direction. Consequently, drivers could deliver as few
as two pizzas an hour and make less than minimum wage on delivery fees and tips.
18
¶ 49 Imo's had a written policy that drivers must have fewer than three moving
violations in the three preceding years. Imo's retained the right to monitor and enforce
compliance with its policies, but did not have anyone assigned to check on driver's
records. Lyerla had three moving violations in less than the three years preceding the
accident. According to Imo's own mandatory written policy, Lyerla should not have been
delivering pizzas.
¶ 50 We cannot say as a matter of law that it was unforeseeable that delivery drivers
would sacrifice safety for speedy deliveries given the large size of the delivery area; the
financial incentive to maximize deliveries; the young age and inexperience of some of its
drivers; the requirement that deliveries were to be "timely," "efficient," and made "as
soon as possible"; and the fact that the driver contract allowed Imo's to terminate a driver
for not delivering pizzas quickly enough. The fact that Imo's required delivery drivers
have fewer than three moving violations also evidenced knowledge that unsafe driving
could contribute to accidents.
¶ 51 We next consider the likelihood of the injury. The injuries suffered by plaintiff
were not remote or unlikely under the circumstances as a matter of law. Imo's
requirement of pizza deliveries placed its franchise drivers on the road with other
vehicles. Defendant Bethalto has admitted that Lyerla's negligent driving was the cause
of the accident whereby plaintiff was injured. Had Imo's enforced its own policy, it
would have discovered Lyerla's history of moving violations and not placed him on the
road delivering pizzas. Having determined that the risk of harm was foreseeable as a
matter of law, we likewise find that the plaintiff's injury was reasonably likely to arise
19
from a pizza delivery driver with past moving violations who was speeding to deliver a
pizza. See Doe-3, 2012 IL 112479, ¶ 33.
¶ 52 The next factor we address is the magnitude of the burden of guarding against the
injury. Imo's argues that the burden of guarding against the injury here would be great,
requiring that it either cease deliveries or control the manner and method of delivery in
all of its 94 franchise locations. Plaintiff counters with the argument that the magnitude
of the harm of speeding delivery drivers is great, including death and serious injury,
while the burden of guarding against such injuries would not be great.
¶ 53 We agree with plaintiff that the burden of guarding against the injury would not be
great when balanced with the seriousness of auto-related injuries caused by speeding
delivery drivers. We believe that the precautionary measures that Imo's could undertake
are not so onerous as to cause defendant to cease pizza deliveries or require it to
micromanage its 94 franchise locations. Imo's could remove the financial incentive that
encourages drivers to maximize the number of deliveries in an hour; remove language
from the driver contract that would allow Imo's to terminate drivers who do not deliver
pizzas with "expedition"; remove language from the franchise agreement, manual, and
driver contract that emphasize and require deliveries be made quickly; reduce the size of
the delivery area; allow the franchisee to determine whether or not to provide deliveries;
incentivize safe deliveries; provide safe driving training; and enforce its own safety
polices. Most notably in this instance, enforcement of its own policy–that a driver could
not have three or more moving violations and deliver pizzas–would have precluded
20
Lyerla from delivering pizzas. None of these alternatives would impose an undue burden
on Imo's.
¶ 54 The final relationship factor is the consequences of placing the burden on the
defendant. Imo's arguments that it would be forced out of business if it stopped pizza
deliveries and had to micromanage its 94 franchises are speculative at best. This is
particularly true since the precautionary measures proposed to reduce the risk of harm to
plaintiff would not require drastic measures. We adhere to the language in Marshall
wherein the court cautioned against conflating duty and breach, recognizing a duty of
care does not equate with a finding of breach or proximate cause: "In short, merely
concluding that the duty applies does not constitute an automatic, broad-based declaration
of negligence liability." Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 443. We find that plaintiff proved
circumstances that gave rise to a duty owed by Imo's to plaintiff in this case.
¶ 55 b. Assumption of Duty
¶ 56 Imo's argues additionally that plaintiff failed to prove that it voluntarily assumed a
duty of care towards plaintiff. As we have just discussed, if a defendant has created or
contributed to the risk of harm to a plaintiff, there is no additional requirement that an
independent or direct relationship be shown to establish a duty. Simpkins, 2012 IL
110662, ¶ 19. Imo's argues, however, that to impose duty in a franchisor-franchisee case,
there must be one of the four recognized special relationships or a voluntary undertaking.
Imo's relies extensively on Castro v. Brown's Chicken & Pasta, Inc., 314 Ill. App. 3d 542
(2000), for this argument. We disagree and find Imo's reliance on Castro misplaced.
21
¶ 57 Castro involved the murder of several restaurant patrons at a Brown's Chicken &
Pasta franchise. Castro, an administrator of one of the decedents' estates, brought suit
against the franchisor, claiming that it owed a duty towards the plaintiff because it
"exercised control over the franchisee by virtue of the franchise agreement and by
recommending safety rules for the employees." Id. at 544. The trial court dismissed the
complaint because it did not plead a voluntary undertaking. Id. The court subsequently
dismissed plaintiff's amended complaint on a motion for summary judgment as to
proximate cause, but not as to the amended voluntary undertaking count. Id. at 546.
¶ 58 On cross-appeals, the appellate court affirmed the dismissal as to proximate cause
and reversed and dismissed the voluntary undertaking count. The court found that the
franchisee had retained total control over the day-to-day operations of the restaurant. Id.
at 552. The court held that the franchisor did not voluntarily undertake to provide
security at the restaurant. Id. In making this determination, the court noted: "Clearly,
there is no legal duty on the part of Brown's because no special relationship exists
between it and plaintiff. Therefore, the issue becomes whether Brown's was negligent in
voluntarily undertaking to provide security for the plaintiffs." Id. at 547.
¶ 59 The most notable distinction between Castro and the instant case is that Castro
involved a criminal act. In general, there is no affirmative duty to protect a third party
from a criminal act. Hills v. Bridgeview Little League Ass'n, 195 Ill. 2d 210, 228 (2000).
To the extent that this language is read to make a finding of a special relationship or a
voluntary undertaking an absolute prerequisite as a matter of law to the recognition of a
duty in a franchisor-franchisee case, we believe this interpretation conflicts with the
22
principles our supreme court set down in Marshall and Simpkins. Simpkins instructs that
if a course of action creates or contributes to a foreseeable risk of injury, that individual
has a duty to protect others from such injury. Simpkins, 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 19.
Consequently, duty does not necessarily hinge on a special relationship or a voluntary
undertaking, even though such relationships may help establish the foreseeability of the
injury. Id.; see also Marshall, 222 Ill. 2d at 436-37 (emphasizing the four factors that
give rise to a duty and the policy considerations inherent in those factors). While we do
not believe that a finding of a voluntary undertaking is a necessary prerequisite to the
recognition of a franchisor's duty, we determine whether Imo's voluntarily assumed a
duty.
¶ 60 Under the voluntary undertaking doctrine of liability, " '[o]ne who voluntarily
undertakes to render services to another is liable for bodily harm caused by his failure to
perform such services with due care or with such competence and skill as he possesses.' "
Decker v. Domino's Pizza, Inc., 268 Ill. App. 3d 521, 526 (1994) (quoting Siklas v. Ecker
Center for Mental Health, Inc., 248 Ill. App. 3d 124, 131 (1993)). A defendant is subject
to liability if the defendant voluntarily undertakes a duty and performs that duty
negligently and the negligence is the proximate cause of the injury to plaintiff. Phillips v.
Chicago Housing Authority, 89 Ill. 2d 122, 126 (1982). Where a duty of care is imposed,
it is limited to the extent of the undertaking. Frye v. Medicare-Glaser Corp., 153 Ill. 2d
26, 32 (1992).
23
¶ 61 Illinois courts have adopted the section 324A of the Restatement (Second) of
Torts, "Liability to Third Person for Negligent Performance of Undertaking," which
provides:
"One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to
another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person
or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting
from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if
(a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or
(b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to the third
person, or
(c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person
upon the undertaking." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A (1965).
¶ 62 Imo's maintains that any imposition of liability based on a voluntary undertaking
should be based on misfeasance, not nonfeasance, and generally must involve an
affirmative act. We have already determined Imo's actions were affirmative, particularly
in regard to the drivers' requirements. Furthermore, our supreme court has held that a
voluntarily assumed duty is not limited to misfeasance or reliance. Phillips, 89 Ill. 2d at
127-28. "The failure to properly complete or to carry out an assumed duty imposes
liability in the same manner as for dangers affirmatively created during the course of the
assumed undertaking." Martin v. McDonald's Corp., 213 Ill. App. 3d 487, 491 (1991)
(citing Phillips, 89 Ill. 2d at 127-29).
24
¶ 63 Imo's next contends that Bethalto retained total control over all the day-to-day
operations of the franchise and therefore under the law it has not undertaken a duty to
protect against the acts of its franchisee. In several cases cited by Imo's and plaintiff,
courts have considered whether franchisors may be held liable for the criminal acts of
third persons to employees and patrons of restaurants based on assuming a voluntary duty
to protect the plaintiff. The issue of control is one of the determinative factors.
¶ 64 In Castro, discussed earlier, and Chelkova v. Southland Corp., 331 Ill. App. 3d
716 (2002), two cases decided by summary judgment, the courts held that the franchisors
did not undertake voluntary duties to protect their franchisees' employees from criminal
attacks. In both cases, the franchisors had made suggestions or recommendations
regarding security, but did not mandate security measures be followed by the franchisees.
Chelkova, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 724; Castro, 314 Ill. App. 3d at 551. Both courts found that
all security decisions were left up to the franchisees' discretion and that the franchisees
were permitted to run the businesses as they saw fit. Chelkova, 331 Ill. App. 3d at 724;
Castro, 314 Ill. App. 3d at 552.
¶ 65 In contrast, in Martin v. McDonald's and Decker v. Domino's Pizza, two cases
tried to verdict, the courts held that the franchisors did undertake voluntary duties to
establish security policies to protect their franchisees' employees from criminal harm.
Decker, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 527; Martin, 213 Ill. App. 3d at 493. In Martin, the court
found that "McDonald's clearly established a security policy which unquestionably
included a follow-up. Nevertheless, its key security people *** admittedly failed to
follow up." Martin, 213 Ill. App. 3d at 493. In Decker, the court found that once
25
Domino's Pizza undertook to establish a security program whose goal was to deter
robberies and protect employees from harm, it had a duty to act with reasonable care.
Defendant could be found liable for the negligent performance of the duty it undertook.
Decker, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 527.
¶ 66 In a more recent case, Lawson v. Schmitt Boulder Hill, Inc., on appeal from a
section 2-619 dismissal, the court reversed the dismissal, holding that the franchisor
failed to meet its burden of showing that it owed no duty to its franchisee's employee who
had been criminally attacked. Lawson v. Schmitt Boulder Hill, Inc., 398 Ill. App. 3d 127,
134 (2010). The court discussed at some length Castro, Chelkova, Martin, and Decker,
and in summary stated that these cases "illustrate that whether a franchisor maintains
mandatory security procedures is a crucial factor in determining whether the franchisor
has voluntarily undertaken a duty of care toward a franchisee's employees." Id. at 133.
Taking the allegations of the complaint as true, the court further found that, unlike the
defendants in Castro and Chelkova, McDonald's, the franchisor, had mandated
compliance with security procedures. Id. The Lawson court commented on McDonald's
affidavit, in which McDonald's averred that it lacked authority to control the day-to-day
operations of the franchisee or to hire, discharge, or discipline the franchisee's employees.
The court stated, "none of the pertinent cases suggest that such authority is a prerequisite
to the recognition of a duty." Id. The court went on to state that other averments in the
affidavit–such as claims that McDonald's does not supply any products to the franchisee
and does not file a tax return for the franchisee–were even less relevant. The court
emphasized that "[n]otably absent" from McDonald's affidavit were any averments
26
discussing its policies regarding security at franchisee restaurants, the very factors that
were found to be relevant in Martin and Decker. Id. at 133-34.
¶ 67 Apart from the fact that the instant case does not involve criminal conduct, we
believe that our case is more similar to Martin and Decker than Castro and Chelkova.
Here, the factors that are relevant to whether Imo's actions amounted to a voluntary
undertaking are those having to do with its driver safety policies. The safety policies
Imo's set for drivers were self-imposed standards that mandated compliance.
¶ 68 Critically here, Imo's required a good driving record. The manual provided that a
"Good Driving Record" "means the person does not have *** 3 or more moving citations
and/or accidents in the most recent 3 years." (Emphasis in original.) The manual further
provided: "[A motor vehicle report (MVR)] must be checked before someone is hired and
at least every 6 months while an individual who is working for you has any driving
responsibilities. If a driver's MVR changes so that they no longer have a Good Driving
Record, they must be prohibited from performing further driving for you." (Emphasis in
original.) The franchisee was required to adhere to all standards that were italicized in
the manual. The manual also required that each store "must keep every MVR you obtain
on an employee in that employee's file." (Emphasis in original.)
¶ 69 Importantly, the manual further reserved to Imo's the right to monitor the stores'
adherence to the policies and force compliance. Imo's assumed a duty to protect third
persons from accidents involving Imo's delivery drivers when it initiated a safe driving
policy; required its stores to obtain, update, and retain MVRs; and then reserved the right
27
to inspect for and enforce compliance. Yet, Imo's did nothing to monitor or enforce its
own safety policy.
¶ 70 Imo's also contends that the voluntary undertaking doctrine should be narrowly
construed and confined to the contractual obligation. Defendant cites the rule of law that
the duty of care is limited to the extent of the undertaking. Castro, 314 Ill. App. 3d at
547; Decker, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 526. Here, the scope of the undertaking is defined by the
standards that Imo's set out in its agreement, manual, and driver contract mandating
certain requirements be met. See Decker, 268 Ill. App. 3d at 526. The fact that Imo's
undertook to monitor Lyerla's driving record and failed to do so is within the scope of its
assumed duty. See Coty v. U.S. Slicing Machine Co., 58 Ill. App. 3d 237, 242 (1978).
¶ 71 In Martin, the defendant franchisor urged the court to consider the separate and
distinct nature of the corporate relationship with its licensee. The court stated, "No
matter what legal relationships existed, it was McDonald's Corporation which undertook
to provide security and protection to plaintiffs." Martin, 213 Ill. App. 3d at 491.
Restatement (Second) of Torts section 324A comment b states, "This Section applies to
any undertaking to render services to another, where the actor's negligent conduct in the
manner of performance of his undertaking, or his failure to exercise reasonable care to
complete it, or to protect the third person when he discontinues it, results in physical
harm to the third person or his things." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A cmt. b
(1965). Comment c states, "Clause (b) finds common application in cases of the
negligent performance of their duties by employees or independent contractors, which
creates or increases a risk of harm to third persons." Restatement (Second) of Torts
28
§ 324A cmt. c (1965). Thus, any concurrent negligence of Bethalto or Lylera does not
absolve Imo's of its duty once undertaken.
¶ 72 Regardless of whether Imo's had an affirmative duty to protect plaintiff from the
negligent acts of third persons, Imo's voluntarily undertook a duty when it set a
mandatory safety policy for driver's qualifications and then failed to monitor Bethalto for
compliance with its own policy.
¶ 73 c. Breach and Proximate Cause
¶ 74 Imo's contends that even if it owed plaintiff a duty, he has not proven a breach of
that duty or that the breach was the proximate cause of his injuries. In order to constitute
proximate cause, "[t]he injury must be the natural and probable result of the negligent act
or omission and be of such a character as an ordinarily prudent person ought to have
foreseen as likely to occur as a result of the negligence, although it is not essential that
the person charged with negligence should have foreseen the precise injury which
resulted from his act." Neering v. Illinois Central R.R. Co., 383 Ill. 366, 380 (1943).
"Questions concerning breach of a duty and proximate cause are factual matters for the
jury to decide. [Citations.] A jury's determination will not be set aside unless, clearly, it
is not supported by the evidence." Lee v. Chicago Transit Authority, 152 Ill. 2d 432, 454
(1992).
¶ 75 When all the evidence is considered along with all reasonable inferences in the
light most favorable to plaintiff, it was not unreasonable for the jury to conclude that
Imo's was negligent by virtue of its various operating policies and procedures that put
speed of delivery ahead of safe driving in delivering pizzas; that Imo's negligence played
29
a substantial part in Lyerla's admittedly negligent driving; and that the resulting accident
and injury to plaintiff was a reasonably probable consequence of Imo's conduct. In
addition, it was not unreasonable for the jury to conclude that Imo's had failed in its
assumed duty to monitor the driving record of Lyerla to ensure that he was in compliance
with Imo's requirement that no driver have three or more moving violations and deliver
pizzas; that Imo's failure to monitor allowed Lyerla to deliver pizzas when he was in
violation of Imo's own mandatory policy; and that the resulting accident and injury to
plaintiff was a reasonably probable consequence of Imo's conduct.
¶ 76 2. Vicarious Liability and Agency Relationship
¶ 77 Imo's contends that plaintiff failed to prove that it was liable for the actions of
Bethalto Pizza and its driver Lyerla under a theory of respondeat superior because the
evidence did not support the jury's finding that a principal-agent relationship existed
between Imo's and Bethalto. Imo's maintains that the agreement and manual expressly
stated Bethalto was an independent contractor and the evidence showed that Bethalto
retained total control over its day-to-day operations.
¶ 78 "Agency is the fiduciary relation which results from the manifestation of consent
by one person to another that the other shall act on his behalf and subject to his control,
and consent by the other so to act." Restatement (Second) of Agency § 1(1) (1958).
¶ 79 The principal-agent relationship is an exception to the general rule that a person
injured by the negligence of another must seek his remedy from the one who caused the
injury. Sperl v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., 408 Ill. App. 3d 1051, 1057 (2011).
Under traditional respondeat superior analysis, a principal can be found vicariously liable
30
for the torts of his agent committed within the scope of the agency or employment. Hills
v. Bridgeview Little League Ass'n, 195 Ill. 2d 210, 231 (2000); Wright v. City of Danville,
174 Ill. 2d 391, 405 (1996). A principal is generally not responsible for the conduct of an
independent contractor. Sperl, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 1057. "An independent contractor has
been repeatedly defined as one who renders service in the course of the occupation, and
represents the will of the person for whom the work is done only with respect to the
result, and not the means by which it is accomplished." Dean v. Ketter, 328 Ill. App.
206, 211 (1946).
¶ 80 A written contract is not conclusive of the nature of the relationship between the
parties. Despite an agreement labeling the relationship as that of an independent
contractor, the facts of the case can demonstrate an agency status. Sperl, 408 Ill. App. 3d
at 1057. The nature of the relationship depends on the actual practice between the parties
and, as a general rule, is a mixed question of law and fact to be submitted to the jury.
Davila v. Yellow Cab Co., 333 Ill. App. 3d 592, 595-96 (2002) (citing Tansey v.
Robinson, 24 Ill. App. 2d 227, 234 (1960)). "In determining whether a person is an agent
or an independent contractor, the court's cardinal consideration is the right to control the
manner of work performance, regardless of whether that right was actually exercised."
Sperl, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 1057; see also Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. 50.05
(1995).
¶ 81 Determination of whether a relationship of employer and employee, principal and
agent, or owner and independent contractor exists depends upon such facts as the manner
of hiring, the right to discharge, the manner and direction of servants, the right to
31
terminate the relationship, and the character of the supervision of the work done. Lawlor
v. North American Corp. of Illinois, 2012 IL 112530, ¶ 44.
¶ 82 Additionally, liability can arise from negligence in training or supervising under
both an agency and direct negligence theory. See Reynolds v. Jimmy John's Enterprises,
LLC, 2013 IL App (4th) 120139, ¶ 27 (citing Restatement (Second) of Agency § 213(a)
(1958); Restatement (Third) of Agency § 7.05(1) (2006)).
¶ 83 Restatement (Third) of Agency section 7.05(1) states, "A principal who conducts
an activity through an agent is subject to liability for harm to a third party caused by the
agent's conduct if the harm was caused by the principal's negligence in selecting, training,
retaining, supervising, or otherwise controlling the agent." Restatement (Third) of
Agency § 7.05(1) (2006). Comment b states, "The rules stated in this section stem from
general doctrines of tort law not limited in their applicability to relationships of agency as
defined in § 1.01." Restatement (Third) of Agency § 7.05 cmt. b (2006). Comment b
further provides, "It is not a defense to liability under this rule that the actor whose
conduct harms a third party does not have a relationship of agency as defined in § 1.01
with the person who conducted an activity through the actor." Restatement (Third) of
Agency § 7.05 cmt. b (2006). The reporter's notes state that this section is the counterpart
to Restatement (Second) of Agency section 213. "The formulation in this section, as in §
213, is not limited to situations in which an actor is characterized as the agent or
employee of the person who conducts an activity through the actor." Restatement (Third)
of Agency § 7.05, Reporter's Notes (2006).
32
¶ 84 After a careful review of the record, we find that the agreement, the confidential
operating manual, and the driver contract provided ample evidence along with trial
testimony that Imo's had the right to control many aspects of Bethalto's daily operations.
These documents allowed Imo's to control employment decisions, training, safety, daily
maintenance, wage and hour requirements, record-keeping, supervision and discipline of
employees, and hiring and firing, as well as the right to terminate the franchise
relationship with Bethalto. The agreement required the franchisee "to operate the Store
and provide delivery service *** in accordance with the operational standards as may be
established by Franchisor from time to time." While Imo's characterizes many of these
directives as suggestions or recommendations that were left up to the franchisee's
discretion, the frequent use of terminology such as "must," "require," and "mandatory"
belies that characterization. The manual expressly indicated that its numerous italicized
provisions were mandatory. In addition, some of the provisions that were not italicized
expressly mandated compliance. One such nonitalicized provision in the manual stated:
"You must be open on New Year's Eve. We suggest you stay open until 2:00 a.m." The
jury could have reasonably inferred that the use of compulsory language evidenced Imo's
right to operational control and that provisions like "You must be open on New Year's
Eve" were not mere suggestions or recommendations. Margaret Imo's testimony
admitted that there were requirements in the manual that were not italicized.
¶ 85 The agreement required Bethalto to "conform with standards relating to signage,
color scheme, appearance, hours of operation, cleanliness, sanitation, size of food item
33
portions, menus, methods of preparation, employee uniforms, type of equipment and
décor as designated by Franchisor."
¶ 86 There was evidence that Imo's control extended specifically to the pizza delivery
drivers. Pizza delivery was required under the agreement. Imo's prescribed the minimum
delivery area. Imo's required Bethalto to name Imo's Franchising, Inc., as an additional
insured on all general liability and nonowned auto insurance policies. Imo's required the
stores to pay a fee equal to 4% of their sales. The manual required Bethalto to adhere to
guidelines in hiring, supervising, and terminating the drivers. The manual included eight
pages of detailed requirements entitled "Hiring and Supervising Drivers." Imo's required
that drivers "have a Good Driving Record as established by a motor vehicle report
(MVR)." (Emphasis in original.) The manual further provided:
"This means the MVR must be checked before someone is hired and at least every
6 months while an individual who is working for you has any driving
responsibilities. If a driver's MVR changes so they no longer have a Good
Driving Record, they must be prohibited from performing further driving for you."
(Emphasis in original.)
Bethalto was required to keep every MVR it obtained in the employee's file. A full page
was devoted to what defined a good driving record. One requirement was that a driver
have fewer than three moving violations in the preceding three years.
¶ 87 The manual contained an appendix A with forms. The following forms were
mandatory as indicated: "Procedure for New Driver's MVR Report–This form is
mandatory"; "Driver Eligibility Guidelines–These guidelines are mandatory"; "Driver
34
Contract–This form is mandatory"; and "Safe Work Practices for Drivers–These practices
are mandatory." The procedure for new driver's MVR report and driver eligibility
guidelines contained numerous specific requirements for hiring. Imo's required that
Bethalto calculate the hourly rate of drivers to ensure that they receive minimum wage; if
they did not, Bethalto was required to make up the difference. The driver contract stated
that a driver could be terminated for not "performing the work with safety and
expedition."
¶ 88 Imo's reserved the right to enforce the standards to ensure compliance. The
manual provided:
"We have the right to make inspections and inquiries of your store during normal
business hours without notice. If we find areas that need improvement, we have
the right to make certain recommendations and suggestions to you, and in some
cases, we may require you to make certain changes or improvements. You agree
to make those changes and improvements that we may require of you."
Under the agreement, Imo's reserved the right to terminate the franchise if Bethalto did
not perform the mandatory obligations under the confidential operating manual.
¶ 89 Imo's contends that Bethalto conducted business without interference from Imo's
in its operations or procedures. Assuming this to be true, it is not determinative of the
agency status. It is the right to control rather than the fact of control that is determinative
of agency. See Sperl, 408 Ill. App. 3d at 1057. Likewise, the fact that the agreement
expressly stated that Bethalto was an independent contractor is also not determinative of
the relationship. See id.
35
¶ 90 Applying these rules of law and factors to this case, we find that the evidence
adduced at trial was sufficient to support the jury's finding on agency. The existence of
an agency relationship was genuinely disputed and properly a question to be decided by
the jury and not prior to trial. We also note that neither scope of agency nor apparent
agency was at issue. In considering all the evidence, along with reasonable inferences in
the light most favorable to the plaintiff, we cannot say that there was a total lack of
evidence to support the jury's determination that Bethalto was the agent of Imo's.
Further, we find that the jury's determination of agency was not against the manifest
weight of the evidence.
¶ 91 For these reasons we find that the trial court did not err in denying Imo's motion to
dismiss plaintiff's amended complaint, its motion for summary judgment, and its motions
for directed verdict.
¶ 92 C. Denial of the Motion for Remittitur or a New Trial on the Issue of Damages
¶ 93 Defendants next argue that the trial court erred in denying their request for
remittitur or in the alternative a new trial on damages for future medical expenses and
future lost earnings. They argue that the jury's award of $657,000.68 for past and future
medical expenses and $607,500 for past and future lost earnings is against the manifest
weight of the evidence.
¶ 94 The standard of review for a trial court's ruling on a motion for new trial on the
issue of compensatory damages is whether the verdict is against the manifest weight of
the evidence. Maple v. Gustafson, 151 Ill. 2d 445, 454 (1992); Blackburn v. Illinois
Central R.R. Co., 379 Ill. App. 3d 426, 430 (2008). "A verdict is against the manifest
36
weight when it is arbitrary, unreasonable, or not based upon any evidence." Hollowell v.
Wilder Corp. of Delaware, 318 Ill. App. 3d 984, 990 (2001) (citing Maple, 151 Ill. 2d at
454). When determining whether a verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence,
the appellate court should only consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
party who prevailed at trial. Wallace v. Radovick, 55 Ill. App. 2d 264, 266 (1965). The
standard of review for a trial court's ruling on remittitur is abuse of discretion. Hollowell,
318 Ill. App. 3d at 991.
¶ 95 1. Future Medical Expenses
¶ 96 We cannot say that the award for future medical expenses was against the manifest
weight of the evidence or that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion
for remittitur or new trial on damages. Plaintiff suffered a severe traumatic brain injury
(TBI) as a result of the collision. At the time of trial, plaintiff's related past medical
expenses totaled $196,315.68.
¶ 97 The jury heard testimony from three board-certified surgeons from Barnes-Jewish
Hospital regarding three surgeries they performed on plaintiff in the days following the
collision. Plaintiff was hospitalized at Barnes-Jewish for over two weeks and then
transferred to a rehabilitation facility for approximately another two-week period before
being released to outpatient therapy.
¶ 98 The jury also heard from Dr. Sindhu Jacob, a rehabilitation specialist who is board
certified in physical medicine. Dr. Jacob works with brain injury patients. She provided
inpatient physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy to plaintiff following
the accident. Dr. Jacob testified that plaintiff sustained skull fractures and suffered from
37
a seizure disorder, migraine headaches, deficits in attention, and memory impairment
symptoms, all of which were caused by the accident. She last saw plaintiff two weeks
before trial, in November, 2011. She reported that he had been hospitalized at Alton
Memorial Hospital for a grand mal seizure in February of 2011. Dr. Jacob testified that
the seizure disorder and migraine headaches were ongoing complications from the head
injury. She had prescribed two antiseizure medications and a migraine prevention
medication. She explained that if plaintiff had additional seizures, he could require
antiseizure medication for life. She stated that a brain injury increases the risk of
developing further seizures even if one had seizures before.
¶ 99 Dr. Jacob also testified that plaintiff was still experiencing developmental
complications after his brain injuries and that he was at risk for future complications,
including headaches, seizure disorders, behavioral problems, attention deficits, memory
issues, cognitive deficits, endocrine disorders, and hydrocephalus–an increase in the
pressure or build-up of the fluid in the ventricle system of the brain, which can cause
confusion, lethargy, sleepiness, and trouble with bladder control.
¶ 100 Dr. Fucetola, a neuropsychologist who first treated plaintiff in September 2009
during his rehabilitation, also testified on plaintiff's behalf. He characterized plaintiff's
brain injury as severe because testing done one hour postinjury scored plaintiff's brain
injury in the severe traumatic brain injury range and because a CT scan showed structural
brain damage. He testified that a six-millimeter midline shift of the plaintiff's brain due
to the subdural hematoma was "actually quite grave in terms of the brain." Dr. Fucetola
explained that because the brunt of the brain injury was to the left side, which controls
38
language and verbal abilities, difficulty with verbal memory and language would be
normal. He further testified that once a patient suffers a seizure after a severe TBI like
plaintiff did, the patient is at high risk for other seizures.
¶ 101 Dr. Fucetola testified that when he last saw plaintiff in August of 2011, plaintiff
essentially had the same issues he had when he saw him in August 2010. Dr. Fucetola
testified that plaintiff's condition was permanent, and that he was in the plateau phase
where he would not expect further recovery. He testified that plaintiff's defects included
short-term memory, verbal fluency, and mental speed. He noted that plaintiff's mental
speed defect was probably aggravated by the seizures caused by the TBI and the
antiseizure medication. Plaintiff's symptom validity tests showed that plaintiff put forth
his best effort. Dr. Fucetola testified that there were no treatments that could restore
plaintiff's functioning, but he could benefit from using pagers or devices that help keep
him reminded of things.
¶ 102 Dr. Raymond Cohen, a board-certified neurologist who examined plaintiff and his
medical records, testified on behalf of plaintiff that as a result of the accident, plaintiff
suffered a moderate traumatic brain injury, which required him to undergo a craniotomy
for a depressed skull fracture, including fixation with a plate and screws. In addition,
plaintiff suffered extensive skull fractures, including temporal bones, and left orbit of the
brain injury, a left frontal lobe contusion, and a small left-sided subdural hematoma with
midline shift of the brain six millimeters. Dr. Cohen further testified that plaintiff
suffered a bilateral pulmonary contusion requiring bilateral chest tubes, underwent
surgery for a cricothyrotomy with subsequent revision tracheostomy or tracheotomy,
39
sustained a larynx fracture requiring repair, and experienced posttraumatic seizures. The
seizures appeared to have stabilized by the time Dr. Cohen examined plaintiff. Dr.
Cohen saw plaintiff seven months after the accident but before he had his more recent
seizure in February 2011. Dr. Cohen testified that plaintiff also suffered from
posttraumatic sleep disorder, keloid scarring, intractable itching of the neck, and cervical
and lumbar strain/sprain. Dr. Cohen testified that it was extremely unlikely that plaintiff
would have a full recovery.
¶ 103 Dr. Zipfel, who performed plaintiff's craniotomy, testified that as a result of the
craniotomy, plaintiff is restricted from contact sports that might lead to a direct blow and
that he is at risk for reinjuring the area from motor vehicle accidents or falls. He is also at
risk for increased seizure activity over time.
¶ 104 Multiple witnesses testified that plaintiff cannot live on his own and needs a
caretaker to protect himself and anyone else living with him from accidents. There was
testimony that plaintiff's memory deficit was severe enough to create hazards. For
example, plaintiff forgets food on the stove and in the oven and forgets to take his
medication. Plaintiff's father had arranged for someone to live with plaintiff and help
care for him in exchange for free housing. However, that person has no training and is
not a licensed caregiver. The testimony characterized the situation as a somewhat
temporary arrangement.
¶ 105 Defendants' argument that the future award was excessive rests upon a contention
that there was no evidence that plaintiff needed future medical care. We first note that
defendants acknowledge that plaintiff incurred $196,315.68 in medical expenses at the
40
time of trial, which they concede was properly included in the damage award.
Defendants assert that plaintiff's future medical expenses should be limited to the cost of
$140 per month for his medication. According to defendants, the evidence supported a
verdict of no more than $24,371.02 for future medical expenses. Defendants arrive at
this amount by multiplying $140 per month over a life span of 51 years and reducing that
sum to present cash value.
¶ 106 " 'The determination of damages is a question reserved to the trier of fact, and a
reviewing court will not lightly substitute its opinion for the judgment rendered in the
trial court.' " Blackburn, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 430 (quoting Richardson v. Chapman, 175
Ill. 2d 98, 113 (1997)). Future damages by their nature are always subject to some
uncertainties. Because of the finality of a verdict, courts allow the trier of fact a degree
of latitude in awards for medical expenses shown by the evidence to likely arise in the
future but that are not itemized by testimony. Richardson, 175 Ill. 2d at 112.
¶ 107 At the time of trial, plaintiff was in ongoing treatment for seizure disorder and
debilitating headaches stemming from the brain injury. None of plaintiff's physicians
believed that he would fully recover. His doctors agreed that his condition–which
included severe short-term memory problems, decreased mental speed, and problems
with concentration and verbal fluency–was permanent. Plaintiff's doctors testified
regarding a number of complications and conditions that plaintiff was at risk for or could
likely develop as time passed. There was also testimony that the jury could have believed
regarding the need for an ongoing trained caretaker, particularly after plaintiff's parents
were no longer able to assist with his care. We find that the medical testimony justified
41
an inference that there would be future medical expenses. Levin v. Welsh Brothers Motor
Service, Inc., 164 Ill. App. 3d 640, 659 (1987); see also Scheibel v. Groeteka, 183 Ill.
App. 3d 120, 138 (1989) (future medical expenses could reasonably be inferred given the
evidence on the nature of the plaintiff's disability, despite lack of medical testimony on
amount of expenses).
¶ 108 This court has also held that the absence of direct testimony as to a particular
amount of damages is not sufficient reason alone to attack a jury verdict. Rainey v. City
of Salem, 209 Ill. App. 3d 898, 907 (1991). "If the elements of damage presented for the
jury's consideration are proper under the facts of the case, then the assessment of
damages is preeminently for the jury, even though reasonable persons could differ as to
the amount." Id.
¶ 109 We cannot say that this amount exceeds the range of fair and reasonable
compensation; nor can we say that the verdict is based on passion or prejudice or is so
large as to shock the judicial conscience. See Blackburn, 379 Ill. App. 3d at 433.
Accordingly, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the jury. We find that the
trial court did not err in allowing the amount of future medical damages to stand.
¶ 110 2. Future Lost Earnings
¶ 111 The jury awarded plaintiff $607,500 for past and future lost wages. Defendants
argue that the future earnings award was based on speculative evidence and further that
the jury did not follow the court's instructions on calculating future earnings. We cannot
say that this award was against the manifest weight of the evidence or that the trial court
abused its discretion in denying the motion for remittitur or a new trial on damages.
42
¶ 112 Defendants first contend that the jury did not reduce future earnings to present
cash value as instructed by the court. This contention is based on their argument that
there was no evidence to support a finding that the plaintiff would have earned more than
$12,000 per year over his life expectancy of 51 years. Based on this assumption,
defendants calculate a present value of future lost earnings of between $135,507 and
$222,921.
¶ 113 The jury's present cash value calculations are not part of the record. Because we
do not know the amount of future lost wages the jury awarded to plaintiff before reducing
that sum to present cash value, there is no way to determine whether the jury's calculation
was incorrect. Defendants concede that a salary of $50,000 to $60,000 per year would
yield a present cash value of $607,000, but they argue that such an award is not supported
by the evidence.
¶ 114 " 'Where the right of recovery exists the defendant cannot escape liability because
the damages are difficult of exact ascertainment. *** The rule is, that while the law will
not permit witnesses to speculate or conjecture as to possible or probable damages, still
the best evidence which the subject will admit is receivable, and this evidence is often
nothing better than the opinions of persons well informed upon the subject under
investigation.' " Levin v. Welsh Brothers Motor Service, Inc., 164 Ill. App. 3d 640, 655
(1987) (quoting Johnston v. City of Galva, 316 Ill. 598, 603-04 (1925)).
¶ 115 Defendants cite to Christou v. Arlington Park-Washington Park Race Tracks
Corp., 104 Ill. App. 3d 257 (1982), for the proposition that it is reversible error to allow
testimony that is too speculative to be competent evidence of lost earnings. Id. at 260.
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The plaintiff in Christou was unemployed at the time of injury but training to become a
bartender and had hopes to one day own a restaurant. The trial court allowed in
testimony related to what a restaurant owner would earn. The court reversed, holding
that plaintiff's mere ambition to own a restaurant was too remote and speculative to be the
basis for lost earnings damages. Id.
¶ 116 Similarly, in Carlson v. City Construction Co., 239 Ill. App. 3d 211 (1992), the
trial court allowed damage testimony that decedent plaintiff had an ambition to become
an engineer. The court found the testimony impermissible because there were too many
speculative contingencies. The court noted that although plaintiff had obtained his GED,
he had not yet attended, been accepted, or even applied to a college, all prerequisites to
becoming an engineer. Id. at 231-32. Defendants also cite Morris v. Milby for the
proposition that admissible damage evidence must be based on an attainable goal. Morris
v. Milby, 301 Ill. App. 3d 224, 229 (1998).
¶ 117 Here, the jury heard testimony from several witnesses regarding plaintiff's wage
loss damages. The jury heard from plaintiff's father that plaintiff had worked for him in
the past in a position similar to a millwright. Plaintiff's father was an automation
engineer whose business was building conveyor systems for bottling works. He testified
that he is familiar with the work of millwrights because he runs construction crews with
millwrights in factory settings. Plaintiff had worked with him in these settings. In his
opinion, plaintiff had the qualifications and the ability to be a millwright and had done
comparable work.
44
¶ 118 In addition, the jury heard testimony that at the time of the accident, plaintiff had
been working for several months as a salesman for defendant Metro East selling Kirby
Vacuums. The jury heard from a coworker that plaintiff was one of Kirby's top salesmen.
The coworker testified that employees were told that they could earn up to six figures
selling vacuums.
¶ 119 Defendants argue that plaintiff's vocational expert, Stephen Dolan, was
impermissibly allowed to testify to what plaintiff could have earned as an electrical
engineer or a millwright. We believe it was unlikely that plaintiff would have become an
engineer. He had not completed his GED at the time of the accident and had a poor
academic record in high school. In applying the foregoing cases, we agree that it would
have been error for the jury to consider damages based on plaintiff's becoming an
engineer. However, this argument mischaracterizes the record. Although there was a
passing reference to plaintiff's interest in becoming an engineer, the jury did not hear any
testimony regarding his potential earnings as an engineer.
¶ 120 Moreover, plaintiff's counsel did not mention or elicit any testimony regarding
engineering on direct examination of Dolan. It was defense counsel who brought the
issue before the jury on cross-examination by asking Dolan if plaintiff had told him that
he had wanted to be an engineer when he interviewed him, to which Dolan responded
that plaintiff did tell him that. However, Dolan did not testify to what plaintiff could
have earned as an engineer, or even if he thought it was likely that plaintiff could have
become an engineer.
45
¶ 121 Dolan reviewed plaintiff's medical records and high school transcripts, spoke with
family members, and interviewed and tested plaintiff. Dolan testified that plaintiff had a
life expectancy of 51 years. It was his opinion that after the accident, plaintiff was not
capable of holding down a full-time job, and he was pessimistic about part-time
employment. Dolan testified that plaintiff had been doing the equivalent of a millwright's
job when he worked for his father. Dolan characterized plaintiff's work as training to
assemble and fabricate production machinery, which is what a millwright does. He
testified that according to the United States Department of Labor, the average salary for a
millwright was approximately $50,000.
¶ 122 Dolan also gave the opinion that a salesman job, such as the one plaintiff held
selling Kirby Vacuums at the time of his accident, had been suitable for plaintiff and did
not require a high school degree. Dolan stated that even without a high school degree,
sales people can make a great deal of money. Dolan was asked to address evidence that
plaintiff had a sporadic work history prior to working with his father or for Metro East.
Dolan testified that this was typical for someone in his teens and early twenties and did
not change his opinion. Dolan testified that if plaintiff had not pursued a sales or a
millwright job, at a minimum, he would have had preinjury earnings of approximately
$15,000 per year.
¶ 123 Unlike the cases cited by defendants, the estimates of plaintiff's earning capacity
preinjury were not too remote or speculative. These estimates did not assume he would
be working in a new profession or need to obtain additional education. Both the sales
and millwright careers were ones that plaintiff had already demonstrated aptitude in. As
46
such, they were attainable goals. We believe that plaintiff's evidence was sufficient to
support the jury's award. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not err in allowing the
amount of lost wage damage award to stand.
¶ 124 D. Additional Allegations of Errors Requiring a New Trial
¶ 125 Imo's and Bethalto next contend several additional errors warranted a new trial.
We consider each claimed error in turn.
¶ 126 Defendants argue that the court erred in not granting a mistrial after interjecting
itself into the examination of two of defendants' witnesses and voicing its opinion
regarding the evidence and the competency of counsel.
¶ 127 "Wide latitude must be allowed a trial judge in conducting a trial and only where
his conduct or remarks are of the sort that would ordinarily create prejudice in the minds
of the jurors is reversible error present." Vinke v. Artim Transportation System, Inc., 87
Ill. App. 3d 400, 412 (1980). The court is permitted to question a witness to clarify and
elicit the truth, if done in a fair and impartial manner. Lopez v. Northwestern Memorial
Hospital, 375 Ill. App. 3d 637, 651-52 (2007). " 'The propriety of judicial examination of
a witness is determined by the circumstances in each case and rests largely in the
discretion of the trial court.' " Comito v. Police Board of the City of Chicago, 317 Ill.
App. 3d 677, 687 (2000) (quoting People v. Brown, 200 Ill. App. 3d 566, 576 (1990)).
¶ 128 The first interchange that defendants take issue with occurred during defense
counsel's questioning of Mrs. Wilson, one of the owners of Bethalto Pizza. After a
somewhat lengthy exam of Mrs. Wilson regarding the relationship between Imo's and
Bethalto, Mrs. Wilson testified that there was no involvement by Imo's in the operation of
47
her store. At this point, the court stated, "You really just rented the Imo's name, have you
not?" The remaining interchange between the judge and the witness and counsel evinced
the court's growing frustration with the repetition and the pace of the questioning. At one
point, the court stated: "Come on. Let's get to the meat of this case." Imo's counsel
responded, "I'll move on." Later, the court stated: "And it's getting to the point where this
trial–I do have a responsibility as a judge to keep this case going. There's been a lot of
wasted time, and there's been a lot of denying. Let's get to the point. Go ahead."
Counsel asked the witness several more questions and then announced, "That's all the
questions I have." At this point, the judge stated, "You're lucky."
¶ 129 The second interchange defendants complain of occurred during defense counsel's
questioning of psychologist Dr. Oliveri, a defense expert. Defendants take issue with the
following:
"THE COURT: What is your final upshot? What is your final question?
MR. CRANEY: My final question.
THE COURT: Why is he here?
MR. CRANEY: The final question are [sic] going to be are all of the–did
he on his tests to show unreliable reporting. *** Judge, I am trying to hurry.
THE COURT: I still want to know what he's on the stand for. What is he
here to say?
MR. CRANEY: I think he's just given his primary opinions.
THE COURT: I don't know if he–do you have a solid opinion on this?
THE WITNESS: Yes.
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THE COURT: Which is what?"
¶ 130 In Vinke v. Artim Transportation System, Inc., the appellate court rejected the
contention of error regarding the judge's recap of repetitious and immaterial testimony,
which concluded with the judge's statement, " 'so let's go on to something else.' " Vinke,
87 Ill. App. 3d at 412. Similarly, in Mattice v. Goodman, the appellate court found no
error in the judge's comment during an examination of a witness that the testimony was
" 'tiring.' " Mattice v. Goodman, 173 Ill. App. 3d 236, 244 (1988). The appeals court
noted that the comment described the presentation of the testimony rather than its
meaning. Id. Likewise, in Foerster v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., the appeals court
rejected the contention of error in the judge's characterization of a witness's testimony as
" 'loose.' " Foerster v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., 20 Ill. App. 3d 656, 663 (1974).
¶ 131 By contrast, in Pavilon v. Kaferly, a case cited by defendants, the judge
misconstrued testimony and made numerous statements reflecting a bias against the
plaintiff. Pavilon v. Kaferly, 204 Ill. App. 3d 235, 250-56 (1990). The judge stated that
the plaintiff had attempted to rape the defendant when such was not the case. Id. at 255-
56. The judge also made frequent sua sponte objections to the pro se plaintiff's questions
of witnesses and numerous disparaging remarks about the plaintiff. For example, the
judge stated that plaintiff was trying to fool the court and jury; plaintiff was trying to
sneak things in; plaintiff's apologies were insincere; and plaintiff gave the judge nothing
but problems since the trial started. Id. at 251-53. Further, the judge conveyed an
opinion regarding the credibility of a witness, telling that witness: " 'We know where
your sentiments lie. *** I don't care to have you add things that are not asked of you
49
because you think they may help your friend.' " Id. at 256. The appellate court found
that the cumulative effect of the conduct and remarks of the judge prejudiced plaintiff and
required reversal. Id.
¶ 132 Likewise, in Holton v. Memorial Hospital, the supreme court found a new trial
warranted when the judge admonished the jury that one of defendant's witnesses gave
inaccurate testimony on a collateral issue and was led to do so by defendant's attorneys
and plaintiff's counsel made repeated claims of defendant's fraudulent misconduct.
Holton v. Memorial Hospital, 176 Ill. 2d 95 (1997). There, the court found that these
errors had a strong probability of prejudicing the jury. Id. at 120.
¶ 133 We believe that the court's conduct in both interchanges in this case was more
similar to that in Vinke, Mattice, and Foerster, rather than Pavilon and Holton. In the
context of a lengthy trial, the judge's remarks were not excessive and of the nature that
would ordinarily cause prejudice. The record on appeal does not indicate an angry,
sarcastic, or demeaning tone.
¶ 134 While it may have been preferable if the judge had not made the remarks "You
really just rented the Imo's name" and "You're lucky," both could have just have easily
been said in jest and are ambiguous in meaning. The remarks could also be viewed as a
summation of Mrs. Wilson's testimony and position that Imo's had little to no control
over the operation of Bethalto's franchise operation. Even defendants hesitate to go so far
as to say that the judge's comments were a deliberate attempt to show advocacy, as Imo's
characterizes the effect of the court's behavior as "inadvertent."
50
¶ 135 It is important to view the interactions in the context of the witnesses' entire
testimony. Just prior to the challenged interchange involving Dr. Oliveri, he had been
testifying at length regarding the validity of the results of a battery of psychological tests
given by plaintiff's treating psychologist, Dr. Fucetola, and comparing those with the
results of testing he conducted. Following the conclusion of this testimony, plaintiff's
counsel asked: "I guess I just want to make sure I understand what you've told us after an
hour plus of this. Based on your testing, Matt may or may not have a brain injury that
has permanent impairment?" Dr. Oliveri replied: "Based on my testing, his current
presentation, the current test results and his current behavior can't all be attributed to the
residual after effect of brain dysfunction. If he's got brain dysfunction, it's at the mild end
of the continuum." Plaintiff's counsel then asked: "So we are not talking about the same
thing, I don't think. Didn't you just tell the jury that after all of your testing that there
were enough invalid results that you can't say for sure whether or not he has any
permanent impairment?" The witness responded, "That's correct."
¶ 136 In the context of Dr. Oliveri's lengthy and layered testimony, it was within the
court's discretion to request defense counsel to move testimony along and clarify
testimony that was obscure. In addition, we do not believe that the court's remarks
disparaged counsel or precluded him in any way from developing his line of questioning.
Following the interchange at issue, Dr. Oliveri continued testifying to his opinions to
conclusion.
51
¶ 137 Likewise, we find no merit in Imo's argument that the court shifted the burden of
proof as there was adequate evidence to support direct negligence and respondeat
superior theories.
¶ 138 Finally, we note that the jury was instructed as follows:
"It is your duty to resolve this case by determining the facts based on the evidence
and following the law given you in the instructions. Your verdict must not be
based upon speculation, prejudice or sympathy. My rulings, remarks or
instructions do not indicate any opinion as to the facts."
We believe that this admonition to the jury was adequate to remove any prejudicial
impressions.
¶ 139 We next consider Imo's contention that the court erred in allowing inquiry
regarding the insurance and indemnity agreement between Bethalto and Imo's. "The
admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court and a reviewing
court will not reverse the trial court unless that discretion was clearly abused." Snelson v.
Kamm, 204 Ill. 2d 1, 33 (2003).
¶ 140 Citing to Oliveira-Brooks v. Re/Max, Imo's argues that evidence of insurance may
be relevant in connection with an agency issue, but only if other evidence exists of a right
to control. Oliveira-Brooks v. Re/Max International, Inc., 372 Ill. App. 3d 127, 136
(2007). Imo's position is that there was no other evidence to establish an agency
relationship. Plaintiff responds that Imo's forfeited this issue when plaintiff offered into
evidence both the manual and the agreement without objection. Regardless of whether
Imo's forfeited this issue, we find no error. Because we have already determined that
52
there was additional evidence other than the existence of insurance to establish an agency
relationship, we find that the court properly ruled on this issue. "While not admissible to
show fault, the existence of insurance may be shown in connection with issues such as
agency, ownership, control, bias, or prejudice of a witness." Boettcher v. Fournie Farms,
Inc., 243 Ill. App. 3d 940, 945 (1993).
¶ 141 Imo's also contends that the court erred in allowing inquiry regarding defendants'
use of shared counsel. This court does not reach the merits of this argument, as that
contention has not been properly presented on appeal. There is no citation to any
authority that supports Imo's argument that referencing shared counsel was improper or
prejudicial. Statements unsupported by argument or by citation of relevant authority
need not be considered. Holmstrom v. Kunis, 221 Ill. App. 3d 317, 325 (1991); see also
Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008) (providing that arguments must be supported by
citations to authority and that arguments not properly presented in an appellant's brief are
forfeited).
¶ 142 Next, we address both defendants' argument that it was error for the trial court to
exclude evidence of plaintiff's drug and alcohol use. Defendants claim that plaintiff's
drug and alcohol use was relevant to mitigation of damages and for impeachment
purposes.
¶ 143 We agree with plaintiff that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding
evidence of plaintiff's use of alcohol or marijuana. We find that plaintiff's treatment for
alcohol and marijuana abuse eight years prior to the accident would have had no
probative value and could have had a prejudicial impact on the jury. Fultz v. Peart, 144
53
Ill. App. 3d 364, 378 (1986). Medical records related to the seizure plaintiff had on the
day of the accident and the seizure he had in 2011, some 18 months after the accident, did
not show any evidence of marijuana or alcohol use. No doctor testified that drug or
alcohol use before or after the accident in fact impacted his recovery, only that it might or
could impact a patient's recovery. After listening to argument and defendants' offer of
proof, and considering the matter overnight, the trial judge stated:
"I'm trying to avoid a trial within a trial. From his injuries, I mean, severe injuries,
this is not consequential in my opinion. I've been reading cases from early this
morning, and I believe to allow it in, the prejudicial effect would overcome any
reasonable inferences. And I think it would be too prejudicial. The cases seem to
say that, and I'm not going to allow it in."
¶ 144 The trial judge gave the ruling careful consideration. There is substantial case law
to support limiting references to alcohol or other drugs due to the potential for prejudice
far outweighing any probative value. See Bielaga v. Mozdzeniak, 328 Ill. App. 3d 291,
296 (2002) ("Evidence of drinking is so prejudicial that more than mere drinking must be
shown; actual intoxication with impairment of physical or mental capabilities is
required."); Roberts v. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co., 229 Ill. App. 3d 706, 716-17 (1992)
(court affirmed exclusion of evidence of alcohol and marijuana treatment, where there
was no evidence that plaintiff was using either at the time of the accident); Fultz, 144 Ill.
App. 3d at 378 (evidence of plaintiff's alcohol consumption barred despite claim that it
was relevant to life expectancy); Reeves v. Brno, Inc., 138 Ill. App. 3d 861, 870 (1985)
(error to permit references into evidence of plaintiff's marijuana use "because they were
54
introduced to persuade the jury that drug abuse rather than plaintiff's head injury caused
his mental deterioration").
¶ 145 Furthermore, defendants were permitted to ask plaintiff's treating doctor whether
he believed "that the plaintiff after the accident took some steps that reasonably would be
expected to have lowered his seizure threshold." Dr. Fucetola replied, "there are things
he may have done that could have affected that threshold." Defense counsel also elicited
the opinion that plaintiff disregarded his medical advice, which could have made it more
likely that he would have seizures later on. Plaintiff admitted this during his own
testimony.
¶ 146 Additionally, defendants were permitted an instruction on mitigation of damages.
The jury was instructed that it could find "the plaintiff failed to mitigate[d] [sic] his
alleged damages by taking actions that reasonably increased the risk of a seizure and
delayed his recovery, against medical advice," and "the plaintiff failed to exercise
ordinary care in obtaining medical treatment." Moreover, the verdict form reveals that
the jury awarded the plaintiff zero damages for "the increased risk of future seizures
resulting from the injury." We find that there was no need to inject inflammatory
evidence of drugs or alcohol into the case where the defendants effectively presented
other evidence regarding this ultimate issue.
¶ 147 Next, defendants claim it was error for the trial court to allow plaintiff to testify
that he was unable to pay for his medical care. Plaintiff states that this testimony was
offered to rebut defendants' argument that plaintiff was refusing to take medication to
treat his medical conditions. First we note that defendants did not provide any details
55
about the testimony. When we reviewed defendants' citation to the record, we found that
the testimony in question was not elicited by plaintiff, but rather by defense counsel on
cross-examination of plaintiff's father. We set forth that testimony in full:
"Q. Okay. Now, there's been testimony in this case, again, I'm jumping
ahead, that after the accident there was certain medicines that he couldn't afford to
take, at least that's what the allegation is. Has he approached you after the
accident and asked you and told you he didn't have the cash to pay for any drugs?
A. Well, he doesn't have any cash. You know, if Matt needed money for
drugs he would have to ask me for it."
Defendants cannot now complain of error that they invited. Oldenstedt v. Marshall
Erdman & Associates, Inc., 381 Ill. App. 3d 1, 14 (2008).
¶ 148 Notwithstanding, we agree with plaintiff that this testimony was proper rebuttal.
Plaintiff cites two cases precisely on point: Vanoosting v. Sellars, 2012 IL App (5th)
110365, ¶¶ 23-24 (reversible error not to allow relevant testimony on lack of health
insurance to rebut defendant's claim that plaintiff did not seek treatment because
condition had resolved); and Klingelhoets v. Charlton-Perrin, 2013 IL App (1st) 112412
(affirming admission of evidence that plaintiff stopped physical therapy because it was
too costly in response to defendant's suggestion that she stopped because she did not need
additional treatment). It is clear there is no error here.
¶ 149 Next, defendants claim it was error for the court to allow in a "Day in the Life"
video of plaintiff. Defendants state that they objected to the video as being untimely
produced and therefore it was improperly admitted, requiring a new trial. They cite to
56
Carlson v. General Motors Corp., 9 Ill. App. 3d 606 (1972), in support of their claim of
error. In Carlson, the court held that the admission of a test involving complex
engineering principles that was not timely disclosed in a faulty seat belt case against GM
required a new trial. Id. at 620. The court set forth the factors the trial court should
address when considering sanctions: surprise of the testimony to the opposing party, the
prejudicial effect of the testimony, the diligence of the opposing party in seeking
discovery, timely objection to the testimony, and the good faith of the party calling the
witness. Id. at 619-20. Defendants have wholly failed to develop their argument in
regard to these factors. Defendants offer no details of the discovery violation. They fail
to state if they were prejudiced, and if so, how they were prejudiced by this video.
Again, we have reviewed the record citations provided by defendants. While we note
that defense counsel did place an objection on record, there are no specifics as to the
basis for the objection. We are entitled to have cohesive arguments presented and not be
burdened with argument and research. Velocity Investments, LLC v. Alston, 397 Ill. App.
3d 296, 297 (2010). Defendants have given us no basis to find an abuse of discretion in
the trial court's decision to allow the video.
¶ 150 Bethalto also contends that a new trial is warranted because the cumulative effect
of these errors deprived defendants of a fair trial. Because we have found no error, we
need not consider this argument.
¶ 151 E. Jury Instructions
¶ 152 We next turn to jury instructions that the defendants contend were submitted in
error. It is within the trial court's discretion to determine which instructions will be
57
given, and its decision will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Colella v. JMS
Trucking Co. of Illinois, Inc., 403 Ill. App. 3d 82, 95 (2010) (citing Schultz v. Northeast
Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 273 (2002)). Abuse of discretion
is dependent upon whether taken as a whole, the instructions fairly, fully, and
comprehensively inform the jury of the relevant legal principles. Id. (citing Schultz, 201
Ill. 2d at 273-74). If a party "fails to make a specific objection during the jury instruction
conference," the party forfeits the right to challenge that instruction on appeal. Id.
"Timely objection assists the trial court in correcting any problem and prohibits the
challenging party from gaining an advantage by obtaining reversal based on the party's
own failure to act." Id. "Furthermore, the doctrine of invited error prohibits a party from
complaining of an error on appeal ' "which that party induced the court to make or to
which that party consented." ' " Id. (quoting Oldenstedt v. Marshall Erdman &
Associates, Inc., 381 Ill. App. 3d 1, 14 (2008), quoting In re Detention of Swope, 213 Ill.
2d 210, 217 (2004)).
¶ 153 Imo's argues that the trial court erred in giving three of plaintiff's instructions over
Imo's objection and refusing several of Imo's instructions. Imo's complains of plaintiff's
instructions No. 5A, No. 6, and No. 7. In order to better understand both Imo's and
plaintiff's arguments, we thoroughly reviewed the transcript of the jury instruction
conference contained in the record.
¶ 154 We first turn to plaintiff's agency instruction No. 5A, based on Illinois Pattern Jury
Instructions, Civil, No. 50.10 (2006) (IPI Civil (2006)). We need not discuss the
specifics of this instruction because the record clearly supports plaintiff's claim that Imo's
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did not object to the instruction as given. When asked by the court if there was any
objection, counsel stated, "No objection judge." Furthermore, the very modification that
Imo's now complains of on appeal–that plaintiff left out the last three paragraphs of
50.10–was endorsed by Imo's counsel. Plaintiff had earlier submitted a version
containing the three paragraphs at issue, but withdrew that one and submitted a revised
instruction upon Imo's counsel's suggestion: "Hey judge, on this one, we submitted a
similar instruction. We left out the last three paragraphs about independent contractor
*** I think bringing in the independent contractor language kind of muddies up the issues
because I really–I think the issue is just, you know, whether there is an agency
relationship or not." Here, not only did Imo's fail to object to the instruction as given, but
invited the error of which it now complains. Imo's is prohibited from complaining of an
error on appeal to which it both induced and consented. See Oldenstedt, 381 Ill. App. 3d
at 14; see also McMahon v. Sankey, 35 Ill. App. 341, 343 (1890). Imo's forfeited its right
to complain of error.
¶ 155 Second, we turn to plaintiff's burden of proof instruction, No. 6, based on IPI Civil
(2006) No. 21.02. When Imo's counsel was asked if he objected to instruction No. 6, he
stated: "Yes. I think it's overly complicated for the jury." The court stated: "I don't think
so. I'll give it over objection." There was no further statement made by Imo's counsel
regarding the nature of his objection to this instruction. Imo's now contends that the
instruction was erroneous because it did not include the second element of its burden of
proof on count VI–that plaintiff had to prove that he was injured, and that it did it not
include a statement that plaintiff had to prove the existence of an agency relationship.
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We agree with plaintiff that Imo's failure to articulate in any way what "overly
complicated" meant made the objection so vague as to be meaningless and did not
preserve the claim of error for appeal. Colella, 403 Ill. App. 3d at 95. In order to
preserve an objection to an instruction, the objection must be set forth with specificity so
that the trial court knows the specific nature of the objection before ruling. Auton v.
Logan Landfill, Inc., 105 Ill. 2d 537, 550 (1984). Imo's has forfeited its right to complain
of error.
¶ 156 Third, we turn to plaintiff's issues instruction No. 7, based on IPI Civil (2006) No.
20.01. Imo's stated objection at trial, as it is on appeal, was that there was insufficient
evidence adduced at trial regarding the existence of an agency relationship between Imo's
and Bethalto to support the giving of this instruction. The trial court, in the exercise of its
discretion, must instruct the jury on all issues it finds supported by the evidence. Flynn v.
Golden Grain Co., 269 Ill. App. 3d 871, 880 (1995). This court has already determined
that there was sufficient evidence to support a jury's verdict based on an agency theory.
We thus find that no error was committed in giving an instruction based on this theory.
¶ 157 Next, Bethalto and Imo's both argue that the trial court erred in giving several
instructions to the jury related to certain elements of plaintiff's claim for damages,
including Nos. 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, and 27. Defendants contend that these instructions
were given over objection and not supported by sufficient evidence. We address each
instruction in turn.
¶ 158 Instruction No. 17 was plaintiff's damage instruction, based on IPI Civil (2006)
No. 30.01, "Measure of Damages," and further instructing on the various elements of
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damages. Defendants objected to inclusion of the phrase "aggravation of any pre-existing
ailment or condition" in the main body of the measure of damage instruction. Defendants
further objected to the inclusion of the following elements of damages: (1) disability
experienced and reasonably certain to be experienced in the future (IPI Civil No.
30.04.01); (2) expenses for medical care, treatment, and services reasonably certain to be
received in the future (IPI Civil (2006) No. 30.07); (3) the value of earnings lost and the
present cash value of the earnings reasonably certain to be lost in the future (IPI Civil
(2006) No. 30.07); and (4) increased risk of future seizures resulting from the injury (IPI
Civil (2006) No. 30.04.03).
¶ 159 We have addressed in detail the sufficiency of evidence as to the factor of
"aggravation of any pre-existing ailment or condition" and each of the above elements of
damages in our earlier discussion of the defendants' motion for remittitur or a new trial on
the issue of damages. We need not revisit this question. A party is entitled to
instructions on any theory of the case that is supported by the evidence. Mikolajczyk v.
Ford Motor Co., 231 Ill. 2d 516, 549 (2008); Dillon v. Evanston Hospital, 199 Ill. 2d
483, 505 (2002). All that is required in giving an instruction is some evidence to justify
the theory, and the evidence need not be substantial. Dillon, 199 Ill. 2d at 505; Heastie v.
Roberts, 226 Ill. 2d 515, 543 (2007). Suffice it to say that we find that plaintiff presented
sufficient evidence on these issues to justify a corresponding jury instruction.
¶ 160 Instruction No. 18, based on IPI Civil (2006) No. 30.21, states: "You may not
deny or limit the plaintiff's right to damages resulting from this occurrence because any
injury resulted from an aggravation of a preexisting condition or a preexisting condition
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which rendered the plaintiff more susceptible to injury." As we have already stated in
discussing instruction No. 17 that there was sufficient evidence on the factor of a
preexisting condition, we need not address this issue again.
¶ 161 Instruction No. 21 addresses future damages for plaintiff's injuries, medical, or
caretaking expenses. The sufficiency of evidence on these damages has already been
addressed in our discussion of instruction No. 17.
¶ 162 Instruction No. 22 addresses loss of plaintiff's future earnings damages. The
sufficiency of evidence on these damages has already been addressed in our discussion of
instruction No. 17.
¶ 163 Defendants next challenge plaintiff's instruction No. 23. We set out the totality of
the jury instruction conference regarding that instruction:
"THE COURT: We're now ready for 23.
MR. CRANEY: I'm not sure there's been sufficient evidence in the case to
talk about discount rates and present values, and I'm not sure that the foundation
has been laid to give this kind of instruction.
MR. DRIPPS: Well, are you withdrawing a claim that future earnings
should be reduced to present value?
MR. CRANEY: No.
MR. DRIPPS: Because the instruction–I mean they need to be told how to
do it.
THE COURT: I'm going to give 23. It looks okay. Given over objection."
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¶ 164 The defendants have complained of numerous errors in the submission of this
instruction, but have not set out or stated what the instruction was. They complain that
there was insufficient evidence adduced at trial regarding damages for future earnings,
that it was a nonpattern instruction that did not correctly state the law, and that it should
not have been given because there was a pattern instruction on point which should have
been given instead. We are unable to decipher the points and arguments from the little
information that we are given, which hinders our consideration of this issue. Velocity
Investments, LLC, 397 Ill. App. 3d at 297.
¶ 165 We note, however, that Mr. Craney's only objection to the instruction at trial
related to the sufficiency of the evidence to support an instruction on discount rates and
present values. Defendants have forfeited the right to further complain by not making
these additional objections at the jury instruction conference. See Schultz, 201 Ill. 2d at
273. We find no error, as we have already ruled on the sufficiency of the future earnings
damages evidence. We further note as a point of interest that the very instruction
defendants claim should have been given instead, IPI Civil (2006) No. 34.02, was in fact
given by plaintiff, as pointed out in his citation to the record.
¶ 166 Finally, defendants complain of instruction No. 27, plaintiff's verdict form A, on
the basis that it contained the same elements of damage in plaintiff's No. 17, which
defendants claim were not supported by the evidence. As we have already determined
that there was no error in plaintiff's No. 17, we find no error in plaintiff's No. 27 for the
same reasons.
¶ 167 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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¶ 168 Affirmed.
¶ 169 JUSTICE SPOMER, dissenting:
¶ 170 I respectfully dissent. I see three major problems in this case. First, in my
opinion, the record reflects that the defendants were deprived of the fundamental right to
a fair trial despite the fact that the circuit court was made aware of collusion occurring
during voir dire between the plaintiff and nominal defendants in the case whom the
plaintiff planned to voluntarily dismiss from the case after the jury was selected. I do not
believe the circuit court could in good conscience and in accordance with fundamental
principles of justice condone such behavior nor should this court affirm a verdict
rendered by a jury that was selected in such a manner. Second, I believe that Imo's was
deprived of a fair trial when the circuit court questioned Bethalto's owner in a manner
that indicated its bias on the issue of Imo's liability. Finally, I believe Illinois law
provides no basis for a finding that Imo's, as franchisor, had a duty to protect the plaintiff
from an accident caused by a driver employed by its franchisee. Accordingly, for the
specific reasons that follow, I would vacate the judgment against Imo's and remand with
directions that judgment be entered in its favor. Furthermore, I would reverse the
judgment against Bethalto for want of a fair trial and remand for a new trial on damages,
as Bethalto has admitted its vicarious liability for Lyerla's admitted negligence.
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¶ 171 1. Conduct of Voir Dire
¶ 172 I believe it is important to set forth in detail the colloquy between the circuit court
and counsel during voir dire so it is clear that the circuit court had specific information
that would lead any reasonable judge to understand that collusion was occurring in jury
selection between the plaintiff and nominal defendants who were voluntarily dismissed
from the case by settlement the following day. The record clearly reflects that the
plaintiff's counsel instructed counsel for Metro East Distributing to exercise one of its
peremptory strikes on juror No. 9, and Metro East did so. Counsel for Greene and Yelton
previously exercised their two strikes on two jurors that the plaintiff unsuccessfully
moved to strike for cause. Counsel for Bethalto and Imo's stated on the record as
follows:
"Counsel for Metro East and Counsel for Jeremiah Green and Jason Yelton have
met with Plaintiff's Counsel in the back room for some period of time before this
started. Plaintiff's Counsel just instructed Counsel for Metro East as to how to
exercise their strike. It's clear to me that what's happened is there's going to be a
deal cut here where they are either going to be dismissed, even though one doesn't
have insurance and probably shouldn't have been in the case to start with and one
has tendered witness[ 1] before today, there's been some sort of deal struck where
1
I believe that this is a transcription error and that counsel stated that "one has
tendered limits before today," indicating that one of the nominal defendants had already
tendered its policy limits before voir dire began.
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they are going to basically use their strikes for the plaintiff, which puts a distinct
disadvantage on the Defense in this case. I'm moving for a mistrial. I've never
seen any kind of gamesmanship like this. And that's my record."
¶ 173 The circuit court responded, "Okay. The motion is denied," and continued with
the voir dire. Counsel for Bethalto and Imo's then stated, "Let the record reflect that I'm
going to give time for[ 2] the plaintiff to continue to pass instructions to the other
defendants." The court stated, "It's been done before," and continued with voir dire.
¶ 174 The next day, during the hearing on the joint motion for a good-faith finding of
settlement, counsel for the defendants renewed their objections to the collusion during
voir dire by stating as follows:
"I think it's all but been admitted here that there was an agreement that was entered
into whereby the policy limits, which were tendered weeks ago, would be accepted
after we had already started selecting a jury, in exchange for some sort of
agreement whereby the Defense would throw their strikes the way of the plaintiff.
*** This effectively made a situation where the remaining Defendants who will
be in the case, ended up with four strikes, four peremptory strikes, and the
Plaintiffs had at their disposal 12 peremptory strikes. That violates due process. I
2
I believe that this a transcription error and that counsel for Bethalto and Imo's was
indicating that the plaintiff was continuing to pass instructions to the nominal defendants
on how to exercise their peremptory challenges and that time was being given for them to
do so.
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made a Motion for Mistrial, I am renewing our Motion for Mistrial. That can't be
the purpose of the rule. Essentially the Plaintiffs were allowed to, at will, choose
the jury they selected. *** This motion for Good Faith Finding basically says that
the release is, the consideration is for collective payment of $20,000. Well, that's
not in fact true. It appears to me that the consideration that is being paid here
today was $20,000 plus an agreement to stay in the case long enough to throw the
strikes, these additional four strikes, to the Plaintiff, to give them an unfair
advantage in this case."
¶ 175 Following this colloquy, the circuit court indicated, "I'm not concerned about the
strikes."
¶ 176 I cannot concur with the majority's finding of forfeiture under the egregious
circumstances of this voir dire. Although the defendants, in hindsight, perhaps should
have couched their objections to what was transpiring in the form of a request for a
reallocation of the challenges, it is not surprising that it was difficult for counsel to
discern the proper motion to make in the wake of, in my opinion, previously unheard of
and mortifying conduct on the part of the plaintiff's counsel and the nominal defendants.
It is clear from the record that the defendants brought to the circuit court's attention the
fact that the nominal defendants were no longer on the "same side" as contemplated by
section 2-1106 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1106 (West 2010)), and
that accordingly, the allocation of the peremptory challenges among the defendants was
no longer equal. In essence, the defendants who were left to try the case had 4
peremptory challenges, and the plaintiff had 12. I believe these circumstances distinguish
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this case from those cited by the majority for the proposition that the defendants must
show that a biased or unqualified juror was empanelled. The issue at hand involves the
equal apportionment of peremptory challenges between the plaintiff and the defendants,
not whether a particular juror was objectionable. The record reflected a clear violation of
section 2-1106, the circuit court was made aware of it, and I would find that the circuit
court's failure to ensure that the voir dire was conducted in accordance with law requires
a new trial.
¶ 177 2. Imo's Liability
¶ 178 I also disagree with the majority's analysis that Imo's motion for a summary
judgment, motion for a directed verdict, and motion for a judgment notwithstanding the
verdict were properly denied. I believe the record is clear that Lyerla was not an
employee or agent of Imo's, actual or apparent, did not owe a general duty to protect the
plaintiff, and did not voluntarily assume such a duty. I will address each theory of
liability in turn.
¶ 179 a. Respondeat Superior - Actual Agency
¶ 180 "The doctrine of respondeat superior allows an injured party to hold a principal
vicariously liable for the conduct of his or her agent." O'Banner v. McDonald's Corp.,
273 Ill. App. 3d 588, 592 (1995) (citing Moy v. County of Cook, 159 Ill. 2d 519, 523
(1994)), rev'd on other grounds, 173 Ill. 2d 208 (1996). "An agency relationship is a
consensual one between two legal entities whereby: (1) the principal has the right to
control the conduct of the agent, and (2) the agent has the power to effect the legal
relations of the principal." Id. "Whether an actual agency has in fact been created is
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determined by the relations of the parties as they exist under their agreements or acts,
with the question being ultimately one of intention." Id. (citing 3 Am. Jur. 2d Agency §
21 (1986)). "While the existence of any agency relationship is usually a question of fact,
it becomes a question of law when the facts regarding the relationship are undisputed or
no liability exists as a matter of law." Oliveira-Brooks v. Re/Max International, Inc., 372
Ill. App. 3d 127, 134 (2007). Here, I would find that, as a matter of law, Lyerla was not
an actual agent of Imo's. Lyerla testified that he worked for Bethalto, that his pay checks
came from Bethalto, and that Annette Wilson of Bethalto screened and hired him and was
his supervisor. He never had contact with anyone from Imo's. There is no dispute that
Lyerla and Imo's had no contractual relationship, and based on the various written
agreements between Imo's and Lyerla's employer, Bethalto, it is clear that those entities
intended to exclude any possibility of an agency relationship. See id. The franchising
agreement specified that Imo's and Bethalto are independent contractors and required
Bethalto to conspicuously identify itself at the premises of the store and in all dealings
with the public as an independently owned business. In addition, the operating manual
stated that Bethalto was responsible for its own day-to-day operations and the hiring,
training, and supervision of its employees. It also contained an indemnification clause
requiring Bethalto to indemnify Imo's from any and all liability arising out of the acts or
omissions of Bethalto's employees, and a mandatory insurance provision requiring
Bethalto to maintain insurance, with Imo's named as an additional insured, for its drivers'
liability as well as workers' compensation.
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¶ 181 Moreover, I find no evidence in this record to support a finding that the conduct of
Imo's and Lyerla, or Lyerla's employer, Bethalto, demonstrated Imo's actual control over
Lyerla or the day-to-day operations of Bethalto sufficient to negate the intent of the
franchise agreement not to create a principal-agent relationship. See id.; see also
Salisbury v. Chapman Realty, 124 Ill. App. 3d 1057, 1061 (1984). While the manual
provided general system standards for Bethalto to follow, it has been recognized that
inherent in any franchise agreement is the need to protect the name, goodwill, reputation,
and the trademarks and service marks it creates, and the mere protection of a trade name
does not create an agency relationship. Oliveira-Brooks, 372 Ill. App. 3d at 135. An
actual agency relationship did not exist as a matter of law, and I believe the majority's
analysis to the contrary improperly focuses on Imo's right to make recommendations and
impose requirements on Bethalto as a franchisee, rather than its relationship with the
negligent party, Lyerla. For these reasons, I would find that the circuit court erred in
denying Imo's motion for a summary judgment, directed verdict, and judgment
notwithstanding the verdict as to the issue of respondeat superior based on actual agency.
¶ 182 b. Respondeat Superior - Apparent Agency
¶ 183 I next consider whether Imo's was entitled to a summary judgment, a directed
verdict, and a judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the issue of its vicarious liability
for Lyerla's conduct based on the doctrine of apparent agency. Apparent agency is based
on principles of estoppel. O'Banner v. McDonald's Corp., 173 Ill. 2d 208, 213 (1996).
"The idea is that if a principal creates the appearance that someone is his agent, he should
not then be permitted to deny the agency if an innocent third party reasonably relies on
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the apparent agency and is harmed as a result." Id. Accordingly, a principal can be held
vicariously liable in tort for injury caused by the negligent acts of his apparent agent if
the injury would not have occurred but for the injured party's justifiable reliance on the
apparent agency. Id. It is clear from the record before us that the plaintiff's injury is in
no way related to his reliance on Lyerla being an apparent agent of Imo's. The plaintiff
was injured in an automobile accident that occurred randomly on a public roadway. The
doctrine of apparent agency is, as a matter of law, inapplicable to the case at bar, and
Imo's was entitled to a summary judgment, directed verdict, and judgment
notwithstanding the verdict on the theory that Lyerla was an apparent agent of Imo's.
¶ 184 c. Direct Negligence
¶ 185 Having found no basis for vicarious liability on the part of Imo's for the acts of
Lyerla, I also believe Imo's was entitled to a summary judgment, directed verdict, and
judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the issue of its direct liability to the plaintiff for
the injuries he sustained in this automobile accident because Imo's owed no duty to
protect the plaintiff from the injuries he sustained in this accident. I respectfully submit
that the majority does not follow the analysis of duty required by the Illinois Supreme
Court in Simpkins v. CSX Transportation Inc., 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 21, because the
majority does not make a legal determination of the threshold question as to whether
Imo's committed an act or omission that contributed to a risk of harm to the plaintiff prior
to weighing the factors of foreseeability, likelihood of injury, and the burden on the
defendant. Instead, the majority accepts the plaintiff's allegations as true and moves
directly into an analysis of the four factors. These allegations are that Imo's contributed
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to a risk of harm to the plaintiff by: (1) requiring Bethalto to engage in pizza delivery; (2)
establishing an unusually large delivery area for the Bethalto store; (3) requiring "timely"
delivery; (4) requiring Bethalto to have Lyerla sign a contract stating that he could be
terminated for failing to deliver pizzas expeditiously; and (5) creating a financial
incentive for drivers to drive at unsafe speeds. Having considered the entire record, I
believe that these alleged actions on the part of Imo's are insufficient, in law and in fact,
to support a finding that Imo's contributed to a risk of harm to the plaintiff, and I consider
them each in turn.
¶ 186 I begin with the contention that Imo's requirement that its franchisees engage in
pizza delivery constitutes an act that contributed to a risk of harm to the plaintiff. I would
decline to so hold. All of the cases cited by the plaintiff in support of its contention that
Imo's requirement that franchisees engage in pizza delivery contributed to a risk of harm
to the plaintiff involved entities that directly created a uniquely dangerous situation. See,
e.g., Michel v. O'Connor, 26 Ill. App. 2d 255 (1960) (motorcycle club racing event on a
frozen lake). In this case, requiring franchisees to deliver is tantamount to a requirement
that the franchisees engage in an everyday activity: operating a vehicle on a public
roadway. I cannot support a holding that any franchisor who proposes a business model
involving delivery of food assumes a duty to all motorists who come into contact with its
franchisees' employees.
¶ 187 Next I consider the plaintiff's contention that because Imo's created a large
delivery area for the Bethalto store, it contributed to a risk of harm to the plaintiff. I find
this contention to be belied by the record. Imo's assigned a protected delivery territory of
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a three-quarter-mile radius from each franchise in which that store is guaranteed to
operate without the competition of other Imo's restaurants. Individual franchisees were
allowed to operate outside of the assigned delivery territory at their discretion as long as
they did not operate within the protected territory of another Imo's franchise. Bethalto's
owner, Mrs. Wilson, testified at trial that she chose to deliver to a larger area than that
assigned by Imo's at her own discretion. Accordingly, I find no act on the part of Imo's in
relation to the delivery area that would have contributed to any risk of harm to the
plaintiff.
¶ 188 I now turn to the plaintiff's contention that Imo's required "timely delivery" on
the part of franchisees, which contributed to a risk of harm to the plaintiff. My
examination of the record also belies this assertion. The manual is replete with
references to the quality of the product and the safety of delivery above all else. The
manual states: "When a customer calls, it is important they get a made-to-order pizza as
soon as possible. But we would never sacrifice quality for speed." In addition, the
manual explicitly states, "You must never advertise or stipulate to drivers that a delivery
must be accomplished within a specified time of when an order is received." Finally, all
references to "timely" or "efficient" delivery in the driver contract form in the manual
equally emphasize safety. I would decline to impose a duty based on the language of the
manual, which does not require franchisees to deliver within any specific time frame.
¶ 189 For the same reasons, I do not find that Imo's created a risk of harm to the plaintiff
by requiring Bethalto to utilize a driver contract stating that a driver could be terminated
for failing to deliver pizzas expeditiously. Imo's had no authority to terminate Lyerla's
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employment with Bethalto for any reason. The manual stated that each franchisee was
solely responsible for establishing its own employment practices and guidelines for hiring
drivers, and Imo's had no right to control the franchisee's employees. Bethalto's owner,
Mrs. Wilson, testified that she was responsible for hiring, supervising, and disciplining
Bethalto's employees without any involvement from Imo's. Again, any requirement that
a delivery be made "timely" was qualified by the requirement that the delivery also be
made safely. The driver contract stated:
"Should Driver at any time, refuse, neglect, or fail in any respect to perform
the work with safety and expedition, or default in the performance of this
Agreement, then Company, without prejudice to any other right or remedy, may
terminate Driver's services under this agreement or oral or written notice to
Driver."
¶ 190 The driver contract consistently emphasized safety above all, stating that:
"Driver acknowledges Company's policy that the safety of the Driver and others is
of primary concern and that Driver will not jeopardize his or her safety of others
for any reason."
¶ 191 The safe work practices for drivers states in capitalized text:
"KEEP IN MIND THAT YOUR PRIMARY OBJECTIVE IS YOUR SAFETY
AND THE SAFETY OF OTHERS. DON'T EVER PUT ANYTHING AHEAD
OF SAFETY. Driver agrees to use his or her best efforts to deliver the pizzas and
other menu items in a good workmanlike manner in a timely fashion, taking all
safety precautions and obeying all laws. *** Driver acknowledges Company's
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policy that the safety of Driver and others is of primary concern and that Driver
will not jeopardize his or her safety or the safety of others for any reason. Driver
will at all times wear a seat belt and operate his or her motor vehicle in a safe
manner, in accordance will all laws and rules of the road. *** Driver
acknowledges that Company is a franchisee of Imo's Franchising Inc. and that
his/her employment is only with Company, and not Imo's Franchising, Inc."
¶ 192 I would find that the driver contract required by Imo's did not contribute to a risk
of harm to the plaintiff.
¶ 193 Finally, I consider whether Imo's suggestions for methods its franchisees could use
to compensate their drivers created a risk of harm to the plaintiff. These suggestions
included allowing the drivers to keep all or part of the delivery fee charged for each
delivery, allowing the drivers to keep all or part of any tips that were given, paying the
drivers an hourly wage, and compensating drivers with a gas or mileage allowance, or
any combination of those methods. Franchisees such as Bethalto could choose to adopt
any or all of these methods of compensation for its drivers or pay its drivers according to
its own policies. The only requirement that Imo's imposed is that drivers make at least
minimum wage. This requirement was imposed on Bethalto and not the drivers. I find
nothing in Imo's suggestions for compensating drivers that increased the risk of harm to
the plaintiff.
¶ 194 Generally, businesses do not owe an affirmative duty to protect or rescue a
stranger, but must guard against injuries which naturally flow as a reasonably probable
and foreseeable consequence of an act. Simpkins, 2012 IL 110662, ¶ 19. Here, I have
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examined all of the plaintiff's contentions in this regard and have found no act or
omission on the part of Imo's that contributed to a risk of harm to the plaintiff. Because
Imo's has not created a risk of harm to the plaintiff, a duty on the part of Imo's to guard
against the plaintiff's injuries arises only if a legally recognized "special relationship"
existed between them. See id. ¶ 21. No such relationship exists in this case.
¶ 195 The remaining theory of direct liability that I must address is the majority's finding
that Imo's voluntarily assumed a duty to protect the plaintiff when it imposed
qualifications for drivers on Bethalto and then reserved the right to make inspections and
inquiries and to enforce compliance with suggestions or requirements set forth in the
manual. I find no support for this assertion under existing case law. The manual made
clear that its minimum driver's qualifications were imposed by insurance. It is also
important to note that the statements in the manual regarding the right to make
inspections made no specific mention of the driver's qualifications, and I believe it is
important to set forth this language in detail:
"In order to maintain the public image and reputation of the Imo's Pizza System,
and to maintain standards of quality, appearance and service of Imo's franchises,
we may use various methods to monitor each franchisee's compliance with the
high Imo's Pizza System standards. Such methods include, but are not limited to:
Store inspections/Inquiries–We have the right to make inspections and inquiries
of your store during normal business hours without notice. If we find areas that
need improvement, we have the right to make certain recommendations and
suggestions to you, and in some cases, we may require you to make certain
76
changes or improvements. You agree to make those changes and improvements
that we may require of you. *** You and your employees must cooperate with us
and provide us with any requested information in connection with such inspections
and inquiries. Any suggestions, recommendations, or requirements we may
impose as a result of our inspections is not a substitute for your responsibility, as
the franchisee, for the manner and means by which the day-to-day operations of
your Imo's pizza parlor is conducted. Furthermore, we do not warrant the
appropriateness of any such suggestions, recommendations, or requirements."
(Emphasis in original.)
¶ 196 Although Imo's made its driver qualifications mandatory due to the imposition of
these requirements by insurance, and Imo's reserved a right to inspect and monitor
Bethalto's compliance with the manual in general, Imo's did not specifically reserve the
right to micromanage Bethalto's employment records and did not take any affirmative
action to ensure compliance with the standards for drivers. See Chelkova v. Southland
Corp., 331 Ill. App. 3d 716, 724 (2002) (franchisor did not exercise control over
franchisee day-to-day operations and did nothing to enforce its security
recommendations); accord Decker v. Domino's Pizza, Inc., 268 Ill. App. 3d 521, 528
(1994) (franchisor created a franchise consultant to ensure compliance with its security
standards) and Martin v. McDonald's Corp., 213 Ill. App. 3d 487, 491 (1991) (franchisor
checked for security problems at franchisee stores through a regional security manager
who would follow up on whether recommended security procedures had been followed).
The record reflects that Imo's never undertook to inspect Bethalto's records for
77
compliance with the insurance requirements regarding drivers' qualifications or to
monitor Bethalto in any fashion. With regard to hiring and managing employees, the
manual provided:
"[S]ince you control day to day operations of your business, you are responsible
for the acts of your employees ***. You are solely responsible for all employment
decisions and functions of your store, including hiring, firing, training, wage and
hour requirements, recordkeeping, supervising and disciplining of your
employees. *** We do not have any responsibility or duty to implement a
training program for your employees and we do not have a responsibility or duty
to instruct your employees about matters of safety and security in your Store or in
your delivery area. You are solely responsible for recruiting, hiring, training,
scheduling for work, supervising and paying those who work in your Store, and
they shall for all purposes be considered your employees, and not our agents or
employees. We expressly disclaim any right to control your employees, and again
reiterate that the control of your employees rests solely with you as the franchisee
and owner and operator of your Store. We neither have the right nor will ever be
in a position to control the manner and method of hiring or supervising your
employees. By providing advice or suggestions with respect to your employees,
or by providing any advice or suggestions with respect to other matters affecting
the operations of your Store, or by providing you forms that we have developed,
we do not assume any of your responsibilities or duties."
78
¶ 197 I would decline to hold that the reservation of a right to monitor a franchisee is
tantamount to a voluntary undertaking to do so. I also note that a failure to inspect
Bethalto's records or negligent inspection of Bethalto's records was not pled in the
complaint as a basis for Imo's alleged negligence. For all of these reasons, I would find
that, as a matter of law, Imo's did not owe a duty to the plaintiff in this case, and was
entitled to a summary judgment, directed verdict, and judgment notwithstanding the
verdict on the plaintiff's direct negligence claim against it.
¶ 198 3. Questioning by the Circuit Court on Issue of Imo's Liability
¶ 199 Finally, although I would find that Imo's is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law in its favor because it had no duty to protect the plaintiff from the conduct of
Bethalto's employee, I also believe that the circuit court's questioning of one of the
owners of Bethalto Pizza, Annette Wilson, during defense counsel's examination of her
indicated bias on its part regarding the issue of Imo's liability and constitutes reversible
error. Mrs. Wilson testified that she made the decisions to hire drivers for Bethalto Pizza
and sat in on interviews and that no representative of Imo's participated. As far as
operations of Bethalto Pizza, Mrs. Wilson testified that Imo's had no involvement. At
this point, the circuit court had the following colloquy with Mrs. Wilson during counsel
for Imo's examination:
"THE COURT: You really just rented the Imo name, have you not?
THE WITNESS: Pretty much.
THE COURT: Without Imo there couldn't be you; without you there
couldn't be a driver, so no one is responsible?
79
THE WITNESS: Well, I have taken the responsibility.
THE COURT: How about Imo?
THE WITNESS: I don't–I don't see how they could possibly be
responsible.
THE COURT: Have you discussed this with Imo?
THE WITNESS: Have I discussed what with Imo?
THE COURT: This case. You are–I know you are going to object, and the
objection is overruled. But ask your next question.
COUNSEL: I was not going to object, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Come on. Let's get to the meat of this case.
COUNSEL: I'll move on.
THE COURT: Is there an agency relationship?
WITNESS: Is there what?
THE COURT: An agency relationship?
COUNSEL: Between Bethalto Pizza and the driver?
THE COURT: I just asked the general question. Is there an agency
relationship?
THE WITNESS: Between the store and Imo?
THE COURT: You can't answer that, right?
THE WITNESS: I don't–I don't understand the question.
THE COURT: Yes. You don't–
80
THE COURT: There's been a lot I don't understand. You get a pack of
material an inch thick?
THE WITNESS: Right. Right.
THE COURT: It seems like no one has read it.
THE WITNESS: I have read it, but I did not memorize it.
THE COURT: And Mrs. Imo, she doesn't know anything about it either.
And it's getting to the point where this trial I do have a responsibility as a judge to
keep this case going. There's been a lot of wasted time, and there's been a lot of
denying. Let's get to the point. Go ahead.
COUNSEL: Okay. And your Bethalto Pizza is not denying that Ken
worked for them at the time of the accident, correct?
THE WITNESS: That's correct.
COUNSEL: Okay. He was–to your understanding he was driving pizzas in
the course of his employment at the time of the accident?
THE WITNESS: That's correct.
COUNSEL: And as far as the relationship with Imo they don't have any
direct control over day-to-day operations?
THE WITNESS: No. I own the franchise.
COUNSEL: Okay. All right. That's all the questions I have.
THE COURT: You're lucky."
¶ 200 I respectfully dissent from the majority's characterization of this line of
questioning on the part of the circuit court. I do not believe that the circuit court's
81
remarks "could have been just as easily said in jest" or that they are ambiguous in
meaning. Nor do I believe that the remarks could also be viewed as a summation of Mrs.
Wilson's testimony. Instead, I believe the questioning indicated bias on the part of the
circuit court regarding Imo's liability for the plaintiff's injuries, and deprived Imo's of a
fair trial.
¶ 201 In conclusion, and for all of the foregoing reasons, I would vacate the judgment
against Imo's and remand with directions that judgment be entered in its favor.
Furthermore, I would reverse the judgment against Bethalto and remand for a new trial
on damages, as Bethalto has admitted its vicarious liability for Lyerla's admitted
negligence.
82
2014 IL App (5th) 120245
NO. 5-12-0245
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT
____________________________________________________________________________________________
MATTHEW BRUNTJEN, ) Appeal from the
) Circuit Court of
Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Madison County.
)
v. )
)
BETHALTO PIZZA, LLC, d/b/a Imo's Pizza; and )
IMO'S FRANCHISING, INC., )
) No. 10-L-577
Defendants-Appellants )
)
(Kenneth Lyerla; Lisa Lyerla; Jeremiah Greene; )
Jason Yelton; Metro East Distributing, Inc.; ) Honorable
Leonard Cummings, Jr.; and Tresorella's, Inc., ) A. A. Matoesian,
Defendants). ) Judge, presiding.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Opinion Filed: September 15, 2014
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Justices: Honorable Melissa A. Chapman, J.
Honorable Bruce D. Stewart, J.,
Concurs
Honorable Stephen L. Spomer, J.,
Dissents
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Gordon R. Broom, Theodore J. MacDonald, Jr., Michael L. Young, HeplerBroom, LLC,
for 130 North Main Street, P.O. Box 510, Edwardsville, IL 62025; Roderick T. Dunne, Linda
Appellants J. Carwile, Karbal, Cohen, Economou, Silk & Dunne, LLC, 150 South Wacker Drive,
Suite 1700, Chicago, IL 60606 (attorneys for Imo's Pizza)
Russell K. Scott, Greensfelder, Hemker & Gale, P.C., 12 Wolf Creek Drive, Suite 100,
Belleville, IL 62226 (attorney for Imo's Franchising, Inc.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Attorneys Roy C. Dripps, Charles W. Armbruster III, Michael T. Blotevogel, Armbruster, Dripps,
for Winterscheidt & Blotevogel, 219 Piasa Street, Alton, IL 62002
Appellee
____________________________________________________________________________________________