[Cite as Coler v. Anchor Acquisition, L.L.C., 2014-Ohio-4049.]
COURT OF APPEALS
FAIRFIELD COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES:
KATHY COLER : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
: Hon. Sheila G. Farmer, J.
Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.
:
-vs- :
: Case No. 14-CA-12
ANCHOR ACQUISITION, LLC, ET AL :
:
Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Civil appeal from the Fairfield County Court
of Common Pleas, Case No. 2010CV00004
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: September 15, 2014
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
THOMAS REITZ CHRISTOPHER WALSH
Larrimer & Larrimer Earl, Warburton, Adams & Davis
165 N. High Street 136 W. Mound Street
Columbus, OH 43215 Columbus, OH 43215
[Cite as Coler v. Anchor Acquisition, L.L.C., 2014-Ohio-4049.]
Gwin, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant appeals the January 14, 2014 judgment entry of the Fairfield
County Court of Common Pleas allowing appellee to participate in the workers’
compensation fund for the substantial aggravation of a pre-existing medical condition.
Facts & Procedural History
{¶2} At all times relevant to this appeal, appellee Kathy Coler was employed by
appellant Anchor Acquisition, LLC. In 2005, appellee, while in the course and scope of
her employment, injured her back after she attempted to un-jam a conveyer belt. An
MRI taken on June 1, 2005 showed “slight bulging of the disc at L4-5” and “central
protrusion of the disc at L5-S1.” Doctors treated appellee for these conditions and the
resulting pain. After treatment, appellee returned to full-duty work that included physical
labor, with lifting, bending, pushing, and pulling.
{¶3} Subsequently, on July 29, 2008, appellee, while in the course and scope
of her employment, was injured when a pallet of glassware fell on her. Upon completion
of her shift, appellee presented at the emergency room, complaining of low back and
right knee pain. Diagnostic tests and imaging revealed appellee had a bulging disc at
the L4-5 level as well as other degenerative changes in her spine. Appellee was placed
on light duty until December of 2008 and appellee has not worked since then.
{¶4} Appellee sought to participate in the Ohio Workers’ Compensation Fund.
The District Hearing Officer granted appellee’s request to allow the additional conditions
of bulging discs L4-5 and L5-S1. Appellant appealed the decision to the Staff Hearing
Officer, who affirmed the District Hearing Officer’s decision. Appellant appealed to the
Industrial Commission, which allowed the claim for the additional condition of bulging
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 3
disc L4-5, but disallowed the claim for the additional condition of bulging disc L5-S1 and
substantial aggravation of pre-existing bulging disc L5-S1.
{¶5} Appellee filed an appeal from the Industrial Commission’s decision to the
trial court on January 4, 2010. Appellant also filed an appeal from the Industrial
Commission’s decision. Prior to trial, appellee withdrew her appeal as to the claim for
the L5-S1 conditions. The trial court conducted a bench trial on November 1, 2011.
Appellee Coler, Samuel Lewis, safety manager and workers’ compensation
administrator for appellant, Dr. Robert Masone, and Dr. David Hannallah testified at
trial. Dr. Masone (“Masone”), board certified in anesthesia and pain management and a
specialist in spine pain, testified that, based on his clinical exam, a review of appellee’s
diagnostic tests, his experience and training, it was his opinion that appellee sustained
aggravation of a pre-existing condition at the L4-5 disc called a lumbar bulge as a result
of her employment on July 29, 2008. Masone stated that he utilized objective tests he
administered, appellee’s subjective complaints, and Dr. Todd’s notations from surgery
he performed on appellee to form his opinion. Dr. Hannallah (“Hannallah”), an
orthopedic surgeon with a focus on spine surgery, opined, after reviewing appellee’s
records, that there was no evidence of substantial aggravation from the July 2008
incident.
{¶6} In addition, the parties stipulated to the admissibility and authenticity of
appellee’s medical records including radiology reports, emergency room records,
records from Dr. Masone, physical therapy records, records from Dr. Woo, records from
Dr. Walter, records from Ohio Schoolhouse Family Practice, records from Dr. Lobel, and
records from Dr. Todd. The parties filed written closing arguments.
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 4
{¶7} In a March 21, 2012 judgment entry, the trial court found appellee’s
allowed condition for bulging disc L4-5 did not constitute a pre-existing condition and
R.C. 4123.01(C)(4) was inapplicable. Thus, the trial court affirmed the Industrial
Commission's decision. Appellant filed an appeal with this Court. In Coler v. Anchor
Acquisition, LLC, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 12-CA-19, 2012-Ohio-6261, we reversed the
trial court’s decision because the parties stipulated appellee’s bulging disc at L4-5 was
pre-existing and remanded the matter for redetermination based upon the application of
R.C. 4123.01(C)(4).
{¶8} The trial court issued a judgment entry on January 14, 2014. The trial
court reviewed, in detail, the evidence regarding the MRI studies, CT scans and
discography, and other tests and procedures. The trial court found the results of the
range of motion tests, the results of the Feber’s Maneuver Patrick tests, the results of
the Laseque test, the comparison of MRI and CT scans before and after July 29, 2008,
and observations during surgery were diagnostic and clinical findings that are objective
in nature for purposes of R.C. 4123.01(C)(4). Further, that the comparison between
post-injury physical tests with appellee’s pre-injury and post-injury pain were not
themselves objective findings, but they provided corroboration of substantial
aggravation confirmed by objective findings. The trial court determined that the records
demonstrate Masone engaged in a methodical process and administered several types
of clinical and objectively based tests that were consistent with the subjective
complaints of appellee. The trial court emphasized that Masone used counter
measures to minimize the likelihood of false test results. The trial court found the
opinion of Masone that the bulge at L4-5 is a substantial aggravation of a pre-existing
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 5
condition to be more persuasive than the opinion of Hannallah that there is no evidence
of substantial aggravation because Hannallah was not present during the exams or
diagnostic tests and his opinion based on the review of the CT scan films was
inconsistent with the radiologists’ reports and Todd’s actual observations during surgery
when he reported a broad-based disc bulge at L4-5. The trial court found that appellee
proved, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the pre-existing condition was
substantially aggravated by the 2008 injury while working for appellant. Thus, the trial
court determined appellee is entitled to participate in the benefits provided by the
workers’ compensation act for the substantial aggravation of a L4-5 disc bulge.
{¶9} Appellant appeals the January 14, 2014 judgment entry and assigns the
following as error:
{¶10} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF DEFENDANT
WHEN IT FAILED TO GRANT JUDGMENT AS A MATTER OF LAW.
{¶11} "II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF DEFENDANT
WHEN IT HELD THAT PLAINTIFF PRODUCED OBJECTIVE EVIDENCE
ESTABLISHING A SUBSTANTIAL AGGRAVATION OF THE DISC BULGE AT L4-5.
{¶12} "III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF DEFENDANT
WHEN IT RELIED UPON EXPERT OPINION THAT CONTRADICTED ITSELF.
{¶13} "IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED TO THE PREJUDICE OF DEFENDANT
WHEN IT FOUND CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP WITHOUT ANY SUPPORTING EXPERT
OPINION.
{¶14} "V. THE ALLEGEDLY WORSENED ANNULAR TEAR AT L4-5 WAS NOT
THE CONDITION AT ISSUE IN THIS APPEAL.”
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 6
I. & II.
{¶15} Appellant argues in its first two assignments of error that the trial court
erred in its judgment because appellee failed to produce any objective evidence of a
substantial aggravation of her L4-5 disc bulge and, accordingly, judgment should have
been granted in favor of appellant. We disagree.
{¶16} In an appeal under R.C. 4123.512 from an order of the Industrial
Commission, the trial court reviews de novo the issue of whether the claimant can
participate in the workers’ compensation fund. Oswald v. Connor, 16 Ohio St.3d 38,
476 N.E.2d 658 (1985). This Court reviews the decision of the trial court under a
manifest weight of the evidence standard. Krull v. Ryan, 1st Dist. No. C-100019, 2010-
Ohio-4422; C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Construction Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d
578 (1978). As an appellate court, we neither weigh the evidence nor judge the
credibility of the witnesses. Our role is to determine whether there is relevant,
competent, and credible evidence upon which the fact finder could base its judgment.
Cross Truck Equip. Co. v. The Joseph A. Jeffries Co., 5th Dist. No. CA5758, 1982 WL
2911 (Feb. 10, 1982). Accordingly, judgments supported by some competent, credible
evidence going to all the essential elements of the case will not be reversed as being
against the manifest weight of the evidence. C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley Constr., 54 Ohio
St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978). The underlying rationale of this deference to the trial
court is that “the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their
demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing the
credibility of the proffered testimony.” Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d
77, 81, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984). To the extent that a judgment involves a question of
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 7
law, we review the question of law independently and without any deference. Goodyear
Tire & Rubber Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 95 Ohio St.3d 512, 2002-Ohio-2842, 769
N.E.2d 835.
{¶17} A claimant must establish an injury to participate in the Ohio workers’
compensation system. Schell v. Global Trucking, Inc., 48 Ohio St.3d 1, 548 N.E.2d 920
(1990). “Injury” includes any injury, whether caused by external accidental means or
accidental in character and result, received in the course of, and arising out of, the
injured employee’s employment.” R.C. 4123.01(C). The statute also specifically
excludes some categories of injuries. R.C. 4123.01(C)(4) excludes from the definition
of injury:
[a] condition that pre-existed an injury unless that pre-
existing condition is substantially aggravated by the injury.
Such a substantial aggravation must be documented by
objective diagnostic findings, objective clinical findings, or
objective test results. Subjective complaints may be
evidence of such a substantial aggravation. However,
subjective complaints without objective diagnostic findings,
objective clinical findings, or objective test results are
insufficient to substantiate a substantial aggravation.
{¶18} Although subjective complaints are insufficient, standing alone, to
establish a substantial aggravation, this Court has held that they may be coupled with
objective diagnostic findings, objective clinical findings, or objective test results to satisfy
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 8
the standard. Brate v. Rolls-Royce Energy Sys., Inc., 5th Dist. Knox No. 12CA000001,
2012-Ohio-4577.
{¶19} Appellant first contends that Masone never testified to “substantial”
aggravation and since he only testified to “aggravation,” there is no evidence that the
alleged aggravation was substantial. However, after examining the record, we find that
Masone testified as to “substantial” aggravation. Appellee’s counsel inquired of Masone
as to whether he had “an opinion as to the cause based on your clinical examinations,
your training, your expertise, your review of the MRI’s, your consultations with the other
physicians, whether Ms. Coler sustained a substantial aggravation of a pre-existing
condition at the L4-5 * * * disc called a lumber bulge as a result of her employment from
July 29th of 2008.” Masone responded that “the short answer is yes” and then testified
to the aggravation process in the disc. Further, Masone’s testimony must also be read
in light of his medical reports and records, which were stipulated to and admitted into
evidence. In a May 19, 2010 letter authored by Masone, he states as follows: “In my
medical opinion, with a reasonable degree of certainty, [appellee] had substantial
aggravation of the preexisting conditions at the L4-L5 and L5-S1 disc.” Further, that the
2008 injury caused “substantial aggravation of that situation.” Accordingly, there is
competent and credible evidence of “substantial” aggravation.
{¶20} Appellant also contends that Masone’s reliance on his review of the 2005
and 2010 CT scans in forming his opinion on substantial aggravation was not objective
because he reviewed the radiologists’ reports and not the CT scans themselves and
thus the trial court’s consideration of this evidence was in error.
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 9
{¶21} In this case, Masone reviewed the CT scan reports from the radiologists
and did not independently review the CT scan images. The CT scan reports were
stipulated to by both parties in terms of admissibility and authenticity. Because the CT
scan reports were submitted into evidence, the fact that Masone did not personally
review the CT scan images but rather reviewed the radiologists’ reports in treating and
diagnosing appellee goes to the weight, not the admissibility, of Masone’s testimony.
Hager v. Norfolk & Western Railway Co., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87553, 2006-Ohio-
6580; Nieminen v. Leek, 11th Dist. No. 2000-A-0043, 2001-Ohio-8778. It is clear from
the trial court’s judgment entry that it did consider the fact that Masone did not
personally review the CT scans when weighing the evidence regarding the
objectiveness of the CT scan comparisons, but ultimately determined, by reviewing the
CT scan records and Masone’s testimony, that the information utilized by Masone from
the reports is reliable. As noted above, we neither weigh the evidence nor judge the
credibility of the witnesses. Cross Truck Equip. Co. v. The Joseph A. Jeffries Co., 5th
Dist. No. CA5758, 1982 WL 2911 (Feb. 10, 1982). Accordingly, the trial court did not
err in considering Masone’s opinion based on the CT scans despite the fact that
Masone did not review the CT scan films themselves but relied on the radiologists’
reports that were admitted into evidence by stipulation of both parties.
{¶22} Appellant states this case is analogous to Lake v. Anne Grady Corp., 6th
Dist. Lucas No. L-12-1330, 999 N.E.2d 1203, 2013-Ohio-4740, and urges this Court to
find the trial court erred based upon the rationale in the Lake case. However, unlike the
Lake case cited by appellant in which the expert’s affidavit only stated that objective
evidence exists without stating which clinical findings or x-rays were relied upon, in this
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 10
case, appellee submitted extensive medical records and documentation as to which
clinical or diagnostic tests Masone completed to diagnose appellee and form his opinion
that there was substantial aggravation of appellee’s L4-5 disc bulge. In addition to the
detailed medical records supporting Masone’s conclusion and containing the specific
tests, when the tests were administered, and the results of each of the tests, Masone
also testified as to the items he relied upon in rending his opinion such as physical
exams, Lasegue’s test, Feber’s Maneuver Patrick tests, range of motion tests,
comparison of MRI and CT scans before and after the injury, and his review of Todd’s
observations during surgery. Accordingly, the facts in this case are not analogous to
those in Lake.
{¶23} Appellant’s argument also centers on the testimony by Masone that he
was “using logic” to form his opinion on substantial aggravation and appellant argues
this is only subjective evidence of substantial aggravation. However, while Masone did
testify regarding subjective evidence of appellee’s complaints and pain before and after
the incident, Masone also testified and provided in his medical records, objective clinical
findings, diagnoses, and tests. These include: the change in condition as reflected in
the 2005 and 2010 CT scan radiology reports reviewed by Masone, the range of motion
tests conducted by Masone, the Feber’s Maneuver Patrick’s tests conducted by
Masone, a Lasque test conducted by Masone, and counter-measures employed by
Masone to minimize the likelihood of false test results. See Brate v. Rolls-Royce
Energy Systems, Inc., 5th Dist. No 12CA1, 2012-Ohio-4577 (finding clinical exam and
observations during surgery objective); Harrison v. Panera, 2nd Dist. No. 25626, 2013-
Ohio-5338 (comparison of MRI results and range of motion evaluation tests when
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 11
coupled with physician’s tangible conclusions and counter-measures to prevent
subjective tampering found to be objective); Cassens Transport Co. v. Bohl, 3rd Dist.
No. 13-11-36, 2012-Ohio-2248 (range of motion tests when coupled with admission of
detailed medical reports found to be objective). Masone utilized these objective clinical
findings, diagnoses, and tests, in addition to subjective complaints by appellee, to come
to an opinion regarding substantial aggravation of a L4-5 disc bulge. This comports with
this Court’s holding in Brate v. Rolls-Royce Energy Systems, Inc., 5th Dist. No. 12CA1,
2012-Ohio-4577, which provides that while subjective complaints alone are insufficient
to establish a substantial aggravation, “subjective complaints, coupled with objective
diagnostic findings, objective clinical findings, or objective test results are sufficient.” In
addition, the medical records stipulated to by both parties contain actual observations
by Todd during surgery when he reported a broad based disc bulge at L4-5.
{¶24} The trial court was permitted to consider objective, as well as subjective,
evidence of the substantial aggravation of appellee’s pre-existing condition, but there
had to be some objective evidence. R.C. 4123.01(C); Brate v. Rolls-Royce Energy
Systems, Inc., 5th Dist. No 12CA1, 2012-Ohio-4577. We find there was competent and
credible evidence to support the trial court’s conclusion that there was some objective
evidence, coupled with subjective evidence, that appellee’s injury had been
substantially aggravated by the accident. Accordingly, appellant’s first and second
assignments of error are overruled.
III.
{¶25} In its third assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in
relying on the expert testimony of Masone because that testimony was allegedly
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 12
contradictory and thus the trial court was precluded from relying on Masone’s opinion
that the second CT scan indicated the L4-5 disc bulge was worse. Appellant states that
Masone was first unable to compare the CT reports as the first report did not use a
grading system, but Masone then subsequently did compare the two reports.
{¶26} In State v. ex rel. Eberhardt v. Flxible Corp., the Supreme Court of Ohio
discussed the inherent deficiency of equivocal or contradictory opinions. 70 Ohio St.3d
649, 640 N.E.2d 815 (1994). Equivocal medical opinions have no probative value and
“equivocation occurs when a doctor repudiates an earlier opinion, renders contradictory
or uncertain opinions, or fails to clarify an ambiguous statement. Ambiguous
statements, however, are considered equivocal only while they are unclarified. Thus,
once clarified, such statements fall outside the boundaries of” the general rule that
equivocal medical opinions are not evidence. Id.
{¶27} Masone testified that he conducted a discogram in 2010 and Dr. Uselman
conducted a discogram in 2005 and, in each instance, a subsequent CT scan was done
and a detailed report was issued by a radiologist reviewing the CT scan. However,
Masone could not compare the two discograms “apples to apples” because the
radiologists interpreting the CT scans utilized different terminology to grade the injury.
In response to the testimony, the trial court specifically noted that a direct comparison of
the two discograms alone is not probative as to the issue of substantial aggravation.
However, as later testified to by Masone, indicated by the medial records stipulated to
by the parties, and noted in the trial court’s judgment entry, while the discogram results
cannot be directly compared to each other, the discogram results can provide
corroboration of the information in the 2010 and 2005 CT scan radiology reports.
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 13
Accordingly, upon review of the record, we find Masone’s testimony was not
contradictory.
{¶28} Further, even if we were to find the testimony to be conflicting and exclude
the testimony of Masone regarding the worsening of the bulge from the 2005 CT scan to
the 2010 CT scan, we find there is still some objective evidence (range of motion test
results with counter measures, results of Febers’ Maneuver Patrick Test with counter
measures, results of the Laseque Test with counter measures, and observations during
surgery) of substantial aggravation such that the trial court’s decision was supported by
competent, credible evidence and not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.
IV.
{¶29} In its fourth assignment of error, appellant argues the trial court erred in
making medical inferences without any supporting expert opinion. Appellant argues the
trial court’s conclusion that the annular tear had worsened, the disc bulge had gone
from mild to moderate, and that stenosis was being demonstrated by CT scans are
without supporting expert opinion as Masone never testified that a comparison of the
2005 and 2010 CT reports established a worsening of the L4-5 disc bulge as a result of
the incident and because he never reviewed the actual films.
{¶30} “When an issue in a case involves a question of scientific inquiry which is
not within the knowledge of lay witnesses or members of the jury, expert testimony is
required to furnish the answers * * *.” Kerpelis v. Pfizer, Inc., 7th Dist. Mahnoning No.
03 CA 17, 2004-Ohio-3049.
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 14
{¶31} As discussed above, Masone’s review of the radiologists’ report rather
than the actual film of the CT scans goes to the weight, not admissibility, of the
evidence and the trial court properly considered this factor in weighing the evidence.
With regards to the statements made by the trial court in its opinion, Masone specifically
testified that in 2005 the disc bulge was mild and was worse in 2010 and that the CT
scan also showed an annular tear with a moderate protrusion and stenosis. Further, in
his letter of 2010, Masone opined that appellee had substantial aggravation of the pre-
existing condition at the L4-5 disc and, when asked during trial whether any of questions
at trial changed his opinion about the causal relationship between the work injury and
the aggravation of the L4-5 preexisting condition, Masone stated that his opinion had
not changed. Masone also testified that his opinion regarding the work injury causing
substantial aggravation was based upon his objective tests as detailed in his testimony
and medical records, along with the subjective complaints of appellee. Accordingly, the
trial court did not make medical inferences without any supporting expert opinion and
the trial court’s conclusion was support by competent and credible evidence.
{¶32} Also, as discussed above, even if we were to exclude the trial court’s
alleged medical inferences dealing with the CT scans, we find there is still some
objective evidence of substantial aggravation such that the trial court’s decision was
supported by competent, credible evidence and not against the manifest weight of the
evidence. Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.
V.
{¶33} Appellant finally argues the trial court erred in its judgment because the
allegedly worsened annular tear at L4-5 was not the condition at issue in this appeal.
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 15
Appellant contends since this was the only medical opinion as to the specific worsening
related to L4-5, there was no medical opinion as to the bulge of L4-5, the condition at
issue in this appeal. The claimant “in an R.C. 4123.512 appeal may seek to participate
in the fund only for those conditions that were addressed in the commission order from
which the appeal is taken.” Ward v. Kroger Co., 106 Ohio St.3d 35, 2005-Ohio-3560,
830 N.E.2d1 1155 (2005).
{¶34} In his testimony, Masone confirmed that his opinion, based upon his
clinical exams, training, expertise, review of diagnostic tests, and consultations with
other physicians, was that appellee sustained a substantial aggravation of a pre-existing
condition at the L4-5 disc called a lumbar bulge as a result of her employment on July
29, 2008. In cross-examination, Masone stated that, upon his review of the radiologist’s
report, appellee had a bulge towards the left. Masone stated that sometimes a
radiologist will use the term “bulge” while another may identify the same injury as a
“protrusion.” Further, that the opinions contained in his medical records accurately
reflect his opinion. Hannallah confirmed in his testimony that one person’s large bulge
might be someone else’s small protrusion. In reviewing the medical records, it is clear
that Masone continually refers to his diagnosis as a “bulging disc at L-4-L-5.” In his
notes after the discogram, Masone notes that postoperative diagnosis is a “bulging L4-
L5 disc.” Finally, Masone testified that nothing asked at the trial changed his opinion
about the causal relationship between the work injury and aggravation of the disc bulge.
In addition to Masone’s testimony, the surgical observation of Todd, as stated in his
medical records, is that apellee had a L4-5 broad-based disc bulge. Accordingly, we
find there was medical evidence of a disc bulge of L4-5, the condition at issue in this
Fairfield County, Case No. 14-CA-12 16
appeal. The fact that the 2010 CT scan also references annular tearing did not
contradict Masone’s opinion that the disc bulge had become substantially aggravated.
The trial court specifically allowed the condition at issue in this case as it concluded that
“the court finds, by a preponderance of the evidence, that the pre-existing bulge of
Plaintiff’s L4-5 disc was substantially aggravated by the work injury which occurred July
29, 2008” and appellee is “entitled to participate in the benefits provided by the Worker’s
Compensation Act for this injury.” Accordingly, appellant’s fifth assignment of error is
overruled.
{¶35} Based upon the foregoing, we overrule appellant’s assignments of error
and affirm the January 14, 2014 judgment entry of the Fairfield County Court of
Common Pleas.
By Gwin, P.J.,
Farmer, J., and
Baldwin, J., concur
Coler v. Anchor Acquisition, L.L.C.
Combined Opinion