[Cite as State v. Sluss, 2014-Ohio-4156.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
HIGHLAND COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, : Case No. 13CA24
vs. :
RICHARD A. SLUSS, : DECISION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
Defendant-Appellant. :
_________________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT: Christine D. Tailer, P.O. Box 14, Georgetown, Ohio 451211
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE: Anneka P. Collins, Highland County Prosecuting Attorney,
and K. Ross Greer, Highland County Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, 112 Governor Foraker Place, Hillsboro, Ohio
45133
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM COMMON PLEAS COURT
DATE JOURNALIZED:9-16-14
ABELE, P.J.
{¶ 1} This is an appeal from a Highland County Common Pleas Court judgment of
conviction and sentence. A jury found Richard A. Sluss, defendant below and appellant herein,
guilty of (1) two counts of the illegal manufacture of a controlled substance in violation of R.C.
2925.04(A), and (2) one count of possession of chemicals used to manufacture a controlled
substance in violation of R.C. 2925.041 (A). Appellant assigns the following errors for
1
Different counsel represented appellant during the trial court proceedings.
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 2
review2:
FIRST ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OVERRULING
APPELLANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE BASED
ON A VIOLATION OF HIS FOURTH AMENDMENT
PROTECTIONS AGAINST UNREASONABLE SEARCH AND
SEIZURE.”
SECOND ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“APPELLANT WAS NOT AFFORDED THE EFFECTIVE
ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL.”
THIRD ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW IN
NOT MERGING TOGETHER THE TWO ILLEGAL
MANUFACTURE CHARGES WITH THE ILLEGAL
ASSEMBLY CHARGE, BASED ON THE ACTUAL TRIAL
EVIDENCE.”
FOURTH ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR:
“THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW IN
CONVICTING APPELLANT ON THE BASIS OF AN
INDICTMENT THAT WAS SUPPORTED BY A DEFECTIVE
BILL OF PARTICULARS.”
{¶ 2} On three occasions during the 2013 summer, the Highland County Sheriff’s
Department searched trailers at 6430 Riber Road in Highland County. On all three occasions,
Barb Sluss, appellant's former spouse, met them at the premises and gave permission to search
the trailers. Those searches yielded methamphetamine (meth) and chemicals necessary to
produce meth.
2
Appellant’s brief does not contain a separate statement of the assignments of error. See App.R. 16(A)(3). Thus,
we have taken the assignments of error from the brief's table of contents.
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 3
{¶ 3} On August 6, 2013, the Highland County Grand Jury returned an indictment that
charged appellant with the offenses specified above. Appellant pled not guilty and filed a
motion to suppress evidence and argued that the search of his premises violated the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution. At the suppression hearing, Detective Randy
Sanders testified that Barb Sluss gave consent to search the premises. The trial court overruled
the motion.
{¶ 4} At the jury trial, the most damaging testimony, aside from Highland County law
enforcement authorities, came from Lacey Kelley who testified that she was with appellant on
occasion and observed him “cooking” meth. Greg Grooms also testified that he retrieved a
“mix” for appellant to use in cooking meth, although he was not involved in the cooking process
himself. The defense offered Barb Sluss' testimony (appellant's former spouse), but at no time
did she contradict the State's evidence.
{¶ 5} After hearing the evidence, the jury found appellant guilty on all counts. The trial
court sentenced appellant to serve a six year prison terms on each charge of manufacturing meth
and a two year term on the charge of possessing chemicals for the manufacture of meth. The
trial court then ordered all terms to be served consecutively, for a total sentence of fourteen years.
This appeal followed.
I
{¶ 6} In his first assignment of error, appellant asserts that the trial court erred by
overruling his motion to suppress evidence. In particular, appellant challenges the ruling that his
ex-spouse, Barb Sluss, had the authority to allow a search of the premises. Appellant points to
the fact that several different trailers sit on the premises and that the evidence adduced at the
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 4
hearing is inconclusive as to whether she had the authority to consent to a search.
{¶ 7} Generally, appellate review of a decision on a motion to suppress evidence
involves mixed questions of law and fact. State v. Grubb, 186 Ohio App.3d 744,
2010-Ohio-1265, 930 N.E.2d 380, at ¶12 (3rd Dist.); State v. Book, 165 Ohio App.3d 511,
2006-Ohio-1102, 847 N.E.2d 52, at ¶9 (4th Dist.). In hearing such motions, trial courts assume
the role of trier of fact and are best situated to resolve factual disputes and to evaluate witness
credibility. State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665, 850 N.E.2d 1168, at ¶100;
State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, at ¶8. Appellate courts
will accept those factual findings if supported by competent and credible evidence. State v.
Little, 183 Ohio App.3d 680, 2009-Ohio-4403, 918 N.E.2d 23 at ¶15 (2nd Dist.); State v. Metcalf,
111 Ohio App.3d 142, 145, 675 N.E.2d 1268 (4th Dist. 1996). However, appellate courts review
de novo a trial court's application of the law to the facts. See State v. Higgins, 183 Ohio App.3d
465, 2009-Ohio-3979, 917 N.E.2d 363, at ¶14 (5th Dist.); State v. Poole, 185 Ohio App.3d 38,
2009-Ohio- 5634, 923 N.E.2d 167, at ¶18 (11th Dist.). In other words, an appellate court will
afford no deference whatsoever to the trial court in the application of the law to the facts.
{¶ 8} In the case sub judice, the record is somewhat unclear as to the specific structures
involved in the search. Highland County Sheriff’s Deputies apparently arrived at the premises
on at least one occasion armed with a warrant to search one of the trailers.3 That search did not
require Barb Sluss’s consent. Detective Sanders testified that Barb Sluss was present at the
3
Although the evidence adduced at the suppression hearing and at trial is somewhat confusing, it appears that the
warrant specified the “orange and white” trailer at the front of the property said to be owned or occupied by Roy Sluss,
appellant’s brother.
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 5
premises on all three occasions and gave him permission to conduct a search. Further, Detective
Sanders contacted Rose Wooten, the real estate’s owner's widow, and she advised “Richard and
Barb [Sluss were both] living there” at the time of the investigation. This indicates that Barb
Sluss resided at the premises.
{¶ 9} Almost a decade ago, the United States Supreme Court held that “when police
obtain the voluntary consent of an occupant who shares, or is reasonably believed to share,
authority over the area in common with a co-occupant who later objects to the use of evidence so
obtained,” a warrantless entry and search of the premises is valid. (Emphasis added.) Georgia v.
Randolph, 547 U.S. 103, 106 126 S.Ct. 1515, 164 L.Ed.2d 208 (2006). Ohio courts of appeals
have also reached the same conclusion under similar circumstances. See State v. Burns, 4th Dist.
Highland No. 11CA14, 2012-Ohio-1529, at ¶16; State v. Lampkin, 6th Dist. Lucas No.
L-09-1270, 2010-Ohio-4934, at ¶73. The evidence in the instant case reveals that Barb Sluss
was a resident of the subject premises, and, thus, had the authority to allow a search of the
premises.
{¶ 10} Appellant also argues that Detective Sanders was somewhat vague in describing
the location of the trailers. Again, we agree that the evidence concerning the geography of the
premises is not entirely clear. Appellant, however, fails to show how this lack of precision has
any bearing on the voluntariness of Barb Sluss’s consent to search. Moreover, the record
indicates that she and appellant actually lived in the “back” trailer, and this is the structure for
which she gave consent to search.
{¶ 11} Appellant also cites Detective Sanders' statement on cross-examination that Rose
Wooten “was the one sort of controlling the property . . .” as an indication that Wooten, rather
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 6
than Barb Sluss, is the only person who would be authorized to give consent. However, the
question in this case is who was “the occupant,” see Georgia v. Randolph, supra, rather than the
one who controlled the property. The trial court apparently interpreted, and we believe it a
correct interpretation, that Wooten “controlled” the property in the same way that a landlord may
control the property. That, however, does not mean that Wooten was the occupant.
{¶ 12} Detective Sanders stated that Wooten told him “that Richard and Barb was [sic]
living there.” As we noted earlier, in a suppression hearing the trial court serves as the trier of
fact. It may believe all, part or none of the testimony of any witness and can choose how much
weight to afford to certain parts of a witness’s testimony. See State v. Lytle, 4th Dist. Ross No.
96CA2182, 1997 WL 118069 (Mar. 10, 1997). Here, the trial court obviously afforded more
weight to the detective’s recitation of Wooten's statements than it did to his response when
defense counsel asked if Wooten was “the one sort of controlling the property.”
{¶ 13} Accordingly, for these reasons we find no error in the trial court’s denial of
appellant’s motion to suppress evidence and we hereby overrule his first assignment of error.
II
{¶ 14} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that he was denied
constitutionally effective assistance of trial counsel. Criminal defendants have a constitutional
right to the effective assistance of counsel. See McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 770, 90
S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970); also see In re C.S., 115 Ohio St.3d 267, 2007-Ohio-4919,
874 N.E.2d 1177, at ¶93. To establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of trial counsel, a
criminal defendant must show that (1) his counsel's performance was deficient, and (2) such
deficient performance prejudiced his defense and deprived him of a fair trial. See Strickland v.
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 7
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984); State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d 49, 67, 752
N.E.2d 904 (2001). “In order to show deficient performance, the defendant must prove that
counsel's performance fell below an objective level of reasonable representation. To show
prejudice, the defendant must show a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's error, the
result of the proceeding would have been different.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Conway, 109
Ohio St.3d 412, 2006 Ohio–2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶95.
{¶ 15} In the case at bar, appellant’s contention appears to be that defense counsel failed
to properly challenge the chain of evidence before a BCI witness testified. A statement in his
brief, however, appears to undermine this point:
“Granted both the underlying facts relating where the items containing
methampheteamine were recovered, and the chain of custody that brought these
times to the witness for analysis, were admitted later, during the course of the
trial, but this was in clear contravention of Evidence Rule 705 which provides that
provides [sic] the facts or data upon which the experts opinion is based, are to be
disclosed prior to rendering the opinion.”4 (Appellant’s brief page 17.)
{¶ 16} This statement indicates that even if the underlying facts of an expert BCI
witness's opinion should have been detailed before the witness expressed an opinion, the result of
the case would not have been different. Moreover, the admission of several witnesses, including
Lacey Kelley, also established that appellant possessed the chemicals for the manufacture of
methamphetamine and did, in fact, manufacture that drug.
{¶ 17} For these reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's second assignment of error.
III
4
Evid.R. 705 states “[t]he expert may testify in terms of opinion, or inference, and give the expert’s reasons therefor,
after disclosure of the underlying facts or data.”
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 8
{¶ 18} Appellant’s third assignment of error involves the trial court’s decision to not
merge the two convictions for the illegal manufacture with the conviction for the illegal
possession of chemicals used in the manufacture of a controlled substance. The trial court
addressed this issue directly and opined:
“ * * * The first thing I’m going to consider is the question of merger of Count
Three with Counts One and Two. Counts One and Two were clearly committed
on separate days, the 13th and the 27th of June. Count Three was an alleged
continuing course of conduct. The Court will note that, uh, the, uh, Counts One
and Two are actual production of methamphetamine; and, there was testimony in
the record that there was actual meth produced on both dates. * * *
The testimony is that there was extensive chemicals kept in two different
locations on the same property, two different campers that is, there were extensive
items in both places. There was testimony from Ms. Kelley that the Defendant
cooked every day, so it appears he had an on-going supply of ingredients to
assemble or to engage in the production of methamphetamine.
It appears, therefore, that these were committed with separate animus, and
that, uh, the conduct, while you must have the chemicals to commit Counts One
and Two, it appears from the testimony that there were always plenty of chemicals
there to produce the meth whenever desired.”
Appellant does not challenge the trial court’s recitation of the evidence, but argues that it erred in
applying the law.
{¶ 19} The application of R.C. 2941.255 (the merger statute) is a legal issue. Thus, an
appellate court will review a trial court’s decision de novo without affording it any deference.
See State v. Love, 4th Dist. Hocking No. 13CA16, 2014-Ohio-1603, at ¶17; State v. Osman, 4th
Dist. Athens No. 13CA22, 2014-Ohio-294, at ¶16.
5
R.C. 2941.25(A) states “Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two or more allied
offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be
convicted of only one.”
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 9
{¶ 20} In State v. Nguyen, 4th Dist. Athens No. 12CA14, 2013–Ohio-3170, ¶ 103, we set
forth the analysis that applies when determining if offenses should merge under R.C. 2941.25:
“Through a series of opinions the Supreme Court of Ohio has advised and
re-advised lower courts on the difficult task of applying Ohio's multiple-count
statute to determine which criminal convictions require merger.' [State v.
Delawder, 4th Dist. Scioto App. No. 10CA3344, 2012–Ohio–1923, ¶39]. In the
plurality decision of State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010–Ohio–6314, 942
N.E.2d 1061, the Court expressly overruled its then current test for merger. Under
the new test, the trial court must first determine ‘whether it is possible to commit
one offense and commit the other with the same conduct, not whether it is
possible to commit one without committing the other.’ (Emphasis sic). Johnson at
¶48. If the offenses are so alike that the same conduct can subject the accused to
potential culpability for both, they are ‘of similar import’ and the court must
proceed to the second step. The court must then determine whether the offenses in
fact were committed by the same conduct, i.e., committed as a single act with a
single animus. Id. at ¶49. If so, merger is necessary. However, if the offenses
resulted from separate acts or were performed with a separate animus, or if the
commission of one offense will never result in the commission of the other, the
offenses will not merge. Id. at ¶51.”6
{¶ 21} In the case sub judice, the facts adduced at trial appear to satisfy the first part of
this new test. It is indeed possible to possess the chemicals necessary to manufacture meth, and
then to manufacture the drug itself. We, however, agree with the trial court's analysis with
regard to the second part of this test. In other words, were these crimes committed by the same
conduct or with the same animus? We agree with the trial court that the answer is no.
6
In State v. Creech, 188 Ohio App.3d 513, 2010-Ohio-2553, 936 N.E.2d 79, 2010-Ohio-2553 (4th Dist.), at ¶19-21,
we held the two crimes are not allied offenses of similar import that had to be merged. That decision, however, was released
on June 1, 2010. Six months later, the Ohio Supreme Court released State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153,
2010–Ohio–6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, that, as noted above, changed the test for determining whether convictions had to be
merged under R.C. 2941.25. Thus, Creech is no longer reliable precedent.
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 10
{¶ 22} Counts one and two of the indictment charged the appellant with manufacturing
meth on specific dates. However, count three charged him with having the requisite chemicals
to manufacture meth during the interval between those dates. Appellant does not challenge the
sufficiency of the evidence to support convictions on those three counts, and we find sufficient
evidence from our review of the record. Assuming, for purposes of argument, that had appellant
been found guilty of the possession of chemicals and the manufacture of meth on the same days,
a different issue may have been presented.7 Instead, appellant possessed those chemicals for
more than a week between the two dates on which he was charged with illegal manufacture and,
apparently, appellant engaged in an extensive cooking process. In our view, the trial court was
correct, that a separate animus exists for count three. Thus, the merger of the convictions is not
required under R.C. 2941.25(A).
{¶ 23} For these reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's third assignment of error.
IV
{¶ 24} Appellant’s fourth assignment of error involves typographical errors in the State’s
August 19, 2013 Bill of Particulars. That document states that counts one and two of the
indictment charged a violation of “R.C. 2925.041" when it should have stated that those counts
charged a violation of “R.C. 2925.04.” Appellant argues that these mistakes are error “as a
matter of law” and that his convictions on counts one and two should be vacated. We disagree.
7
Our Fifth District colleagues have recently concluded that these two crimes are allied offenses of similar import.
See State v. Davidson, 5th Dist. Perry No. 12CA7, 2013-Ohio-194, at ¶47. Likewise, in State v. Collins, 12th Dist. Clinton Nos.
CA2010–12–021, CA2010–12–022, 2012-Ohio-430, at ¶33 the court also concluded that these convictions had to be
merged. However, a close review of the fact reveals that only one encounter occurred between police and the appellants. See
2013-Ohio-194, at ¶¶2-3; 2012-Ohio-430, at ¶¶2-4.
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 11
{¶ 25} First, appellant cites nothing in the record to show that he raised this issue during
the trial court proceeding. Thus, appellant waived any error that could have been brought to the
trial court’s attention at a time when it could have been corrected. See State v. Keeley, 4th Dist.
Washington No. 13CA34, 2014-Ohio-693, at ¶12; State v. Marcum, 4th Dist. Hocking Nos.
12CA22 & 12CA26, 2013-Ohio-2189, at ¶13.
{¶ 26} Furthermore, we do not believe that the typographical error rises to the level of
plain error. Notice of Crim.R. 52(B) plain error should be taken with the utmost caution, under
exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice. State v.
Gardner, 118 Ohio St.3d 420, 2008-Ohio-2787, 889 N.E.2d 995, at ¶78; State v. Patterson, 4th
Dist. No. 05CA16, 2006-Ohio-1902, at ¶13. Plain error should be noticed only if the error
seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings. See State v.
Bundy, 4th Dist. Pike No. 11CA818, 2012-Ohio-3934, 974 N.E.2d 139, at ¶66. The Ohio
Supreme Court recently stated that appellate courts should reserve notice of plain error only for
situations that involve more than merely theoretical prejudice to substantial rights. State v. Steele,
138 Ohio St.3d 1, 2013-Ohio-2470, 3 N.E.3d 135, at ¶30.
{¶ 27} Although the statutory reference for counts one and two in the bill of particulars
contained an extra numeral “1", the name and description of the offense are both correctly stated.
Also, appellant was aware of the offenses for which he was being tried. In short, appellant has
not demonstrated any prejudice, and we cannot conceive of how he could have suffered any
prejudice.
{¶ 28} Appellant cites Crim.R. 7(D), as well as State v. Davis, 4th Dist. Highland No.
06CA26, 2007-Ohio-2249, at ¶25 for the proposition that she need not show any prejudice. Her
HIGHLAND, 13CA24 12
reliance on these authorities is misplaced, however. First, the rule and Davis both deal with
amendments to an indictment that changed the name of and the identity of the crime charged.
Here, no amendment of the indictment or the bill of particulars occurred. Second, even if there
had been an amendment, the name and identity of the crimes charged remained the same. For
both counts one and two, the Bill of Particulars stated the “Nature of offense” as the “illegal
manufacture of drugs” and then gave a description of the drug (meth) that was allegedly being
manufactured.
{¶ 29} For these reasons, we hereby overrule appellant's fourth assignment of error and
affirm the trial court’s judgment.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
[Cite as State v. Sluss, 2014-Ohio-4156.]
Harsha, J., concurring:
{¶ 30} In his third assignment of error, appellant, Richard Sluss, asserts that the trial
court erred in not merging his convictions for illegal manufacture of drugs (2 counts) with his
conviction of one count of illegal possession of chemicals for the manufacture of drugs. The
trial court did not merge the counts because “while you must have chemicals to commit Counts
One and Two [the illegal manufacture counts], it appears from the testimony that there were
always plenty of chemicals there to produce the meth whenever desired.” That is, there is
testimony that Lacey Kelly got chemicals for Sluss to manufacture methamphetamine that Sluss
cooked “about every day.”
{¶ 31} Based on the evidence adduced at trial, it is clear that Sluss had chemicals used to
manufacture methamphetamine “over and above” what he used in the two “cooks” on June 13
and 27 that formed the basis for Counts One and Two. Under these circumstances, I concur in
judgment and opinion on this assignment of error, i.e., that although the offenses in Counts One
and Two and Count Three are of similar import, they involve different conduct; Count Three
involved possession of illegal chemicals in addition to what was used in the two “cooks” that are
the basis of Counts One and Two.
[Cite as State v. Sluss, 2014-Ohio-4156.]
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the judgment be affirmed. Appellee to recover of appellant the costs
herein taxed.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Highland County
Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
If a stay of execution of sentence and release upon bail has been previously granted, it is
continued for a period of sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of said stay is
to allow appellant to file with the Ohio Supreme Court an application for a stay during the
pendency of the proceedings in that court. The stay as herein continued will terminate at the
expiration of the sixty day period.
The stay will also terminate if appellant fails to file a notice of appeal with the Ohio
Supreme Court in the forty-five day period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of
the Ohio Supreme Court. Additionally, if the Ohio Supreme Court dismisses the appeal prior to
the expiration of said sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute that mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Hoover, J.: Concurs in Judgment & Opinion
Harsha, J.: Concurs in Judgment & Opinion with Opinion
For the Court
BY:
Peter B. Abele
Presiding Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and the
time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.
State v. Sluss
Combined Opinion