IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 13-1066
Filed October 1, 2014
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
CASSANDRA COLOSIMO,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Odell G. McGhee II,
District Associate Judge (motion to suppress), and Arthur E. Gamble, Judge
(motion in limone and trial).
Cassandra Colosimo appeals from conviction of operating while
intoxicated. REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Gary Dickey of Dickey & Campbell Law Firm, P.L.C., Des Moines, for
appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Heather R. Quick, Assistant Attorney
General, Stephen Holmes, County Attorney, and Joseph S. Danielson, Assistant
County Attorney, for appellee.
Heard by Potterfield, P.J., and Tabor and Mullins, JJ.
2
POTTERFIELD, P.J.
Cassandra Colisomo appeals her conviction of operating while intoxicated
(OWI) in violation of Iowa Code section 321J.2 (2011). She urges this court to
determine a peace officer invoking the implied consent procedure following a
Miranda warning1 must inform the arrested person that the Miranda rights do not
apply to the request to submit to chemical testing. She argues her test refusal
was not knowing and voluntary because she was not informed the Miranda
advisory did not apply. She also challenges the admission of evidence of her
test refusal and of her invocation of her Miranda rights as violating her due
process rights. She challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the
conviction. Finally, she asserts the verdict was against the weight of the credible
evidence.
Colosimo’s actions constituted a refusal for purposes of implied consent
and the district court did not err in denying the motion to suppress. We agree,
however, Colosimo’s due process rights were violated when the recording of her
repeatedly invoking her right to counsel was admitted into evidence. We
therefore reverse and remand for a new trial.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings.
At about 1 a.m. on September 6, 2012, Des Moines Police Officers Trudy
Simonson, Brook Budd, and Ben Ihde were on Fourth Street involved in an
unrelated public intoxication arrest. Officers Simonson and Budd observed
1
In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 479 (1966), the United States Supreme Court
held that a suspect subjected to custodial interrogation must be warned of “the right to
remain silent,” anything said “can be used against [the suspect] in a court of law,” “the
right to the presence of an attorney,” and if the suspect “cannot afford an attorney one
will be appointed . . . prior to any questioning” if so desired.
3
Cassandra Colosimo’s car traveling in the wrong lane on Fourth Street between
Court Avenue and Walnut Street. The officers stopped Colosimo after another
vehicle turning on to Fourth Street had to stop to avoid hitting Colosimo’s car.
Officer Simonson spoke with Colosimo first. Colosimo initially would not
respond to Officer Simonson’s questions. The officer smelled alcohol and
observed Colosimo had bloodshot, watery eyes, and slurred speech. Colosimo
admitted she had been drinking. Officer Simonson asked Officer Ihde to assist.
Officer Ihde approached Colosimo as she sat in her vehicle—she was on
her cell phone. Officer Ihde “note[d] the odor of alcohol” and observed Colosimo
had watery and bloodshot eyes. The officer asked Colosimo to put the cell
phone down. She stated she was attempting to call her attorney. Officer Ihde
took the cell phone from Colosimo’s hand and dropped it in the lap of Colosimo’s
passenger. He asked Colosimo to step out of the car. He stated he was going to
“have her go through field sobriety tests.” After Colosimo repeatedly stated she
was not going to do anything without the presence of her attorney, Officer Ihde
placed Colosimo in handcuffs, read her the Miranda advisory, and placed her in
the backseat of his squad car. Officer Ihde again asked Colosimo to perform
field sobriety testing. She again responded she would not do anything without
the presence of her attorney. Officer Ihde asked Colosimo to submit to a
preliminary breath test; she replied she would not do anything without the
presence of her attorney. Officer Ihde then informed Colosimo she was under
arrest for operating a motor vehicle while intoxicated. Officer Ihde again advised
Colosimo of her Miranda rights, arranged to have her vehicle impounded,
advised Colosimo she would be transported to the jail, gave her the implied
4
consent advisory, and requested a breath sample. “The only response she gave
was, ‘I’m not doing anything without the presence of my attorney.’”
Once transported to the jail, Colosimo was placed in a room and all of the
following was digitally recorded. Officer Ihde again read Colosimo the implied
consent advisory and asked if she was willing to take a breath test. Colosimo
repeatedly indicated that she would not do anything “until her attorney is
present.”
Colosimo made several attempts to contact her attorney by telephone but
was unsuccessful. Eventually, Officer Ihde informed her she would be required
to either consent to the test or refuse it whether an attorney was present or not.
Colosimo stated, “I’m not doing anything without the presence of an attorney.”
Officer Ihde then explained that “if I got anything other than a yes or consent, I
would have to consider that a refusal.” Colosimo responded, “I’m not refusing.
I’m just not doing anything without the presence of my attorney.” Officer Ihde told
her he was considering her response a refusal and documented her answer as a
test refusal on the implied consent form. Colosimo refused to sign the form.
Prior to trial, Colosimo filed a motion to suppress seeking to exclude from
trial all evidence of test refusal or other admissions following her invocation of her
rights. She argued, “Officer Ihde . . . never indicated to Colosimo that her right
under Miranda to have her attorney present during questioning did not apply in
the context of his request for chemical testing,” and “[a]s a result of Colosimo’s
confusion about her right to the presence of an attorney during questioning,
including during the request for chemical testing, her decision whether to provide
a breath specimen was not voluntary.” Her motion to suppress was denied. The
5
defendant’s request for discretionary review was denied by the Iowa Supreme
Court.
Colosimo then filed a motion in limine to exclude from trial any evidence of
Colosimo’s silence or refusal to answer questions. Defense counsel urged,
I’ve raised today an Iowa constitutional due process issue akin to
promissory leniency, in that even if Miranda doesn’t apply because
it’s not a custodial interrogation, when an officer tells her twice and
she attempts to invoke those, that as a matter of due process that
can’t be used against her unless it’s clarified that those rights don’t
apply.
Relying upon State v. Mannion, 414 N.W.2d 119 (Iowa 1987)—a case in
which the Iowa Supreme Court rejected the defendant’s contentions that his right
to counsel under Miranda, as well as his privilege against self-incrimination, were
violated by the trial court’s admission of the testimony of the arresting officer that
the defendant refused to perform sobriety tests and allowing the jury to view the
videotape of the defendant refusing the tests—the district court denied
Colosimo’s motion in limine. The court stated:
The fact that Miss Colosimo couched her refusal to field sobriety
tests, a [preliminary breath test] PBT and the implied consent
breath test in terms of her right to counsel under Miranda is not
determinative. The police are not under an obligation to advise a
defendant concerning the distinction between a non-testimonial
question, like will you submit to a field sobriety test, versus
testimonial questions in the form of a custodial interrogation.
Miranda does not apply to field sobriety tests, preliminary breath
tests, and implied consent. Therefore, the defendant’s motion in
limine is overruled.
Defense counsel then informed the court that the denial of the motion in
limine would “affect my presentation of the evidence in that—at least in
opening—I’m going to have to address her statements on cross-examination. I’m
going to have to ask the officer about her invocation of her rights,” all of which he
6
stated he would not have done otherwise. Defense counsel noted, “I’m trying to
make clear . . . I’m not waiving my objection.”
At trial, the State presented video and audio recordings of Colosimo’s
traffic stop and the implied consent procedures at the jail during which Colosimo
repeats her unwillingness to do anything without the presence of counsel.
Colosimo was convicted of OWI. She filed a motion for a new trial, arguing the
court erred in allowing the State to use Colosimo’s invocation of her rights after
she had twice been given Miranda warnings as evidence of test refusal, and the
jury’s verdict was contrary to the weight of the evidence. The court denied the
motion and entered judgment and sentence.
Colosimo appeals, contending (1) her test refusal should have been
suppressed due to “confusion” caused by multiple Miranda advisories, (2) the
admission at trial of her assertion of her rights after receiving Miranda warnings
violates her due process rights under the federal and state constitutions, and
(3) the verdict was against the weight of the credible evidence.
II. Scope and Standard of Review.
“We review for correction of errors at law a district court’s ruling on a
motion to suppress based on the interpretation of a statute.” State v. Lukins, 846
N.W.2d 902, 906 (Iowa 2014).
“‘We review claims the district court failed to suppress evidence obtained
in violation of the federal and state constitutions de novo.’” State v. Baldon, 829
N.W.2d 785, 789 (Iowa 2013) (quoting State v. Dewitt, 811 N.W.2d 460, 467
(Iowa 2012)). In considering such a constitutional claim, we make an
7
independent evaluation based on the totality of the circumstances as shown by
the entire record. Id.
A claim that a defendant’s due process rights were violated is reviewed de
novo. State v. Hutton, 796 N.W.2d 898, 901 (Iowa 2011).
III. Discussion.
A. Legal principles. Iowa Code section 321J.2 makes it an offense to
operate a motor vehicle while under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or
while having an alcohol concentration of .08 or more. Iowa Code section
321J.6—entitled “Implied consent to test”—establishes the authority of a peace
officer to test the breath, blood, or urine of any person suspected of driving while
intoxicated. The provision states that when there are “reasonable grounds to
believe that the person has been operating a motor vehicle in violation of section
321J.2 or 321J.2A” a person is “deemed to have given consent to the withdrawal
of specimens.” Id. § 321J.6(1). “The premise of this statute is that a driver
impliedly agrees to submit to a test in return for the privilege of using the public
highways.” State v. Oberbay, 810 N.W.2d 871, 875 (Iowa 2012) (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
Case law has developed the contours of a valid consent. See State v.
Garcia, 756 N.W.2d 216, 220 (Iowa 2008) (“To be valid, the driver’s decision to
consent to testing must be voluntary, i.e., freely made, uncoerced, reasoned, and
informed.”). It has also established what constitutes a refusal:
Our previous decisions establish that a broad definition of
the term “refusal” is more closely aligned with the legislative intent
underlying the implied consent statute. In addition to explicit,
unqualified refusals, we have found that failures to cooperate,
conditional refusals, conditional assents, consents followed by a
8
failure to provide the requested specimen, and consents followed
by combative behavior all constitute refusals within the meaning of
sections 321J.6(2) and 321J.9(1).
Welch v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 801 N.W.2d 590, 595 (Iowa 2011); see also
cases cited therein. Evidence of a person’s refusal is admissible at trial. Iowa
Code § 321J.16 (“If a person refuses to submit to a chemical test, proof of refusal
is admissible in any civil or criminal action or proceeding arising out of acts
alleged to have been committed while the person was operating a motor vehicle
in violation of section 321J.2 or 321J.2A.”).
B. Motion to Suppress. In State v. Bloomer, 618 N.W.2d 550, 552-53
(Iowa 2000), the issue presented to our supreme court was whether the
defendant’s statement “that he was not refusing to take the breath test but that
he wanted his blood or urine tested” was appropriately deemed a refusal under
implied consent procedures and therefore admissible at his trial for OWI. The
court wrote:
In Ginsberg v. Iowa Department of Transportation, 508 N.W.2d 663
(Iowa 1993), this court considered an alleged test refusal in this
context. We observed that factors bearing on the decision included
the defendant’s and the officer’s words and conduct as well as the
surrounding circumstances. Ginsberg, 508 N.W.2d at 664. In
Ginsberg, as here, officers asked the defendant to submit to a
breath test following his arrest for operating while intoxicated. Id.
Ginsberg, having said he wanted a blood or urine test, was then
asked if that meant he was refusing to take the breath test.
Ginsberg reportedly stated “that he was not refusing to take the
breath test but that he wanted his blood or urine tested as well.” Id.
(emphasis added). The officers treated this as a refusal and this
court reversed, concluding that the record revealed Ginsberg’s
attempt to assert his right to independent testing rather than a
refusal of the requested test. Id. We nevertheless reiterated the
rule that “anything less than unqualified, unequivocal consent is a
refusal.” Id. (quoting Ferguson v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 424
N.W.2d 464, 466 (Iowa 1988)).
9
The record before us, though similar to Ginsberg, contains
important differences. The trooper first testified that Bloomer
insisted on a urine test instead of a breath test. But he conceded
on cross-examination that Bloomer stated he did not refuse the
officer’s test. Bloomer, testifying on his own behalf, essentially
agreed with this characterization of their conversation. Importantly,
however, the record reveals that Bloomer’s actions spoke louder
than his words. After forty-five minutes of discussion, Bloomer had
neither signed the form nor given a breath test. The officer treated
the impasse as a test refusal.
On appeal, Bloomer seeks to justify his inaction on the
ground that the trooper never told him he could take an
independent test in addition to the requested breath test. The
officer, however, was not required to convey that information.
[State v.] Wootten, 577 N.W.2d [654,] 655 [(Iowa 1998)]. (“Officers
are not required to advise a defendant of the statutory right to an
independent test.”). Bloomer exercised his statutory right to consult
with counsel. See Iowa Code § 804.20. Although Bloomer now
complains about Trooper Konecne’s emphasis on his right to
choose the test, the record reveals no denial by the trooper of any
request by Bloomer to take an independent test. Cf. Casper v.
Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 506 N.W.2d 799, 802 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993)
(dicta suggesting that proof of denial would require suppression of
police-administered chemical test).
Under this record, we find no error by the court in refusing to
suppress proof of Bloomer’s test refusal. Bloomer neither
consented to the test chosen by the peace officer, nor did he invoke
his statutory right to an independent test. Thus the court committed
no error in admitting evidence of his refusal to submit to the
requested breath test.
Bloomer, 618 N.W.2d at 553 (emphasis added).
Colosimo acknowledges Miranda protections do not apply to a request to
submit to chemical testing under implied consent procedures. See Swenumson
v. Iowa Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 210 N.W.2d 660, 663 (Iowa 1973) (“Since the
Miranda warning applies to interrogation and the implied consent procedure
relates to submission of a bodily substance to chemical testing, the warning does
not purport to make the Miranda rights applicable during the implied consent
proceeding.”). She argues, however, her deemed refusal to submit to the
10
requested breath test was involuntary because the two Miranda warnings she
received misled her into believing she had a right to defer her decision whether to
take the breath test until she had the advice of counsel. She asks that this court
adopt the “confusion doctrine” recognized in a minority of states and conclude
that Officer Ihde’s failure to clarify that she had no right to counsel prior to
consenting to or refusing implied consent testing rendered her “refusal”
involuntary.
When a person asserts their implied consent decision was not voluntary,
“the standard requires an examination of the totality of the circumstances to
determine whether the decision was voluntary or coerced.” State v. Knous, 313
N.W.2d 510, 512 (Iowa 1981). “Proof of knowledge of the right to refuse is not a
prerequisite to proving the decision was voluntary. It is merely one relevant
circumstance.” Id.
In Swenumson, the court observed,
[I]t has been recognized the juxtaposition of the Miranda
warning, the implied consent procedure, and the request for
chemical test may raise a question of fact as to whether the
arrested person was misled or confused by the Miranda warning to
believe he had a right to the advice of counsel before responding to
the request for chemical test.
210 N.W.2d at 663 (emphasis added). To avoid this question of fact, the
Swenumson court suggested: “The peace officer invoking the implied consent
procedure is therefore well-advised to tell the arrested person the Miranda rights
do not apply to the implied consent proceeding.” Id.
In State v. Vietor, 261 N.W.2d 828, 831 (Iowa 1978), our supreme court
was confronted with the seeming contradiction presented to a person arrested for
11
OWI who had been read the Miranda advisory, which includes the right to
counsel, and then given an implied consent advisory, which then specifically
stated the arrestee did not have a right to consult an attorney prior to consenting
or refusing a bodily specimen. The Vietor court noted that Swenumson dealt with
an administrative license revocation proceeding to which Miranda protections “do
not apply.” Vietor, 261 N.W.2d at 830. With respect to the statutorily required
statements under implied consent provisions (now codified at § 321J.82), the
court stated, “[T]he statute did not require the officer to tell [the defendant] he had
a right to counsel. It simply forbade telling [the defendant] he did not have right
to counsel.” Id. at 831.
In an effort to “reach some accommodation” between implied consent
provisions and the right to contact an attorney—now codified at section
804.203—the court recognized a “limited statutory right to counsel before making
2
The applicable portions of section 321J.8, entitled “Statement of officer,” provide:
(1) A person who has been requested to submit to a chemical test
shall be advised by a peace officer of the following:
(a) If the person refuses to submit to the test, the person’s driver’s
license or nonresident operating privilege will be revoked by the
department as required by and for the applicable period specified under
section 321J.9.
(b) If the person submits to the test and the results indicate the
presence of a controlled substance or other drug, or an alcohol
concentration equal to or in excess of the level prohibited by section
321J.2 or 321J.2A, the person’s driver’s license or nonresident operating
privilege will be revoked by the department as required by and for the
applicable period specified under section 321J.12.
3
Section 804.20 provides:
Any peace officer or other person having custody of any person
arrested or restrained of the person’s liberty for any reason whatever,
shall permit that person, without unnecessary delay after arrival at the
place of detention, to call, consult, and see a member of the person’s
family or an attorney of the person’s choice, or both. Such person shall
be permitted to make a reasonable number of telephone calls as may be
required to secure an attorney. If a call is made, it shall be made in the
12
the important decision to take or refuse a chemical test under implied consent
procedures.” Id. (emphasis added). The Vietor court “enunciated three statutory
rules.” State v. Garrity, 765 N.W.2d 592, 595 (Iowa 2009).
First, an arrestee that asks to call his lawyer should be permitted to
do so before submitting to a chemical test. Second, if that person
is denied the opportunity to call a lawyer, the evidence of refusal to
engage in the chemical test is inadmissible. Third, the arrestee’s
right to prior consultation is limited to circumstances where it does
not “materially interfere” with the chemical test procedure.
Id. at 595-96 (citations omitted).
Colosimo was afforded her right to contact an attorney. Officer Ihde
assisted her in her numerous attempts to reach defense counsel. Eventually,
Colosimo was informed she would have to consent to or refuse testing
regardless of whether she was able to reach her attorney. Colosimo again stated
she would do nothing without the presence of her attorney. Officer Ihde then
explained that “if I got anything other than a yes or consent, I would have to
consider that a refusal.” Colosimo responded, “I’m not refusing. I’m just not
doing anything without the presence of my attorney.” Officer Ihde told her he
was considering her response a refusal and documented her answer as a test
refusal on the implied consent form. Officer Ihde informed Colosimo that refusing
to submit would result in the revocation of her license.
Colisomo asserts that because she was not told the Miranda rights did not
apply to the implied consent procedures, she could not make a knowing and
presence of the person having custody of the one arrested or restrained.
If such person is intoxicated, or a person under eighteen years of age, the
call may be made by the person having custody. An attorney shall be
permitted to see and consult confidentially with such person alone and in
private at the jail or other place of custody without unreasonable delay. A
violation of this section shall constitute a simple misdemeanor.
13
conscious refusal. But, it is the rule in this state that “anything less than
unqualified, unequivocal consent is a refusal.” Bloomer, 618 N.W.2d at 553; see
also Welch, 801 N.W.2d at 595 (“In addition to explicit, unqualified refusals, we
have found that failures to cooperate, conditional refusals, conditional assents,
consents followed by a failure to provide the requested specimen, and consents
followed by combative behavior all constitute refusals within the meaning of
sections 321J.6(2) and 321J.9(1).”). Colosimo’s failure to consent to testing after
Officer Ihde informed her she would have to consent to or refuse testing
regardless of whether she was able to reach her attorney was validly deemed a
refusal under Iowa law.4 See Welch, 801 N.W.2d at 594 (citing with approval,
Taylor v. Dep’t of Transp., 260 N.W.2d 521, 524 (Iowa 1977) (finding similar
driver’s conduct amounted to refusal)).
The district court rejected Colosimo’s motion to suppress, finding:
The question is was she confused by the Miranda to such an
extent that that was the basis for continuing to make an argument
that she was not going to do anything until she was in touch with
her attorney. The officer testified that he thought she was
potentially attempting to delay the process or not cooperate. At this
point there is no evidence in the record that the Defendant
specifically was confused other than the statement.
4
In an analogous situation, Welch, 801 N.W.2d at 597, the court explained:
Swenumson and Hoffman preceded our decisions in State v.
Vietor, 261 N.W.2d 828, 831 (Iowa 1978), and Fuller v. State, 275 N.W.2d
410, 411 (Iowa 1979), where we made clear that an arrested motorist
who asks to call his or her attorney shall be afforded a right to do so
before being required to elect whether to submit to the chemical test. See
Iowa Code § 804.20 (formerly Iowa Code § 755.17). A motorist is not
deemed to have refused the test for purposes of the implied consent law
merely by making such a request. Fuller, 275 N.W.2d at 411.
Nevertheless, Vietor and Fuller did not call into question the validity of the
“one refusal” rule, and Welch concedes that his section 804.20 statutory
right to attorney consultation is not at issue here.
14
Colosimo maintains Officer Ihde twice read her the Miranda advisory and
“[f]rom that point forward, Colosimo steadfastly responded to all further
questioning by asserting her right to remain silent until she was at least in the
presence of counsel.” From this premise, she argues she was denied the right to
make a knowing and conscious refusal and denied her due process. Beyond the
Swenumson statement that a fact issue may arise, the Iowa Supreme Court has
never recognized this “confusion doctrine,”5 and we do not believe it is for this
court to do so. See State v. Miller, 841 N.W.2d 583, 584 n.1 (Iowa 2014)
(“Generally, it is the role of the supreme court to decide if case precedent should
no longer be followed.”).
Viewing the totality of the circumstances and precedential case law to
which we are bound, we reject Colosimo’s contention that her refusal was
involuntary. Colosimo’s actions constituted a refusal for purposes of implied
5
See Kurecka v. State, 67 So. 3d 1052, 1056-59 (Fla. Ct. App. 2010) (discussing the
“confusion doctrine” and approach taken by several states). The Kurecka court rejected
the doctrine, stating:
The [implied consent] statute requires only that the person be told that his
failure to submit to the test will result in a suspension of the privilege to
drive for a period of time and that a refusal to submit can be admitted at
trial. The implied consent statute establishes a presumption that those
who have elected to enjoy the privilege of driving will, in turn, be required
to submit to chemical testing if they are suspected of driving under the
influence. See §§ 316.1932, 316.1933, and 316.1934, Fla. Stat.; State v.
Busciglio, 976 So.2d 15, 19–20 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) (explaining that by
exercising the privilege to drive, all drivers have already consented to
taking a breath test pursuant to section 316.1932). The licensed driver in
Florida, having already consented to the test, is thus not entitled to secure
the advice of an attorney. Accordingly, excluding evidence based on a
suspect’s misconception about the right to counsel prior to taking the
breath test would be contrary to the legislative intent of Florida’s implied
consent law.
Id. at 1060. See also State v. Reitter, 595 N.W.2d 646, 654-55 (Wisc. 1999) (noting
Wisconsin has not adopted the confusion doctrine and holding “that where a defendant
exhibits no confusion, the officer is under no affirmative duty to advise the defendant that
the right to counsel does not attach to the implied consent statute”).
15
consent. See Bloomer, 618 N.W.2d at 553; see also Welch, 801 N.W.2d at 600
(“Despite ample opportunities, the general assembly has declined to overturn our
decisions in this [‘refusal to submit’] area. Thus, it is appropriate for us to
conclude that after more than four decades of legislative quiescence, the
legislature is satisfied with a bright-line interpretation of its statute.”).
“Proof of a defendant’s test refusal may be submitted in evidence at trial.”
Bloomer, 618 N.W.2d at 552. The trial court did not err in denying Colosimo’s
motion to suppress. See Iowa Code § 321J.16.
C. Due process claim. Colosimo next contends she was denied due
process when the district court denied her motion in limine. As explained by
defense counsel to the trial court:
[I]t’s a cornerstone of her Miranda rights that if she exercises them,
that they cannot be used against her at trial as an indicia of guilt.
And at no time did Officer Ihde inform her, hey, your Miranda rights
don’t apply to certain questions such as will you take a test, or any
other question. So, Your Honor, we ask that her answers to any
question that he asked in which she is invoking her Miranda rights,
that those not be admitted at trial because, number one, they
wouldn’t be relevant; number two, they would violate her rights;
and, number three, the potential for the jury to interpret that as
indicia of guilt would violate her rights.
The State argued that section “321J.16 is very clear that the State can
comment on refusal, and just because refusal is couched as invocation should
not shield the defendant from the State being able to use the refusal as indicia of
guilt.” While we agree the State is allowed to present evidence of Colosimo’s
refusal, it may not do so by the method used here, which included her
invocations of right to counsel.
16
In State v. Lyman, 776 N.W.2d 865, 878 (Iowa 2010), the Iowa Supreme
Court clearly stated, “It is impermissible to use an individual’s exercise of his or
her constitutional rights against them after the State implicitly assured the
individual, through the Miranda warning, that his or her invocation of those rights
would not be penalized.” (Citing Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284, 292
(1986)). “Any breach of this implied assurance is a breach of fundamental
fairness required by the due process clauses of the Federal and Iowa
Constitutions.” Lyman, 776 N.W.2d at 878 (emphasis added). Consequently,
Colosimo’s due process rights were violated when the recordings of her invoking
her right to counsel after receiving Miranda warnings were admitted in evidence.
State v. Mannion, 414 N.W.2d 119 (Iowa 1987), upon which the district court
relied, is inapt because the question presented there was whether the person’s
refusal to submit to sobriety tests was admissible.6 But there was no attempt In
Mannion to introduce a recording of the defendant’s invocation of his right to
counsel, was the case here.7 See Mannion, 414 N.W.2d at 120.
D. Was error harmless? “Most federal constitutional errors, including the
erroneous admission of evidence in a criminal trial in violation of a defendant’s
. . . Fourteenth Amendment rights, do not require reversal if the error is
harmless.” State v. Walls, 761 N.W.2d 683, 686 (Iowa 2009). “To establish
harmless error, the State must ‘prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the error
6
The officer could testify that Colosimo refused to submit to a breath test. See Bloomer,
618 N.W.2d at 553.
7
In Mannion, the jury was allowed to view—without audio—the videotape of the
defendant’s field sobriety tests. 414 N.W.2d at 121 (“Standing alone, in the absence of
any evidence of Mannion’s refusal, the videotape was admissible as physical, rather
than testimonial, evidence.”).
17
complained of did not contribute to the verdict obtained.” Id. (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted).
To determine whether the State has met its burden under
the harmless-error standard, the court employs a two-step analysis.
First, the court asks what evidence the jury actually considered in
reaching its verdict. Second, the court weighs the probative force
of that evidence against the probative force of the erroneously
admitted evidence standing alone. This step requires the court to
ask “whether the force of the evidence is so overwhelming as to
leave it beyond a reasonable doubt that the verdict resting on that
evidence would have been the same without the erroneously
admitted evidence.”
Id. at 686-87 (citations omitted).
Here, the jury was instructed that the State had to prove (1) “the defendant
operated a motor vehicle” and (2) “[a]t the time, the defendant was under the
influence of alcohol.” They were further instructed:
Instruction 11
A person is “under the influence” when, by drinking liquor,
wine and/or beer, one or more of the following is true:
(1) Her reason or mental ability has been affected.
(2) Her judgment is impaired.
(3) Her emotions are visibly excited.
(4) She has, to any extent, lost control of bodily actions or
motions.
....
Instruction 14
The defendant was asked to give a breath sample so it could
be analyzed to determine the percent of alcohol in her blood. The
defendant refused.
A person is not required to give a sample of any bodily
substance; however, you may consider a refusal in reaching your
verdict.
The prosecutor in closing argument stressed the instruction allowing the
jury to consider Colisimo’s “refusal”—in fact it was the theme of the closing:
When you go back to deliberate it's often helpful to have a
theme or an issue in mind to consider, and I propose when you go
back to deliberate, ask yourself did the defendant see the writing on
18
the wall? And what I mean by that is consider the three refusals.
The defendant refused to perform field sobriety tests, she refused
to submit to the preliminary breath test, and she also refused to
supply a breath specimen for the DataMaster.
Ask yourself did she refuse because she knew what the
answer would be if she submitted to any one of those tests—
One of the jury instructions that you’ll receive is you can, in
fact, consider these refusals in reaching your verdict. In
continuation of that theme of seeing the writing on the wall, ask
yourself does it make sense for the defendant to refuse everything
if she was, in fact, not under the influence. And I want you to pay
special attention to the refusal of the DataMaster, the request for
the breath specimen at the jail.
Portions of the video recording at the police station were replayed during the
prosecutor’s closing argument—during that portion, Colosimo states at least ten
times that she would do nothing until her attorney was present.
We acknowledge the jury was instructed:
Instruction 15
In this case, you have heard evidence that the defendant
repeatedly invoked her right to remain silent and requested the
presence of counsel after being advised of her Miranda rights. No
inference of guilty shall be drawn from the mere fact that she
invoked her right to remain silent and requested the presence of
counsel following the Miranda warning. The burden of proof
remains upon the State to prove the guilt of the defendant.
We also acknowledge that under applicable case law, nontestimonial
aspects of evidence contained on a videotape may be admissible demeanor
evidence. See State v. Decker, 744 N.W.2d 346, 355-56 (Iowa 2008). In
Decker, the court considered whether the admission into evidence of a videotape
showing the defendant’s asserting his right to remain silent “at least five times
and did indeed remain silent for a considerable period of time” required a
reversal of the conviction. Id. at 354. The supreme court found that because the
case was tried to the court and the trial court did not indicate it relied upon
19
impermissible evidence, the defendant’s conviction was allowed to stand. Id. at
356. But, as the Decker court opined:
Decker argues that it would be extremely difficult for the
finder of fact to separate out the permissible from the impermissible
evidence, requiring reversal of his convictions. If this case were
tried to a jury, Decker would have a strong argument. Before a
jury, the limited probative value of the admissible features of the
videotape would in all likelihood be outweighed by its prejudicial
effect. Even with limiting instructions, it would be difficult for an
untrained jury to consider only the physical demeanor evidence and
not consider the fact that the videotape showed Decker invoking his
Miranda rights and not consider the communicative content of his
statements. See Robinette v. State, 741 N.E.2d 1162 (Ind. 2001)
(holding that a trial court’s limiting instruction could not cure the
wrongful admission of Miranda invocations in a jury trial).
Id. at 355-56 (emphasis added).
We are not persuaded by the State’s contention that the result here should
be different because Colosimo “had no Miranda right to assert.” Again, our
supreme court has stated it is “impermissible to use an individual’s exercise of
his or her constitutional rights against them after the State implicitly assured the
individual, through the Miranda warning, that his or her invocation of those rights
would not be penalized.” Lyman, 776 N.W.2d at 878. “Any breach of this implied
assurance is a breach of fundamental fairness required by the due process
clauses of the Federal and Iowa Constitutions.” Id.
E. Sufficiency of the evidence. On appeal, Colosimo argues the
evidence was insufficient to support the conviction. Even assuming this
challenge was adequately preserved,8 viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to upholding the verdict, including all reasonable inferences that may
8
The motion for new trial raised only a claim that the verdict was against the weight of
the evidence.
20
arise therefrom, see State v. Showens, 845 nw2d 436, 439-40 (Iowa 2014), we
conclude there was substantial evidence from which the jury could find the
defendant guilty of OWI. The evidence showed Colosimo was stopped driving
the wrong way down a one-way street and the officers smelled the odor of
alcoholic beverage when they spoke with Colisomo. The officers observed
Colosimo had watery, bloodshot eyes and had slurred speech. She admitted
drinking. Colosimo’s deemed refusal may be considered by the jury. We reject
her insufficiency claim.
IV. Conclusion.
Because Colosimo’s due process rights were violated and that violation
was not harmless, we reverse the conviction and remand for a new trial.9
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
9
We need not address her remaining claim that she is entitled to a new trial because the
verdict was contrary to the weight of the evidence.
State of Iowa v. Cassandra Colosimo
Combined Opinion