[Cite as State ex rel. N.G. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Court of Common Pleas, 2014-Ohio-4390.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 101425
STATE OF OHIO, EX REL., N.G.
RELATOR
vs.
CUYAHOGA COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS,
JUVENILE DIVISION, ET AL.
RESPONDENT
JUDGMENT:
WRIT GRANTED
Writ of Prohibition
Motion No. 476840
Order No. 478127
RELEASE DATE: September 30, 2014
FOR RELATOR
Brian C. Nelsen
9 Corporation Center
Broadview Heights, Ohio 44147
ATTORNEYS FOR RESPONDENT
Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
By: T. Allan Regas
Charles E. Hannan
Assistant County Prosecutors
Justice Center - 8th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
KENNETH A. ROCCO, J.:
{¶1} Relator, N.G., filed this writ of prohibition seeking to prevent respondents,
Judge Alison Floyd, and the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division,
from exercising jurisdiction with respect to S.F.’s (“mother”) complaint to establish a
parent-child relationship between two minor children and N.G., their alleged father.
Relator maintains that respondents’ continued exercise of jurisdiction is unauthorized by
law and conflicts with the jurisdiction that has already been exercised by the Arlington
Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court of the Commonwealth of Virginia (the
“Virginia court”) over his petition for an allocation of parental rights of the same minor
children wherein N.G. acknowledged paternity. For the reasons that follow, we find that
respondents patently and unambiguously lack jurisdiction to proceed in the juvenile cases
because there is a child-custody case that is already pending in a court of another state
involving these parties, that court is exercising jurisdiction consistently with the state’s
version of the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act (“UCCJEA”),
and that court made the initial custody determination. Relator is entitled to the requested
writ of prohibition for the reasons that follow.
{¶2} On February 27, 2012, mother filed her complaint with respondent court and
the matter was assigned to the respondent judge. On March 20, 2012, relator filed a
petition seeking allocation of parental rights in the Virginia court. Relator filed a motion to
dismiss the Ohio action on the grounds that Virginia was the “home state” pursuant to R.C.
3127.15. According to an order from the Virginia court dated May 8, 2012, respondent
judge communicated with the Virginia court on April 30, 2014, which indicated that father
had “admitted paternity of the children,” that the children had lived in Arlington at least 6
of the last 12 months, and that the two courts had determined that Virginia was the home
state and the more convenient forum.1
{¶3} Respondent judge issued a journal entry on May 29, 2012 and included among
her findings that “the alleged father acknowledges paternity before the Virginia court” and
that “Virginia is the home state of the child.” The order further provided that “there was
reasonable cause to believe” that the children “had resided in the State of Virginia more
than six months prior to the commencement of the action”, that there were “significant
contacts with the State of Virginia” and “that Virginia would be a court of competent
jurisdiction.”
{¶4} Based on the determinations by the Ohio and Virginia courts, which had
decided that Virginia was the home state and the more convenient and most expeditious
forum to address the custody issue under the circumstances, respondent judge dismissed
mother’s complaint on May 29, 2012.
{¶5} On June 5, 2012, the Virginia court issued an initial custody determination.
1
The parties have submitted various court orders and documents as
evidentiary materials for our consideration. Since the parties raise no objection to
the authenticity of these documents and we find them to be reliable, we consider
them in ruling on this matter. Accord In the matter of B.P., 11th Dist. Trumbull No.
2011-T-0032, 2011-Ohio-2334, ¶ 2; see also France v. Celebrezze, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 98147, 2012-Ohio-2072, ¶ 6, citing Evid.R. 201(B).
The Virginia court order reflects, “All provisions of the Juvenile and Domestic Relations
District Court Law have been duly complied with in assuming jurisdiction over the child,
and all determinations have been made in accordance with the standards set forth in
Virginia Code § 16.1-278.4, § 16.1-278.5, § 16.1-278.6 or § 16.2-278.8 or § 16.1-278.15
and §§ 20-124.1 through 20.124.10.” The Virginia court ordered “joint legal custody of
[the children] is hereby granted to the parents with primary physical custody with father.
Liberal visitation with mother and half of the summer.”
{¶6} Mother moved the Ohio court to reconsider its dismissal, which was denied on
June 28, 2012. Mother filed an appeal to this court on July 5, 2012, In re: E.G., 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 98652, 2013-Ohio-495. Father did not file a timely brief and this court
denied his motion for an extension of time to file a brief after the case had already been
scheduled for oral argument. Paternity was not an issue in the appeal and this court noted
that “father had acknowledged paternity in the Virginia action.” Id. at ¶ 5. This court
found that the juvenile court, however, had erred by dismissing the complaint without
holding an evidentiary hearing to resolve the dispute over where the children had resided.
Specifically, the opinion provides: “If the trial court determines, after holding an
evidentiary hearing, that the children did, in fact, live in Virginia from April 24, 2011 to
November 1, 2011, as father claims they did, then the Cuyahoga County Juvenile Court
lacks jurisdiction to determine the action because Virginia would be the children’s ‘home
state’ under the UCCJEA * * * if, however, the trial court determines that the children
lived in Ohio — with only ‘temporary absences’ from home — then Ohio is the children’s
‘home state’ for purposes of jurisdiction under the UCCJEA.” Id. at ¶ 21-22. The opinion
was released on February 13, 2014. The Virginia court’s June 5, 2012 order was not
mentioned in the opinion and would not have been a part of the appellate record because
mother’s complaint was dismissed before the Virginia court issued the initial custody
determination.
{¶7} On March 13, 2014, respondent judge held a hearing to determine
jurisdiction and found Ohio is the home state based on the following rationale:
It is undisputed that at the time of the child’s birth in the state of
Ohio, the parties were not married. Despite father’s presence at the hospital
for the birth of the child, mother asserts in her complaint that she is seeking
an order of the court to establish the existence of a parent-child relationship
between [father] and the child.
The court finds that no clear and convincing evidence was presented
by either party to show that or how paternity was established for the child.
Pursuant to R.C. 3109.42 [sic, should be 3109.042], an unmarried female
who gives birth to a child is the sole residential parent and legal custodian of
the child until a court of competent jurisdiction issue an order designating
another person as the residential parent and legal custodian of the child.
***
The Court therefore finds and concludes that the state of Ohio is the
home state of the mother and the child; and that in accordance with R.C.
3127.15(A)(1), this Court finds that it has jurisdiction over the parties and to
determine the issues.
Respondent judge ordered the matter to be scheduled for pretrial and paternity
establishment pending hearing on the merits of mother’s complaint.
{¶8} N.G. filed this original action seeking to afford Virginia’s initial custody
determination full faith and credit by issuing a writ of prohibition preventing respondents
from exercising jurisdiction in In Re: E.G. & Y.G., Cuyahoga C.P. Nos. PR-12703234 and
PR-12703235. Relator’s complaint avers that copies of the Virginia court orders were
admitted into evidence during the jurisdictional evidentiary hearing and respondents do not
dispute it. There is no dispute that respondent judge’s May 29, 2014 order has created a
multi-state jurisdictional conflict between the Ohio and Virginia courts that are
concurrently exercising jurisdiction over the same custody dispute.
{¶9} In order for this court to issue a writ of prohibition, relator is required to
demonstrate each prong of the following three-part test: (1) respondent is about to exercise
judicial power; (2) the exercise of judicial power by respondent is not authorized by law;
and (3) there exists no other adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law. State ex
rel. Florence v. Zitter, 106 Ohio St.3d 87, 2005-Ohio-3804, 831 N.E.2d 1003, ¶ 14. The
third element requiring proof of a lack of an adequate remedy at law is not necessary when
the lack of judicial authority to act is patent and unambiguous. Id. at ¶ 16.
{¶10} The purpose of the UCCJEA is to avoid jurisdictional conflicts between the
states in custody matters. Rosen v. Celebrezze, 117 Ohio St.3d 241, 2008-Ohio-853, 883
N.E.2d 420, ¶ 21 (the UCCJEA gives “jurisdictional priority and exclusive continuing
jurisdiction to the home state.”)
{¶11} R.C. 3127.33(A) provides that
“[a] court of this state shall recognize and enforce a child custody
determination of a court of another state if that state exercised jurisdiction in
substantial conformity with this chapter or the determination was made
under factual circumstances meeting the jurisdictional standards of this
chapter and the determination has not been modified in accordance with this
chapter.”
{¶12} R.C. 3127.15 governs the jurisdiction of the Ohio court to make an initial
custody determination as follows:
(A) Except as otherwise provided in section 3127.18 of the Revised Code, a
court of this state has jurisdiction to make an initial determination in a child
custody proceeding only if one of the following applies:
(1) This state is the home state of the child on the date of the
commencement of the proceeding, or was the home state of the child within
six months before the commencement of the proceeding and the child is
absent from this state but a parent or person acting as a parent continues to
live in this state.
(2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction under division
(A)(1) of this section or a court of the home state of the child has declined to
exercise jurisdiction on the basis that this state is the more appropriate forum
under section 3127.21 or 3127.22 of the Revised Code, or a similar statute of
the other state, and both of the following are the case:
(a) The child and the child’ parents, or the child and at least one parent
or a person acting as a parent, have a significant connection with this state
other than mere physical presence.
(b) Substantial evidence is available in this state concerning the child’s
care, protection, training, and personal relationships.
(3) All courts having jurisdiction under division (A)(1) or (2) of this
section have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the ground that a court of
this state is the more appropriate forum to determine the custody of the child
under section 3127.21 or 3127.22 of the Revised Code or a similar statute
enacted by another state.
(4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the criteria
specified in division (A)(1), (2), or (3) of this section.
(B) Division (A) of this section is the exclusive jurisdictional basis for
making a child custody determination by a court of this state.
(C) Physical presence of, or personal jurisdiction over, a party or a child is
not necessary or sufficient to make a child custody determination.
“Home state” is defined as: “the state in which a child lived with a parent or a
person acting as a parent for at least six consecutive months immediately
preceding the commencement of a child custody proceeding and, if a child is
less than six months old, the state in which the child lived from birth with any
of them. A period of temporary absence of any of them is counted as part of
the six-month or other period.” R.C. 3127.01(B)(7). “‘Initial determination’
means the first child custody determination concerning a particular child.”
R.C. 3127.01(B)(8).
{¶13} Virginia’s codified UCCJEA is substantially similar to Ohio’s statutory
version of it. See Va.Code §§ 20-146.1 and 20-146.12.
{¶14} It is undisputed that the Virginia court made the initial custody
determination. Under both Ohio and Virginia law, a court that has made the initial child
custody determination consistent with the UCCJEA has exclusive and continuing
jurisdiction as long as the child, the child’s parents, or any person acting as a parent
continue to live in the state. R.C. 3127.16; Va.Code 20-146.13; Rosen v. Celebrezze,
2008-Ohio-853, ¶ 21. Father continues to live in Virginia.
{¶15} Although this court in In re E.G. reversed the dismissal of mother’s
complaint and remanded for a jurisdictional hearing to resolve a factual dispute over
where the children had been living, the implications of the Virginia court having exercised
jurisdiction based upon the determination that Virginia was the home state were unknown
and, therefore, were not addressed. On remand, relator presented evidence of the Virginia
court’s initial determination. Respondent judge did not address the factual dispute or
attempt to determine the home state as directed by this court’s mandate in In re: E.G., nor
is there any explanation why the Virginia court’s determination of Virginia as the home
state was ignored.2 Respondent judge, however, issued an order declaring that Ohio was
the home state pursuant to “R.C. 3109.42”3 finding that mother was an unmarried mother
and paternity had not been established by clear and convincing evidence.
{¶16} R.C. 3109.042 provides:
An unmarried female who gives birth to a child is the sole residential
parent and legal custodian of the child until a court of competent jurisdiction
issues an order designating another person as the residential parent and
legal custodian. A court designating the residential parent and legal
custodian of a child described in this section shall treat the mother and father
as standing upon an equality when making the designation.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶17} Respondent’s May 29, 2014 order does not mention the Virginia court order
that found paternity had been established or respondent’s own prior order (dated May 25,
2012) that found father had acknowledged paternity in the Virginia action, or this court’s
opinion that also noted father had acknowledged paternity in the Virginia action. In re
E.G., 2013-Ohio-495, ¶ 5. Under Virginia law, a parent and child relationship can be
established by scientifically reliable genetic tests, by acknowledgement, or by court order.
See Va.Code 20-49.1 and 20-49.8. The Virginia court is a court of competent jurisdiction
and issued an order on June 5, 2012, that designated joint legal custody to both parents
2
Presuming regularity, the Virginia court obviously resolved the factual
dispute between the parties over where the children had been living in relator’s
favor and there is no indication that mother ever challenged or appealed that ruling
in Virginia.
We presume respondent intended to reference R.C. 3109.042, which
3
addresses custody rights of an unmarried mother. R.C. 3109.42 establishes that a
parent who is convicted of killing the other parent is ineligible for custody of a child.
with primary physical custody to relator. Accordingly, the provision of R.C. 3109.042
which would designate mother, who is unmarried, as the sole residential parent and legal
custodian became inapplicable on June 5, 2012. Respondent did not offer any basis for
disregarding the Virginia court’s initial custody determination order.
{¶18} The Virginia court’s order is entitled to full faith and credit. R.C. 3127.43;
R.C. 3127.20; see also, In re B.P. 11th Dist. Trumbull No. 2011-T-0032, 2011-Ohio-2334,
¶ 64 (Oklahoma’s custody order had not been vacated, stayed or modified and was,
therefore, entitled to full faith and credit under Ohio law); see also State ex rel. Morenz v.
Kerr, 104 Ohio St.3d 148, 2004-Ohio-6208, 818 N.E.2d 1162 (holding Ohio court patently
and unambiguously lacks jurisdiction to proceed in a child-custody case when a
child-custody case is already pending in a court of another state and that court is exercising
jurisdiction consistently with the law); see also State ex rel. Seaton v. Holmes, 100 Ohio
St.3d 265, 2003-Ohio- 5897, 798 N.E.2d 375 (holding Ohio court patently and
unambiguously lacked jurisdiction over post-decree child custody motions even though
father had returned to live in Ohio because all of the parties had previously moved from
Ohio).
{¶19} It is well settled that the drafters of the UCCJEA intended it to “be construed
to promote one of its primary purposes of avoiding the jurisdictional competition” and that
is the primary purpose of the act. Rosen, 2008-Ohio-853, ¶ 38, 41. The Virginia court that
has considered relator’s petition for custody is exercising jurisdiction in conformity with
UCCJEA. Respondent’s failure to acknowledge the Virginia court’s intitial custody
determination order and afford it full faith and credit created the exact situation that the
UCCJEA aims to avoid — a multi-state jurisdictional conflict in a child custody matter.
Respondents, in their motion for summary judgment, recognize that the Virginia court’s
order is the initial determination that “complicates” the circumstances because such an
order generally creates exclusive and continuing jurisdiction in the court that issued it.
Respondents, however, question whether the order was issued “consistent with” the
Virginia court’s jurisdiction to do so under the Virginia Code due to a reference
concerning the best interests of the child in the court’s custody order. However, the
Virginia court’s record of proceedings dated May 8, 2012, reflects that jurisdiction had
been previously determined pursuant to the UCCJEA and after the Virginia judge had
engaged in communications with respondent judge as required by Va.Code § 20-149.9.
Virginia was deemed the home state based on the children having lived in Arlington at
least 6 of the last 12 months. There is no indication that the Virginia court exercised
jurisdiction inconsistent with its authority to do so.
{¶20} Respondents’ exercise of jurisdiction in this matter is not a mere error in the
determination of its jurisdiction that can be adequately remedied by a later appeal.
Respondents are patently and unambiguously without jurisdiction based on the UCCJEA.
Relator is entitled to a writ of prohibition. The writ of prohibition is granted and
respondents’ motion for summary judgment is denied. Respondents are prohibited from
proceeding in the Ohio child-custody matters of In re: E.G. & Y.G., Cuyahoga C.P. Nos.
PR-12703234 and PR-12703235, and respondents are directed to vacate all orders entered
on and after March 13, 2014. Respondents to pay costs. Costs waived.
{¶21} This court directs the clerk of courts to serve all parties notice of this
judgment and its date of entry upon the journal as required by Civ.R. 58(B).
{¶22} Writ granted.
________________________________________
KENNETH A. ROCCO, JUDGE
MARY J. BOYLE, A.J., and
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR
State ex rel. N.G. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Court of Common Pleas
Combined Opinion