Internacional Realty, Inc. v. 2005 RP West, Ltd.

Opinion issued October 7, 2014

In The

Court of Appeals
For The

First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-12-00258-CV
———————————
INTERNACIONAL REALTY, INC., Appellant
V.
2005 RP WEST, LTD., Appellee

On Appeal from the 268th District Court
Fort Bend County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 08-DCV-166063

CONCURRING OPINION

Appellee, 2005 RP West, Ltd. (“RP West” or the “Seller”), sued appellant,

Internacional Realty, Inc. (“IRI” or the “Purchaser”), for breach of a real estate

purchase agreement (the “PSA”) that committed IRI to buy, upon its completion,

an apartment project to be constructed by RP West. The trial court rendered
judgment on the verdict, awarding RP West, the Seller, $4 million in damages, plus

pre- and post-judgment interest and attorney’s fees. The Purchaser, IRI, challenges

that judgment on appeal. Like the majority, I would affirm, but on different

grounds.

Background

The material facts are restated below for ease of reference.

A. The PSA and Related Agreements

Hugh Caraway, Jr. was the owner of IRI. Beginning in 1993, IRI developed

and purchased apartment complexes with Caraway’s equity and third-party

financing. Caraway was also involved with Internacional Realty Mortgage

Investors (“IRMI”), a related company that arranged real-estate financing for IRI

and for third parties.

Robert Wilson, the owner of RP West, developed approximately ten

apartment complex properties in Texas over the course of his forty years in the

real-estate business, including two in Fort Bend County: The Reserve and The

Villas. In addition to his career as a real estate developer, Wilson also worked in

mortgage banking from 1971 to 1997.

Caraway and Wilson met in the 1980s. Before the transaction that gave rise

to this case, Caraway had bought three properties developed by Wilson, including

The Reserve apartment complex. Both Caraway and Wilson contemplated that

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The Reserve would be Phase I of an overall development plan, which would

culminate with Phase II, The Villas, to be located near The Reserve. Wilson

formed RP West, a single-asset limited partnership, for the purpose of the

development and construction of The Villas. Wilson was both a limited partner of

RP West and the president and sole employee of Wilson RP West GP, LLC, which

served as the general partner of RP West.

In March 2006, Caraway, as owner of IRI, and Wilson, as owner of RP

West, signed the PSA, setting out their agreement that RP West, as Seller, would

build The Villas and sell them to IRI, and IRI, as Purchaser, would purchase that

complex upon completion for $21.5 million, with the closing to occur no later than

April 1, 2008. The PSA was not contingent upon IRI’s securing financing. As

required by the PSA, IRI deposited $215,000 in earnest money (the “Earnest

Money”) with the title company.

Section 8 of the PSA provided remedies for both parties in the event of a

breach by the other. In relevant part, Section 8.2 provided that, in the event that

the Purchaser, IRI, breached the PSA, the Seller, RP West, could elect one of the

following three “sole and exclusive remedies”:

(i) terminate this Agreement and thereupon shall be entitled to the
Earnest Money as liquidated damages (and not as a penalty), or (ii)
put the Property to Purchaser and sue Purchaser for the Purchase
Price, or (iii) pursue the remedy of specific performance of
Purchaser’s obligations under this Agreement.

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Section 8.2 further stated that the parties had provided for liquidated damages

“because it would be difficult to calculate, on the date hereof, the amount of actual

damages for such breach, and Seller and Purchaser agree that these sums represent

reasonable compensation to Seller for such breach.”

In addition, Section 8.2 stated: “If Seller elects to put the Property to

Purchaser and sue for the Purchase Price, Seller shall have all rights of offset

against Purchaser to which Seller may be entitled at law or in equity including the

Earnest Money and any sums owed by Seller to Purchaser in respect of such

construction financing or otherwise, such right of offset to be applicable against

any such debt and assertable against any subsequent holder thereof.”

RP West financed construction of The Villas with a construction loan from

Amegy Bank for $16.2 million, which Wilson personally guaranteed. The Amegy

Bank loan was originally due on March 6, 2008. As a condition of this loan,

Amegy Bank required both RP West and IRI to sign a construction loan agreement

(the “Tri-Party Agreement”). Under the Tri-Party Agreement, IRI acknowledged

and consented to the documents securing the construction loan, specifically

including RP West’s assignment to Amegy Bank of its rights under the PSA,

which expressly included the right to the Earnest Money that IRI had deposited

with the title company for its purchase of The Villas. The Tri-Party Agreement

also gave Amegy Bank the right to sue for specific performance of the assignment

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of the Earnest Money to Amegy Bank should IRI default on its obligation to

purchase The Villas from RP West.

Because the construction and development cost of The Villas exceeded

$16.2 million, RP West took a second “Mezzanine Loan” for $2,113,500 from IRA

River Park West II Mezzanine, Ltd., a Texas limited partnership (the “Mezzanine

Lender”). Caraway was the manager of the general partner of this partnership.

Thus, IRI’s business affiliate financed part of the construction of The Villas. The

Mezzanine Lender, Carraway’s partnership, had repayment rights superior to the

equity investors in The Villas but inferior to those of Amegy Bank. However, the

Mezzanine Loan was not secured by a second lien on the property. Instead, the

Mezzanine Lender “just had an assignment of the . . . individual partner’s interest

in 2005 RP West.” That is, Caraway’s partnership, as Mezzanine Lender to RP

West for part of the construction cost of The Villas, received an assignment of

Wilson’s interest in RP West as collateral to ensure RP West’s repayment of the

Mezzanine Loan.

Approximately a year after IRI and RP West signed the PSA, and before

construction of the complex was completed, IRI agreed to sell twelve properties,

including The Reserve and The Villas, to an investor named Dennis Trimarchi for

5
a combined price of more than $318 million (the “Trimarchi Contract”).1 Of that

amount, Trimarchi had offered $23,760,000 for The Villas. Thus, by assigning its

rights under the PSA to Trimarchi, IRI stood to receive approximately

$2.26 million more than it was obligated to pay RP West for the property under the

PSA. Caraway intended that IRI close on the purchase of The Villas from RP

West (in fulfillment of the PSA) and simultaneously close on the resale of the

property to Trimarchi.

On August 21, 2007, Caraway, as owner of IRI, sent Wilson, as owner of RP

West, an email explaining the Trimarchi deal and requesting (1) a change in the

closing date, (2) release of IRI’s Earnest Money held by the title company, and

(3) an agreement to replace the Earnest Money with the earnest money that

Trimarchi would provide in connection with his contract with the Trimarchi

Contract.

On September 6, 2007, RP West and IRI signed an amendment to the PSA

(“the Amendment”), which released the original Earnest Money to IRI, required

redeposit of the Earnest Money if the Trimarchi Contrat was “not executed by

September 21, 2007,” and included the following “Assignment of Trimarchi

1
The agreement was prepared on the letterhead of Trimarchi Management and
signed by Dennis Trimarchi as “CEO / Managing Member” of DMT, LLC. The
agreement identified the buyer as “DMT, LLC or its nominee.” I refer to Dennis
Trimarchi and his businesses collectively as “Trimarchi.”

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Earnest Money”: “Purchaser [IRI] hereby assigns to Seller [RP West] all of

Purchaser’s right, title and interest in and to the Trimarchi Earnest Money, which

assignment shall become effective immediately upon execution of the Trimarchi

Contract. Such assignment is intended to serve as a replacement of the earnest

money deposit otherwise provided for under the Villas Contract [the PSA].” The

Amendment also stated, “In the event of a conflict between the terms of this

Amendment and the other terms of the [Trimarchi] Contract, the terms of this

Amendment shall control.”

RP West released the Earnest Money in accordance with the Amendment.

The Trimarchi Contract was signed before September 21, 2007, and Trimarchi

deposited earnest money with Beacon Title as required by the Trimarchi Contract.

Trimarchi was able to secure financing for ten of the twelve properties, but on

October 1, 2007, it terminated the Trimarchi Contract with IRI as to The Reserve

and The Villas. Caraway did not immediately inform Wilson that Trimarchi had

terminated the Trimarchi Contract with respect to The Villas. Rather, the next day,

Wilson emailed Caraway to inquire about closing on The Villas, and Caraway

responded, “We are still scheduled to close November 15.”

Two days later, Beacon Title released the Earnest Money from the Trimarchi

Contract to IRI. Despite the assignment language in the Amendment to the PSA,

Caraway, IRI’s president, kept the money. At trial, Caraway could not recall

7
whether he had informed RP West about having received this Earnest Money, but

he said that he kept it because he was continuing to negotiate with Trimarchi, still

believing that the sale of The Villas would close on November 15, 2007, as

planned and as he had represented to Wilson. At that time, IRI did not have the

$21.5 million in cash required for it to close its purchase of The Villas on

November 15, and it was not working to obtain financing to complete its purchase

of The Villas in the event that the Trimarchi negotiations failed. Caraway

acknowledged at trial that nothing in the contract with RP West would “let [him]

off the hook” if the Trimarchi deal fell through.

Trimarchi did not close on The Villas on November 15, 2007. Instead, the

parties amended the Trimarchi Contract with IRI to requiring closing on The Villas

by January 18, 2008. Wilson orally agreed to the change in closing date on behalf

of RP West. But, by late December 2007, Caraway had become aware that

Trimarchi was unable to secure financing to purchase The Villas.

On January 2, 2008, Wilson sent Caraway an email asking if closing on The

Villas was “still on” for January 18. Caraway responded that he would know by

Friday of that week, depending on Trimarchi’s financing. But on that Friday

Trimarchi defaulted on the Trimarchi Contract by failing to deposit new Earnest

Money with Beacon Title. IRI had not obtained alternate financing, and it found

itself unable to perform under the PSA.

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 Approximately one week later, RP West’s counsel sent an email to IRI’s

counsel stating that IRI was in default of the PSA and asking Caraway to remit to

RP West “the [E]arnest [M]oney originally required pursuant to the contract and

required to be redeposited in the [A]mendment in the event the so-called Trimarchi

contract was not executed by September 21, 2007.” In addition, the email

specifically reserved RP West’s right to pursue any available remedy for breach of

the PSA, stating: “Nothing in this letter is intended or should be construed either as

a waiver or an election of any remedy for breach of contract and my client hereby

expressly reserves any and all such remedies, including rescission of the

[A]mendment for breach thereof.”

In mid-January, about a week after the email demand, Wilson wrote to

Caraway, requesting that IRI redeposit the Earnest Money that had been released

pursuant to the Amendment to the PSA and stating that if the money was not

redeposited RP West would contact the title company to obtain the Trimarchi

Earnest Money that had been assigned to it under the Amendment to the PSA. But

the money was not on deposit with the title company; it was in IRI’s bank account.

Caraway testified that it was “on deposit with [IRI]” and that if Trimarchi

defaulted and the contract terminated, the money would belong to IRI.

On January 22, 2008, Caraway told Wilson that IRI still intended to perform

under the PSA. But Wilson responded by email, saying that “a majority of the

9
limited partners [of RP West] have requested the general partner proceed with

finding another buyer for The Villas (ASAP) and are requesting [IRI] pay the

[E]arnest [M]oney to [RP West] per the [A]mendment [to the PSA] asap.”

IRI’s attorney then sent a Proposed Second Amendment to the PSA to RP

West’s attorney. The Proposed Second Amendment included provisions that had

not been discussed between the parties.

RP West’s attorney rejected the Proposed Second Amendment to the PSA,

clarifying by letter that “other than having waited past the November” closing date,

“there are no understandings or oral agreements between the parties modifying”

the original Amendment to the PSA. RP West’s letter requested that IRI

immediately pay the Trimarchi Earnest Money to RP West or provide contact

information to facilitate RP West’s obtaining the Earnest Money from the title

company. Finally, the letter stated:

My client may yet be willing to negotiate with yours regarding the
acquisition of the subject property on some basis, but wants yours to
understand our legal position, has not and does not hereby waive any
of its rights or remedies arising either under the contract or at law and
expressly disclaims any oral agreements or understandings at variance
with the First Amendment to the original contract. Unless my client
gets some immediate, satisfactory response, the general partner
intends to list the property for sale with a third party broker.

In late January, Caraway mailed a check for $215,000 to Wilson, who

remitted it to Amegy Bank in accordance with the Tri-Party Agreement. Wilson

testified that he was still working with Caraway to find a way for IRI to purchase

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The Villas at that time, and internal IRI emails showed that it was still looking for

financing during February 2008.

Throughout 2008, RP West attempted to find a buyer for The Villas. Both

the Amegy Bank construction loan and the Mezzanine Lender’s loan were

extended during this time frame. As part of the process of extending the

Mezzanine Loan, RP West’s accounting firm sent the Mezzanine Lender—

Caraway’s company—a financial statement that showed a $215,000 credit for

“proceeds from terminated contract for project sale.”

In August 2008, Wilson informed Caraway that he had been unable to find a

buyer willing to pay more for the Villas than the $21.5 million IRI had agreed to

pay in the PSA. On August 15, 2008, Wilson emailed Caraway, saying that “a

third party market sale is not likely” and “[g]iven the situation, [RP West] is

exploring all options, but what [RP West] really prefers is that [IRI] purchase the

property as originally planned/agreed.”

In early September 2008, Wilson sent Caraway a demand letter that

reminded Caraway of his January 22 email stating his ongoing intention to

purchase The Villas under the PSA:

RP West still expects IRI to purchase the Property as originally agreed
under the [PSA]. However, because IRI is in default of its obligations
to purchase the Property, RP West authorized suit to be filed in order
to promptly pursue its PUT in the event IRI is unwilling to proceed
with the transaction. RP West has withheld service of the petition on
IRI in hopes that IRI will honor its obligation to purchase the

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 Property. A copy of the filed petition is attached to this letter. RP
West will agree to defer service and/or extend IRI’s answer date so
long as satisfactory progress is being made toward the purchase of the
Property.

Caraway did not respond to this letter, and he testified that he was surprised

because he believed that the PSA had previously been terminated and that RP West

had elected to keep the Earnest Money as contract damages.

IRI never bought The Villas. From January through August 2008, IRI did

not secure financing to do so, and Caraway testified at trial that the national

banking crisis made it impossible for him to obtain financing in the fall of 2008.

Meanwhile, RP West moved forward with its lawsuit for breach of the PSA,

and it continued to seek a buyer for The Villas. RP West eventually sold The

Villas more than two years later, on December 1, 2010, to a third party, LM-LA

River Park LP (“Lane”), for $16.9 million, which Caraway agreed was a

reasonable price.

B. The Trial

The PSA provided three distinct remedies for the Purchaser’s breach of the

PSA. The Seller, RP West, could (1) terminate the PSA, retain the Earnest Money,

and sue for liquidated damages; (2) “put” The Villas to IRI and sue for the

purchase price minus allowed offsets; or (3) obtain specific performance of the

PSA. RP West elected the put remedy and brought this lawsuit for breach of the

PSA. IRI admitted it breached the PSA but raised several defenses relevant to this

12
appeal: (1) RP West had no available remedy under the terms of the PSA; (2) RP

West was barred by waiver and equitable estoppel from recovering under the put

remedy in the PSA because it had elected the termination remedy; and (3) RP West

was barred from any recovery because the sale of The Villas to a third party

rendered IRI’s subsequent performance of the PSA impossible.

The case was ultimately tried to a jury. At trial, Caraway testified that IRI

initially raised RP West’s failure to mitigate its losses by selling The Villas to a

third party as a bar to RP West’s recovery on its breach-of-contract claim.

However, by the time of trial, IRI contended that RP West’s sale of The Villas to a

third party negated the contractual put remedy in the PSA because RP West was no

longer in a position to convey The Villas to IRI. Caraway further testified that he

believed that the payment of the Earnest Money to RP West terminated the PSA

and ended any further obligation of IRI regarding The Villas. However, he also

admitted that IRI breached the contract, that Wilson did not exclude IRI from

purchasing The Villas, and that it was “entirely possible” that he had told Wilson

to find another buyer.

Wilson repeatedly testified that RP West did not terminate the PSA, did not

elect to keep the Earnest Money as contract damages, and did put the property to

IRI.

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 At the close of RP West’s evidence, IRI moved for a directed verdict. IRI

argued that the evidence at trial conclusively established that RP West had elected

the termination remedy and terminated the PSA in January 2008. IRI contended

that RP West did not plead mitigation of damages and had no mitigation reason to

have sold the property to a third party. IRI further argued that RP West waived its

right to recover on its claims against IRI—or was estopped from recovering—

because it had elected the Earnest-Money remedy, remained silent after January

2008, and sold The Villas to a third party. IRI argued that any judgment allowing

RP West to recover under the PSA was barred by impossibility as a matter of law;

that is, RP West could not elect the put remedy in the PSA because it no longer

owned The Villas and thus it was “impossible” for RP West to convey it. In

addition, IRI contended that the put remedy was no longer available to RP West

because the requirements for seeking specific performance—such as remaining

ready, willing, and able to perform until the date of trial—were not satisfied.

The trial court denied IRI’s motion for directed verdict. The jury found that

(1) the assignment of the Trimarchi Earnest Money was not “complete and

unconditional,” (2) RP West did not elect the termination remedy in the PSA and

did elect the put remedy, and (3) IRI’s failure to comply with the PSA as amended

was not excused by impossibility. The jury awarded $4 million in damages to RP

West.

14
 IRI filed a motion to disregard the jury findings and for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”). This motion reiterated all of the arguments

IRI had made in support of its motion for directed verdict. It further argued that

RP West was entitled only to $215,000 in liquidated damages and could not

recover monetary damages because both the “put” and specific performance

remedies in the PSA required RP West to convey The Villas to IRI, and, because

RP West had sold The Villas to a third party, those two contractual remedies were

unavailable.

In its JNOV motion, IRI also argued that RP West had repudiated the PSA

by repeatedly stating that IRI had no enforceable right to purchase The Villas and

was in default, by demanding forfeiture of the Earnest Money, and by

communicating RP West’s intent to find a new buyer. IRI argued that the put

remedy in the PSA was no longer available to RP West because the requirements

for “specific performance” of RP West’s obligations with respect to that remedy—

its remaining ready, willing, and able to perform until the date of trial—were not

satisfied. IRI also argued that RP West’s sale could not have been in furtherance

of mitigation of damages because RP West had no duty to mitigate under the PSA.

The trial court rendered judgment on the verdict in favor of RP West for

$4 million plus prejudgment interest and attorneys’ fees. IRI filed a motion for

15
new trial, which was overruled by operation of law, and it timely filed a notice of

appeal.

Issues

IRI brings eight issues on appeal. In its first issue, IRI challenges the trial

court’s denial of its motion for directed verdict, motion to disregard jury findings,

and motion for JNOV, all of which were based on IRI’s interpretation of the

exclusive remedies specified in the PSA. In its second, third, and fourth issues, IRI

challenges the trial court’s rulings on its defenses of impossibility, waiver, and

estoppel. IRI’s fifth issue challenges the trial court’s ruling and the jury’s finding

that RP West did not choose to retain IRI’s Earnest Money and terminate the

agreement as a remedy for breach of contract. IRI’s sixth issue challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s finding that RP West chose the

contractual remedy of “put[ting] the Property to [IRI] and su[ing] [IRI] for the

Purchase Price.” In its seventh issue, IRI argues that the jury’s damages award is

legally and factually insufficient and that the trial court erred in failing to instruct

the jury on the correct measure of damages. Finally, in its eighth issue, IRI

contends that the trial court erred by awarding RP West attorney’s fees and pre-and

post-judgment interest. Assuming success on its other issues, IRI asks this Court

to render judgment that it should recover attorney’s fees as a prevailing party under

the contract.

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 Essentially, IRI asks us to construe the PSA in its favor and to reverse the

trial court’s judgment, render judgment in its favor, and award it its attorney’s fees.

I would analyze IRI’s issues with respect to the merits of RP West’s claim

together.

Analysis

A. Standard of Review

This appeal requires us (1) to interpret Section 8.2 of the PSA, which sets

out the remedies available to the Seller, RP West, in the event of breach of the PSA

by the Purchaser, IRI, and (2) to the extent the PSA is ambiguous and therefore

presented questions for resolution by the jury, to determine whether the evidence

was legally and factually sufficient to support the jury’s verdict.

When construing a contract, the court’s primary concern is to give effect to

the parties’ intent as expressed in the document. Frost Nat’l Bank v. L & F

Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 311–12 (Tex. 2005); Forbau v. Aetna Life Ins.

Co., 876 S.W.2d 132, 133 (Tex. 1994). To determine the intent of the parties, we

examine the entire writing and strive to harmonize and give effect to all provisions

in the contract, so that no provision is rendered meaningless. In re Serv. Corp.

Int’l, 355 S.W.3d 655, 661 (Tex. 2011); Frost Nat’l Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312.

“We construe contracts ‘from a utilitarian standpoint bearing in mind the particular

business activity sought to be served’ and ‘will avoid when possible and proper a

17
construction which is unreasonable, inequitable, and oppressive.’” Frost Nat’l

Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312 (quoting Reilly v. Rangers Mgmt., Inc., 727 S.W.2d 527,

530 (Tex. 1987)). In doing so, we give contract terms “‘their plain and ordinary

meaning, unless the contract indicates that the parties intended a different

meaning.’” Reeder v. Wood Cnty. Energy, LLC, 395 S.W.3d 789, 794–95 (Tex.

2012) (quoting Dynegy Midstream Servs., Ltd. P’ship v. Apache Corp., 294

S.W.3d 164, 168 (Tex. 2009)).

If, after applying the pertinent rules of construction, we can give the contract

a definite or certain legal meaning, it is unambiguous and we construe it as a

matter of law. Frost Nat’l Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312. “‘A contract is ambiguous

when its meaning is uncertain and doubtful or is reasonably susceptible to more

than one interpretation.’” Dynegy Midstream Servs., 294 S.W.3d at 168 (quoting

Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank, 939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996)); In re D.

Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 781 (Tex. 2006); Coker v. Coker, 650

S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983). A simple lack of clarity or disagreement between

parties does not necessarily render a term ambiguous. See DeWitt Cnty. Elec.

Coop., Inc. v. Parks, 1 S.W.3d 96, 100 (Tex. 1999). If, however, a contract is

susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations, it creates a fact issue for the

trier of fact. See Ashford Partners, Ltd. v. ECO Res., Inc., 401 S.W.3d 35, 38–39

(Tex. 2012); Frost Nat’l Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312.

18
 The jury determines the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be

given their testimony and resolves conflicts in the evidence. Kroger Co. v.

Persley, 261 S.W.3d 316, 319 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, no pet.)

(citing Herbert v. Herbert, 754 S.W.2d 141, 144 (Tex. 1988)). We review

challenges to the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support the verdict in

accordance with the City of Keller standard, determining whether the evidence

“would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under

review.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). We review

factual sufficiency challenges to determine whether “the evidence is so weak or the

finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is

clearly wrong and unjust.” Kroger, 261 S.W.3d at 319.

B. Remedies Available to RP West for IRI’s Breach of the PSA

Section 8.2 of the PSA, governing “Breach by Purchaser,” sets forth specific

“sole and exclusive remedies” available to RP West, as Seller, in the event of a

breach of contract by IRI, as Purchaser.

Under section 8.2 of the PSA, RP West could elect to:

i. terminate this Agreement and thereupon shall be entitled to the
Earnest Money as liquidated damages (and not as a penalty), or

ii. put the Property to Purchaser and sue Purchaser for the
Purchase Price, or

iii. pursue the remedy of specific performance of Purchaser’s
obligations under this Agreement.

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 Subsection 8.2(i) provided for RP West to keep the Earnest Money as

liquidated damages “because it would be difficult to calculate, on the date hereof,

the amount of actual damages for such breach, and [RP West] and [IRI] agree that

these sums represent reasonable compensation to [RP West] for such breach.”

Section 8.2 also provided that if RP West elected to put the property to IRI

and sue for the purchase price under subsection 8.2(ii), RP West would have

all rights of offset against Purchaser [IRI] to which Seller [RP West]
may be entitled at law or in equity including the Earnest Money and
any sums owed by Seller to Purchaser in respect of such construction
financing or otherwise, such right of offset to be applicable against
any such debt and assertable against any subsequent holder thereof. 2

While the three remedies provided by the PSA for IRI’s breach were “sole

and exclusive” alternative remedies, nothing in the PSA mandated that RP West

elect any of these three remedies over any other in any given circumstances.

Under the unambiguous language of the PSA, RP West was free to elect any one—

but only one—of the three remedies set out in Section 8.2 in the event of a breach

of the PSA by IRI.

2
The reference to “any sums owed by Seller to Purchaser in respect of such
construction financing” referred to the Mezzanine Loan, made pursuant to
Caraway’s partnership’s agreement to “loan certain funds” to RP West “to finance
the construction” of The Villas.

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 1. Termination of the PSA and Retention of the Earnest Money Under
Subsection 8.2(i) of the PSA

The first remedy provided for in section 8.2 of the PSA was for the Seller,

RP West, to terminate the contract and to keep the Earnest Money. IRI argues that

RP West elected this remedy. 3 RP West denies this. The jury answered ‘no’ to the

question of whether RP West elected this remedy. I agree with RP West and the

jury.

Subsection 8.2(i), the termination provision, is a liquidated damages clause.

Section 8.2 states that “Seller and Purchaser have made this provision for

liquidated damages because it would be difficult to calculate, on the date hereof,

the amount of actual damages for such breach, and Seller and Purchaser agree that

these sums represent reasonable compensation to Seller for such breach.” See

Phillips v. Phillips, 820 S.W.2d 785, 788 (Tex. 1991) (“In order to enforce a

liquidated damage clause, the court must find: (1) that the harm caused by the

breach is incapable or difficult of estimation, and (2) that the amount of liquidated

damages called for is a reasonable forecast of just compensation.”). Common-law
3
IRI’s fifth and sixth issues concern the trial court’s rulings and the jury’s findings
as to which contractual remedy RP West elected to pursue. In its fifth issue, IRI
contends that the court erred by denying its motion to disregard jury findings and
motion for JNOV because, as a matter of law, RP West elected the earnest money
remedy as its sole and exclusive remedy for breach of the PSA. IRI alternatively
contends that the jury’s answer that RP West did not elect the earnest money
remedy was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. In its
sixth issue, IRI contends that the evidence was both legally and factually
insufficient to support the jury’s verdict that RP West elected the “put” remedy.

21
“actual damages” for a breach of the PSA at the time of RP West’s termination of

it would have required a determination of the market value of The Villas on the

date of IRI’s breach, accompanied by findings that the harm caused by the breach

was difficult to estimate and that the amount of liquidated damages called for was

a reasonable forecast of just compensation. See, e.g., City of Harlingen v. Estate of

Sharboneau, 48 S.W.3d 177, 182 (Tex. 2001) (market value is price that would be

offered by willing buyer to willing seller, when neither is under compulsion to buy

or sell); Barry v. Jackson, 309 S.W.3d 135, 140 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.)

(“When the breach of contract is for real estate, the measure of damages is the

difference between the contract and the property’s market value at the time of the

breach.”).

The record shows that RP West did not attempt to terminate the PSA and

keep the Earnest Money as its damages in accordance with subsection 8.2(i) of the

PSA. Nor did RP West seek, or the trial court make, any findings that the harm

caused by IRI’s breach of the PSA was difficult to determine or that the amount of

liquidated damages provided for in subsection 8.2(i) was a reasonable forecast of

just compensation to RP West for IRI’s breach. Rather, the evidence at trial

showed that RP West repeatedly demanded performance; agreed to extensions of

closing to enable IRI to perform; reserved its rights and remedies in writing; stated

that it was not waiving any remedy; and asked IRI to purchase The Villas. RP

22
West announced itself ready and willing to close on The Villas and insisted on

IRI’s purchase of the complex on the closing date. However, IRI was unable to

obtain financing and did not perform. RP West then allowed IRI extra time to

attempt to arrange financing; and, when it became apparent that IRI could not, RP

West and IRI both attempted to market the property to a third party, both being

aware of the other party’s attempts. Finally, after filing this suit, RP West

succeeded in selling The Villas for $16.9 million—$4.6 million less than the

purchase price IRI had agreed to pay in the PSA.

Moreover, in arguing that RP West’s retention of the Earnest Money shows

RP West’s election of this remedy, IRI ignores the effect of the Amendment to the

PSA on ownership of Trimarchi’s forfeited Earnest Money. Specifically, in the

Amendment to the PSA, IRI assigned to RP West all of its “right, title and interest

in and to the Trimarchi Earnest Money, which assignment shall become effective

immediately upon execution of the Trimarchi Contract.” The assignment was

intended to serve as a replacement of the Earnest Money deposit otherwise

provided for under the PSA. The Amendment provided that if the Trimarchi

Contract were not executed by September 21, 2007, IRI would immediately

redeposit the Earnest Money.

After Trimarchi defaulted on its agreement to purchase The Villas from IRI,

the title company released Trimarchi’s Earnest Money to IRI, which kept it.

23
Caraway testified that IRI was holding the money in place of the title company

until the date for Trimarchi’s closing passed, at which time the money would be

IRI’s “to do with as we pleased.” However, the plain language of the Amendment

to the PSA directly contradicts that contention. IRI had already assigned to RP

West all of its “right, title and interest in and to” the Trimarchi Earnest Money.

Thus, without regard to the contractual termination remedy in the PSA, and in

accordance with the Amendment, RP West was entitled to the Trimarchi Earnest

Money when Trimarchi defaulted on its contract.

For the foregoing reasons, I conclude, like the majority, that the evidence

would enable reasonable and fair-minded jurors to conclude—as the jury did—that

RP West did not elect the termination remedy. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at

827.

2. The Put Remedy Set Out in Subsection 8.2(ii) of the PSA

The second remedy in the PSA was the put remedy set out in subsection

8.2(ii), which permitted the Seller to “put the Property to Purchaser [IRI] and sue

Purchaser for the Purchase Price.” RP West claims it elected this remedy by

reminding IRI it was still obligated to buy The Villas after the closing date,

allowing it to continue to attempt to obtain financing or to sell the property,

working with it to market the property when these measures failed, and ultimately

selling The Villas to a third party, Lane, on December 1, 2010, for $16.9 million.

24
At the time of the sale of the property to Lane, IRI had shown itself unable to

perform its contractual obligations and RP West had filed this suit, seeking the

$21.5 million purchase price in the PSA as damages. After the sale of the

property, RP West sought the difference between the $16.9 million sale price

received from Lane, plus the Earnest Money, and the price IRI had agreed to pay

for The Villas. RP West contends that the PSA unambiguously authorized it to put

the property to IRI by the act of suing it to recover the contractual purchase price.

RP West reasons that the PSA’s reference in section 8.2 to its entitlement to “all

rights of offset against [IRI] to which [it] may be entitled at law or in equity,”

including the Earnest Money and any sums it owed to IRI with respect to the

construction financing, means that the remedy “specifically contemplated a

mitigation sale and allowed for an offset of the price received.”

IRI argues, by contrast, that legally insufficient evidence supports the jury’s

finding that RP West elected the put remedy and was entitled to damages under

Section 8.2(ii) of the PSA. It contends that the plain language of the put remedy

required RP West to transfer the property to it and then sue it for the purchase price

as liquidated damages but that, instead, RP West sold The Villas to a third party.

IRI argues that RP West’s sale of The Villas rendered its own performance

impossible.

25
 RP West responds that it did put the property to IRI and sued IRI for

liquidated damages in the amount of $21.5 million, the purchase price for The

Villas, as provided for the breach under Section 8.2(ii) of the PSA. When IRI was

unable either to obtain financing to complete the purchase or to sell The Villas,

which both it and RP West were marketing, RP West mitigated its damages by

selling the property to a third party, Lane. IRI replies that the PSA imposed no

duty of mitigation on RP West.

The jury found that RP West elected the put remedy and awarded it damages

against IRI in an amount representing roughly the purchase price IRI had agreed to

pay for The Villas in the PSA, offset by the amount of money RP West received

from selling The Villas to Lane at fair market value and the Earnest Money

received when the Trimarchi sale collapsed.

a. RP West’s election of the put remedy in subsection 8.2(ii)

Although Texas case law has seldom addressed real estate puts, the term is

used in the real estate context essentially as it is used in the securities and

commodities context, to denote a right of a seller to require another to purchase

property at an agreed price at a given time or under given conditions. See BLACK’S

LAW DICTIONARY 1268, 1432 (10th ed. 2014) (defining “put” as “[a]n option to

sell something (esp. securities) at a fixed price even if the market declines; the

right to require another to buy”); U.S. Rest. Props. Operating L.P. v. Motel Enters.,

26
Inc., 104 S.W.3d 284, 287–88 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2003, pet. denied) (“put

option” in purchase and sale agreement provided that after eighteen months from

execution of agreement and upon notice, seller of restaurants had right to cause

buyer, who leased them to lessee, to purchase promissory note made by lessee and

payable to seller; when buyer refused to purchase note, seller successfully sued

buyer for amount of note); Turboff v. Gertner, Aron & Ledet Invs., 840 S.W.2d

603, 605–06, 609–10 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1992, writ dism’d) (put option in

PSA entitled sellers (GAL) to put property to purchasers (Turboffs) and purchasers

to accept conveyance of property on closing date and to reimburse sellers for costs,

fees, and expenses incurred by sellers pursuant to agreement for maintenance and

development of property; partial settlement held not to relieve purchasers of

responsibility to perform under PSA or to bar sellers’ right to recover under

contract; sellers were entitled to sell property upon purchasers’ breach of PSA); cf.

Doerge v. Nat’l Bank of Commerce, 482 F. Supp. 802, 804 (N.D. Tex. 1977), aff’d,

609 F.2d 1006 (5th Cir. 1979) (real estate purchaser/lessor (Doerge) and

seller/lessee (Hill) agreed in contract for development and sale of apartment project

that, at closing of sale of apartment project developed by seller, purchaser would

pay some cash and execute installment note in favor of seller for purchase price,

and seller would lease project from purchaser; purchaser also had put option,

exercisable if rent rolls of completed project were less than given sum, to terminate

27
his obligation to pay balance of purchase price then due and, instead, to deliver to

seller quitclaim deed for undivided one-half interest in property).

I would hold that this case reflects a trade usage of the term “put” in the real

estate context that falls squarely within the line of real-estate put cases evinced by

U.S. Restaurant Properties, Turboff, and Doerge; and that it was properly decided

under the put theory provided for by subsection 8.2(ii) of the PSA. See Frost Nat’l

Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312 (“We construe contracts ‘from a utilitarian standpoint

bearing in mind the particular business activity sought to be served. . . .’”); see also

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 222(1) (1981) (“A usage of trade is a

usage having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation, or trade as to

justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to a particular

agreement.”).

I agree with RP West’s argument that the plain language of Section 8.2 of

the PSA provided for exercise of the put remedy by RP West’s putting The Villas

to IRI, in accordance with the customary understanding of a real estate put, and

then suing IRI for the purchase price of $21.5 million set out in the PSA. See

Doerge, 482 F. Supp. at 808. RP West permitted IRI both to continue to seek

financing after the closing date had passed and to attempt to sell The Villas to a

third party. When those efforts to obtain payment for the property failed, RP West

sued IRI for the purchase price in the PSA.

28
 b. RP West’s entitlement to damages under the put remedy

The put remedy set out in subsection 8.2(ii) of the PSA entitled RP West, in

the event of IRI’s breach of the PSA, to put the property to IRI and to sue IRI for

the purchase price. It also entitled RP West to all rights of offset including

recovery of the Earnest Money and the excuse of amounts owed by RP West to IRI

with respect to the construction financing. The general rule for measuring

damages in a breach of contract case is “just compensation for the loss or damage

actually sustained.” U.S. Rest. Props., 104 S.W.3d at 291 (quoting Phillips, 820

S.W.2d at 788). Typically, the “benefit of the bargain” measure of damages is “the

difference between the value represented and the value received.” Id.; Henry S.

Miller Co. v. Bynum, 836 S.W.2d 160, 163 (Tex. 1992) (Phillips, J., concurring).

Here, the damages available under the put remedy in the PSA for IRI’s

breach of the PSA were benefit of the bargain damages. I, therefore, agree with

RP West and the jury that the proper measure of damages for IRI’s breach was the

purchase price of The Villas agreed to in the PSA, or $21.5 million, less offsets for

the Earnest Money and the fair market value of The Villas at the time of its sale to

Lane, as represented by the amount received from Lane, a third party at that sale—

or the roughly $4 million found by the jury. See U.S. Rest. Props., 104 S.W.3d at

290–91 (holding award of damages proper in breach of real estate put case where

plaintiff sought as damages “the difference between the value of the put option as

29
agreed to by the parties and the value of the put option as performed”; parties

agreed that purchase price of promissory note would be 110% of then outstanding

principal balance of note; it was undisputed that $500,000 was outstanding

principal balance and that purchaser paid nothing when it received notice seller

was exercising put option; and difference between value of put option as agreed to

and value of put option as performed was $550,000, which was sum awarded).

I further agree with RP West that its sale of The Villas to Lane was in in

fulfillment of its obligation to mitigate its damages, a duty that arises from the

common law, not from the terms of a contract, as IRI urges.

The common law doctrine of mitigation of damages “prevents a party from

recovering for damages resulting from a breach of contract that could be avoided

by reasonable efforts on the part of the plaintiff.” Great Am. Ins. Co. v. N. Austin

Mun. Util. Dist. No. 1, 908 S.W.2d 415, 426 (Tex. 1995). Under Texas law, a

claimant is required “to mitigate damages if it can do so with trifling expense or

with reasonable exertions.” Gunn Infiniti, Inc. v. O’Byrne, 996 S.W.2d 854, 857

(Tex. 1999); Great Am. Ins. Co., 908 S.W.2d at 426; U.S. Rest. Props., 104 S.W.3d

at 293. In a breach-of-contract suit, amounts that a plaintiff recovered or should

have recovered through mitigation of damages are offset against his recovery. See,

e.g., McGraw v. Brown Realty Co., 195 S.W.3d 271, 278 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2006, no pet.); Murphy v. Gulf Consol. Servs., Inc., 666 S.W.2d 383, 383–84 (Tex.

30
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1984, no writ). There is no requirement in Texas law

that the duty to mitigate arises only if a contract expressly incorporates this

common law duty.

I would hold, therefore, that, having elected the put remedy, RP West

properly sought damages under a benefit of the bargain theory, that it had a duty to

mitigate its damages, that it properly mitigated its damages by selling The Villas at

fair market value when IRI was unable either to obtain financing to purchase the

property or to find another buyer, and that the damages awarded it represented the

benefit of the bargain once the Earnest Money and the purchase price of The Villas

paid RP West by Lane were subtracted from the price IRI had promised to pay RP

West.

c. Sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s award of $4 million in
damages to RP West

IRI contends, however, that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient

to support the jury’s award of $4 million in damages to RP West for IRI’s breach

of the PSA under the benefit of the bargain measure.4

4
Alternatively, IRI contends that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury
on the correct measure of damages. I agree with the majority that although IRI
made a request for deletion of instructions originally included in the jury charge
on this question and substitution of other instructions, in the end, IRI agreed with
the trial court’s decision to submit no instruction on damages at all, and it failed to
object to the omission of an instruction as to damages or to request such an
instruction in substantially correct form. Therefore, this part of issue seven is

31
 In Question No. 4, the jury charge asked:

What sum of money, if any, paid now in cash, would fairly and
reasonably compensate 2005 RP West, Ltd. for its damages, if any,
resulting from Internacional Realty, Inc.’s failure to comply with the
Purchase and Sale Agreement as amended by the First Amendment.

Do not add any amount for interest on damages, if any.

The jury answered, “$4,000,000.00.”

IRI contends that the only evidence of damages was the PSA. The record,

however, refutes this claim. As the majority points out, Wilson and Caraway both

testified that the contract price of The Villas was $21.5 million and the contract

itself was entered into evidence. Second, both the contract and the testimony at

trial showed that when RP West demanded that IRI forfeit the Earnest Money, IRI

paid RP West $215,000. The evidence at trial also showed that RP West mitigated

its damages by selling The Villas for $16.9 million. Subtracting the Earnest

Money and ultimate purchase price, both allowable offsets, from the $21.5 million

contract price results in a sum of $4,385,000, which is $385,000 more than the jury

awarded.

waived. See Slip Op. at 40–41; TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1; Cruz v. Andrews
Restoration, Inc., 364 S.W.3d 817, 829–30 (Tex. 2012). In the absence of an
objection to the court’s charge, we evaluate the sufficiency of the evidence in light
of the court’s charge as given to the jury. Osterberg v. Peca, 12 S.W.3d 31, 55
(Tex. 2000).

32
 IRI also contends that the jury failed to account for $3.8 million in earnings

from The Villas that RP West earned between 2008 and 2010. However the

evidence was in conflict on that matter, with Wilson testifying that most of the

income was used to pay for operating expenses. See Slip Op. at 42. It was within

the province of the jury to resolve this conflicting evidence. Kroger, 261 S.W.3d

at 319.

I, therefore, agree with the majority that the evidence was legally and

factually sufficient to support the jury’s award of $4 million in damages. See City

of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 827 (evidence is legally sufficient when it “would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review”); Kroger,

261 S.W.3d at 319 (evidence is factually sufficient unless it “is so weak or the

finding is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is

clearly wrong and unjust”).

3. Specific Performance Under Subsection 8.2(iii) of the PSA

The third remedy provided by the PSA was the right to “pursue the remedy

of specific performance” by IRI of its obligations as purchaser. RP West did not

sue IRI for this remedy. I mention it only to distinguish it as inapplicable and to

respond to IRI’s argument that, by selling The Villas to Lane, RP West did not

remain “ready, willing, and able to perform” under the PSA, which IRI contends it

had a duty to do under the put remedy until the trial. IRI contends that RP West

33
breached this duty, excusing IRI’s own performance as “impossible.” I find IRI’s

argument to be without merit.

“The purpose of specific performance is to compel a party who is violating a

duty to perform under a valid contract to comply with his obligations.” Griffin’s

Estate v. Sumner, 604 S.W.2d 221, 225 (Tex. Civ. App.—San Antonio 1980, writ

ref’d n.r.e.). “[T]o be entitled to specific performance, the plaintiff must show that

it has substantially performed its part of the contract, and that it is able to continue

performing its part of the agreement,” and the “plaintiff’s burden of proving

readiness, willingness and ability is a continuing one that extends to all times

relevant to the contract and thereafter.” DiGiuseppe v. Lawler, 269 S.W.3d 588,

594 (Tex. 2008) (quoting 25 RICHARD A. LORD, WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS

§ 67:15, at 236–37 (4th ed. 2002) (citations omitted)). “[A] plaintiff seeking

specific performance, as a general rule, must actually tender performance as a

prerequisite to obtaining specific performance.” Id. (citing McMillan v. Smith, 363

S.W.2d 437, 442–43 (Tex. 1962)). However, “when a defendant refuses to

perform or repudiates a contract, the plaintiff may be excused from actually

tendering his or her performance to the repudiating party before filing suit for

specific performance.” Id. Specific performance is an equitable remedy employed

when “the recovery of monetary damages would be inadequate to compensate the

complainant.” Sumner, 604 S.W.2d at 225; see also DiGiuseppe, 269 S.W.3d at

34
593–94 (discussing showing required to obtain equitable remedy of specific

performance).

Here, RP West did not seek to be excused from performing under the PSA.

It fully performed its contractual obligations and was prepared to close the sale of

The Villas to IRI on the closing date. See DiGiuseppe, 269 S.W.3d at 594.

Instead, it was IRI who did not perform. When IRI could not pay for the

property—after RP West had put the property to it by refusing to release it from its

obligation to buy The Villas as provided in the PSA—RP West sued IRI for the

purchase price, sold The Villas itself, and was fully compensated by a monetary

award of damages in this litigation of $4 million, representing roughly the

difference between the purchase price under the PSA of $21.5 million and the

$16.9 million market price it received for the sale of The Villas to a third party plus

the $215,000 in Earnest Money it recovered. Cf. Sumner, 604 S.W.2d at 225

(specific performance is equitable remedy employed when recovery of monetary

damages would be inadequate to compensate complainant).

The record clearly demonstrates that RP West did not seek specific

performance and that it is inapplicable to the circumstances of this case.

I would hold that this case is properly characterized as a breach of contract

case under the put option, that RP West proved the elements of breach of that

35
provision of the PSA and recovered the benefit of its bargain, and that the jury

findings on breach, mitigation, and damages were proper.

C. IRI’s Defenses of Impossibility, Waiver, and Estoppel

IRI’s second, third, and fourth issues concern its affirmative defenses. In its

second and third issues, IRI contends that the trial court erred by denying its

motions for directed verdict, to disregard jury findings, and for JNOV. In its fourth

issue, IRI contends that the trial court erred by granting RP West’s motion for

directed verdict on IRI’s estoppel defense and by failing to submit its estoppel

defense to the jury. I agree with the majority that these arguments are all

unavailing.

1. Standard of Review of Directed Verdict and JNOV

A trial court may order a directed verdict in favor of a defendant when: (1) a

plaintiff fails to present evidence raising a fact issue essential to the plaintiff’s right

of recovery; or (2) the plaintiff admits or the evidence conclusively establishes a

defense to the plaintiff’s cause of action. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am. v. Fin. Review

Servs., Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex. 2000). A motion for JNOV should be granted

if the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s findings or if a directed

verdict would have been proper because a legal principle precludes recovery. TEX.

R. CIV. P. 301; see Fort Bend Cnty. Drainage Dist. v. Sbrusch, 818 S.W.2d 392,

394 (Tex. 1991); Pitts & Collard, L.L.P. v. Schechter, 369 S.W.3d 301, 320 (Tex.

36
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). Similarly, a court may disregard a jury

finding if it is unsupported by evidence or if the issue is immaterial, i.e., the issue

should not have been submitted or was properly submitted and rendered immaterial

by other findings. Spencer v. Eagle Star Ins. Co., 876 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex.

1994).

2. Impossibility

In its second issue, IRI contends that the trial court erred in denying its

motion for directed verdict on impossibility because RP West’s sale of The Villas

to a third party made it impossible for it to transfer The Villas to IRI.

Impossibility is a defense to a cause of action for breach of contract.

Tractebel Energy Mktg., Inc. v. E. I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co., 118 S.W.3d 60,

66 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied). Where a party’s

performance is made impracticable “by the occurrence of an event the non-

occurrence of which was a basic assumption on which the contract was made, his

duty to render that performance is discharged . . . .” Centex Corp. v. Dalton, 840

S.W.2d 952, 954 (Tex. 1992) (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS

§ 261 (1981)). Here, at the time RP West insisted on IRI’s performance of its

obligation to purchase The Villas as provided in the PSA and sued it for damages

for failing to purchase the property, IRI’s performance was not made impossible by

the occurrence of an event whose non-occurrence was a basic assumption on which

37
the contract was made, and IRI has identified no “act of god” or other event that

excused its admitted breach. RP West’s subsequent mitigation of its damages

when IRI proved unable either to obtain financing to complete its purchase of The

Villas or to find another purchaser does not retroactively create an impossibility

defense excusing IRI’s lack of performance.

3. Waiver

In its third issue, IRI argues that the trial court erred by denying its motion

for directed verdict and failing to submit its waiver and estoppel defenses to the

jury.

“Waiver is defined as an intentional relinquishment of a known right or

intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.” Jernigan v. Langley,

111 S.W.3d 153, 156 (Tex. 2003). “The elements of waiver include (1) an existing

right, benefit, or advantage held by a party; (2) the party’s actual knowledge of its

existence; and (3) the party’s actual intent to relinquish the right, or intentional

conduct inconsistent with the right.” Ulico Cas. Co. v. Allied Pilots Ass’n, 262

S.W.3d 773, 778 (Tex. 2008). “Waiver is largely a matter of intent, and for

implied waiver to be found through a party’s actions, intent must be clearly

demonstrated by the surrounding facts and circumstances.” Jernigan, 111 S.W.3d

at 156. Only actions that are inconsistent with an intent to rely on a right can be

evidence of waiver. See id.

38
 IRI argues that RP West waived the put remedy by informing IRI that it was

in default of the PSA, demanding and accepting the Earnest Money, telling IRI that

it had no enforceable right to buy the property, entering into a sales and marketing

agreement with a realtor to seek a third-party buyer, setting a sales price higher

than the $21.5 million contract price, negotiating a concession on the realtor’s

commission, selling The Villas to a third party, and failing to continually

communicate with IRI. IRI also relies on financial statements it received from RP

West’s accountant related to the Mezzanine Loan that characterized the Earnest

Money as proceeds from a terminated contract for project sale.

I agree with the majority that the actions that IRI identifies do not

demonstrate RP West’s intention to waive its contractual put remedy. As the

majority states, the put remedy specifically contemplated that the Earnest Money

would be used to offset to any recovery won by RP West. Slip Op. at 32. Thus,

RP West’s acceptance of IRI’s check in the amount of the Earnest Money was not

inconsistent with its election of the put remedy. Id. Second, as the majority also

states, RP West expressly reserved its right to elect a remedy in a January 2008

email from its lawyer to IRI’s lawyer. Id. Its election of the put remedy is

inconsistent with the intentional relinquishment of that right and, therefore, does

not constitute waiver. See Jernigan, 111 S.W.3d at 156.

39
 The evidence does not support IRI’s waiver defense. A trial court errs by

submitting a question to the jury that is not supported by the evidence, not by

failing to submit a question that is not supported by the evidence. See TEX. R. CIV.

P. 278; Elbaor v. Smith, 845 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex. 1992). Therefore, I agree with

the majority that the trial court did not err by refusing to submit IRI’s question on

waiver to the jury. Nor did it err by failing to grant IRI’s motion for a directed

verdict on the issue of waiver.

4. Estoppel

In its fourth issue, IRI contends that the trial court erred by granting RP

West a directed verdict on IRI’s estoppel defense, and, in the alternative, that the

trial court erred by failing to submit IRI’s estoppel defense to the jury. IRI argues

that the evidence conclusively shows that RP West made false representations and

concealed material facts, and therefore, the court should have submitted its

equitable estoppel defense to the jury.

Equitable estoppel is an affirmative defense. Daniel v. Falcon Interest

Realty Corp., 190 S.W.3d 177, 188 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).

“Pleading an affirmative defense permits introduction of evidence which does not

tend to rebut factual propositions asserted in the plaintiff’s case, but which seeks to

establish an independent reason why the plaintiff should not recover.” Gorman v.

Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 811 S.W.2d 542, 546 (Tex. 1991). A defendant seeking to

40
avoid judgment under the affirmative defense of equitable estoppel must prove:

“(1) a false representation or concealment of material facts; (2) made with

knowledge, actual or constructive, of those facts; (3) with the intention that it

should be acted on; (4) to a party without knowledge or means of obtaining

knowledge of the facts; (5) who detrimentally relies on the representations.”

Johnson & Higgins of Tex., Inc. v. Kenneco Energy, Inc., 962 S.W.2d 507, 515–16

(Tex. 1998).

To establish estoppel, IRI relies on evidence that it stopped seeking

financing based on omissions or representations that RP West would not elect the

put remedy and on RP West’s delay of eight months in exercising the put remedy.

I agree with the majority that none of this evidence establishes an

independent reason why RP West should not recover under the put option for IRI’s

earlier breach of the PSA. See Slip Op. at 34–35 (citing Gorman, 811 S.W.2d at

546).

D. Attorney’s Fees and Pre- and Post-Judgment Interest

In its eighth issue, IRI contends that the trial court erred in awarding

attorney’s fees and pre- and post-judgment interest to RP West. IRI argues that it,

not RP West, is entitled to attorney’s fees as the prevailing party. Like the

majority, I would hold that the trial court did not err in ruling in favor of RP West.

Therefore, IRI is not the prevailing party, and it is not entitled to attorney’s fees.

41
 Conclusion

I would affirm the judgment of the trial court. Accordingly, I concur in the

panel’s judgment.

Evelyn V. Keyes
Justice

Panel consists of Justices Keyes, Higley, and Massengale.

Justice Keyes, concurring.

42