Filed 10/24/14 P. v. McDaniels CA3
Original opinion filed 7/2/14 vacated on 10/9/14 and opinion re-filed 10/24/14
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Sacramento)
----
THE PEOPLE, C072707
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. 11F05313)
v.
ROBERT MCDANIELS,
Defendant and Appellant.
A jury found defendant Robert McDaniels guilty of possessing marijuana in a
penal institution. (Pen. Code, § 4573.6, subd. (a).)1 In a bifurcated proceeding, the jury
found true an allegation defendant “was convicted of the crime of first degree murder in
violation of . . . section 187 on April 11, 2001.” In the amended information, this
1 Further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.
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conviction was alleged as the basis for a prior prison term enhancement. (§ 667.5, subd.
(b).)
Defendant was sentenced to prison for three years consecutive to the term he was
then serving. He moved to strike the prior prison term allegation because he had not
“completed” the “period of prison incarceration imposed for” the murder and, in fact, was
in custody for it at the time of the present offense. (§ 667.5, subd. (g).) The trial court
declined to strike the allegation but also declined to impose any additional penalty for it.
On appeal, defendant contends (1) the trial court erred when it limited his right to
cross-examine and impeach Officer Hampton, a percipient witness; and (2) the prior
prison term allegation must be stricken; the People concede this latter point. We modify
the judgment.
FACTS2
On May 19, 2011, defendant was an inmate at Folsom State Prison serving a
sentence for first degree murder. At 1:30 a.m., correctional officers Carrillo and Guzman
approached the cell containing defendant and another inmate. Correctional Officer
Hampton provided light from her flashlight as the other officers entered the cell. As the
duo entered, defendant rose up from his lying position on the upper bunk bed, reached to
a shelf at the rear of the cell, grabbed an object, and stuck it in his mouth. Officer
Guzman ordered him to spit out whatever he had put in his mouth. Defendant opened his
mouth and Officer Guzman noted that it was empty.
Defendant was handcuffed, escorted to an administrative segregation unit, and
placed on contraband surveillance watch -- an around the clock observation that
continues until the ingested object passes from the body.
2 Our statement of facts taken from the prosecution’s case at trial is limited to the
marijuana offense and does not include possible prison rule violations by defendant.
2
More than four days later, defendant informed Correctional Officer Lofton that he
needed to make a bowel movement. After defendant defecated into a plastic bag, Officer
Lofton sorted through the feces and found a small balloon. Inside the balloon she found
some plastic wrap that contained a green leafy substance. Officer Lofton weighed the
balloon and separately weighed its contents.
Officer Hampton transported the evidence to the Sacramento County Crime
Laboratory for examination. She also transported the evidence to a forensic laboratory
for testing by the defense. Finally, she transported the evidence to court for presentation
at trial.
Tests performed on the substance at the Sacramento County Crime Laboratory
confirmed that it was marijuana with a net weight of 0.11 grams. The defense testing at
another forensic laboratory, in West Sacramento, was apparently inconclusive. Even so,
defendant raises no issue of the matter here.
DISCUSSION
I
Limitation of Cross-Examination
Defendant contends the trial court erred when it limited his right to cross-examine
and impeach Officer Hampton, whom he terms a “percipient witness.” He claims further
cross-examination “could have revealed other defects in her credibility, knowledge, and
recollection, perhaps as it relates to her maintenance of the evidence’s chain of custody.”
We disagree.
A. Background
Officer Hampton was the prosecution’s first witness at trial. Defendant sought to
impeach her based on a time discrepancy in reports that appeared to put Officer Hampton
in two places within the prison cell block at or near the same time. In his cross-
examination, defense counsel asked Officer Hampton if she remembered the date of the
search. Examining her report, she stated it was “May 19th, 2011, at approximately 1:30
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a.m., in the morning.” After establishing that defendant was in cell C-507 on the fifth
tier, defense counsel asked, “And you stayed there from approximately 1:30 to
approximately 2:15; is that correct?” Officer Hampton answered, “I believe I was there
even longer than that. 2:15 is the time that I discovered the cell phone and charger in cell
number 7.”
Defense counsel later sought to introduce a document not previously disclosed to
the prosecution. Cross-examination was halted and counsels met with the trial court in
chambers. Following the chambers session and out of the jurors’ presence, the trial court
summarized the chambers session on the record.
The trial court noted that Officer Hampton was not involved in the search that
yielded the marijuana. Her only involvement was shining a flashlight to assist the
searching officers. Later, Officer Hampton entered the cell and discovered a cellular
telephone, another item of contraband. In the court’s view, “the finding of the cell phone,
the fact of the cell phone, any administrative remedies that occurred as a result of that
piece of contraband, are completely irrelevant to the issues in this case.” The court was
“surprised that there was not a relevance objection” to the cell phone evidence, which the
court “would have sustained.”
The trial court explained that the document or “piece of paper in question was
about a paragraph long, appears to be a report, perhaps, generated by [Officer Hampton],
regarding a cell search of another cell, of two inmates completely unrelated to this case,
that the officer indicated began approximately at 2:00 o’clock.” Defense counsel
“indicated that he wished to cross-examine [Officer Hampton] regarding the possible
discrepancy, as he described it, between her claim that she was involved in a cell search
up on the floor involving this defendant versus a -- being involved in a cell search on
another floor, perhaps, at the same time.”
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The trial court opined that there was “no necessary discrepancy between the times
indicated” because “she did not say, nor did she claim under oath, that she stood by,
stationary, in a single position or within a few feet within a particular time period.”
The trial court next established that the timing of Officer Hampton’s activities
(other than holding the flashlight) was not relevant to defendant’s possession of
marijuana. The court noted there was no dispute that Officers Carrillo and Guzman
observed defendant swallow a balloon, a balloon emerged from defendant’s body,
correctional officers collected the balloon, and the substance in the balloon was weighed
at the county crime laboratory as well as the West Sacramento forensic laboratory. The
defense was not claiming that Officer Hampton, who had transported the material, was
somehow responsible for the different weights measured by the two laboratories.
After establishing these facts, the trial court ruled as follows: (1) the defense’s
failure to provide discovery of the report “until five seconds before” questioning Officer
Hampton was “inappropriate”; (2) questioning Officer Hampton about her search of
another cell “at or near the same time that this cell search occurred” is “not relevant”; and
(3) even if the questioning was relevant, its probative value would be “far outweighed”
by “the possibility of confusion or other things”; thus, the report would be excluded
under Evidence Code section 352.
Returning to the question of relevance, the trial court explained that the evidence
“simply has no bearing, none, on the issue in this case, which is, ‘Did the defendant
possess contraband?’ Apparently, it is not disputed that he swallowed a balloon, that he
excreted a balloon, that a balloon was collected from his body. The dispute is whether or
not the contents of that balloon contained sufficient or appropriate controlled substance to
have constituted a crime.” Thus, the defense “efforts to raise side issues of this variety
are not appropriate.”
After defense counsel responded to the trial court’s concern about the discovery
violation, the trial court reiterated that questioning Officer Hampton about the timing of
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another cell search is “not relevant to any issues at issue in this case.” The court
reiterated that the defense was not making an argument that Officer Hampton somehow
tampered with the evidence during the various transportations. Absent such an argument,
the timing of the cell searches “does not speak to [Officer Hampton’s] credibility, and
certainly does not speak to any relevant issues in this case.”
Defense counsel countered that he needed to “attack and give the jury every
reason [he] possibly [could] to disbelieve what has been presented to them.” Counsel
understood that the trial court may rule, “ ‘Hey, this is not relevant,’ ” and he respected
that. The court responded, “it may be a different issue if you are talking about an officer
that actually makes an observation of something that involves the criminal act in this
case. This officer had no such observation. This officer, basically, took the marijuana
from a locker, to the crime lab and the [West Sacramento forensics laboratory used by the
defense]. That’s all she did. And anything else other than holding a flashlight, she is not
really involved in this case.”
B. Analysis
“Cross-examination may be employed to elicit any information that may tend to
overcome, qualify, or explain the testimony given by a witness on direct examination
[citation] as well as to test his accuracy, recollection, knowledge or credibility.
[Citation.]” (People v. Butler (1967) 65 Cal.2d 569, 575, overruled on other grounds in
People v. Demetrulias (2006) 39 Cal.4th 1, 22.) But “ ‘[t]he control of cross-examination
is within the discretion of the trial court, permitting it to curtail cross-examination
relating to matters already covered or irrelevant.’ ” (People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal 4th
395, 483, quoting People v. Kronemyer (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 314, 352; see People v.
Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 827; People v. Whitehead (1952) 113 Cal.App.2d 43, 48.)
Defendant sought to impeach Officer Hampton with the purported discrepancy
between her trial testimony that she stayed at cell C-507 from approximately 1:30 to
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approximately 2:15 or “even longer than that,” and her assertion in the document that her
search of an unrelated cell “began approximately at 2:00 o’clock.”
Defendant claims the trial court abused its discretion by “determining the value
and weight” of the claimed discrepancy even though that is “solely the dominion of the
jury.” (Evid. Code, § 312, subd. (a).) We assume for present purposes that jurors
reasonably could view the approximately 15-minute discrepancy as some reason to
discount Officer Hampton’s trial testimony; we do not resolve that issue ourselves. But
this begs the question of which testimony would be discounted.
Defendant speculates that “trial counsel’s further examination of Officer Hampton
could have revealed other defects in her credibility, knowledge, and recollection, perhaps
as it relates to her maintenance of the evidence’s chain of custody.” (Italics added.) But
at the hearing defendant eschewed any issue of “tampering,” including any claim that
Officer Hampton was responsible for the different weights measured by the laboratories.
Thus, although defendant sought to admit the time discrepancy evidence, he never
claimed it could be relevant to the weight discrepancy or any other chain of custody issue.
The trial court had no duty to reach an opposite conclusion.
The trial court properly concluded that, aside from maintaining the chain of
custody, Officer Hampton’s role in this case was limited to “holding a flashlight” for her
fellow officers. Defendant does not claim the time discrepancy somehow impeaches
Officer Hampton’s testimony on that issue, and no possible impeachment value appears.
It follows that the trial court properly excluded the time discrepancy evidence as
irrelevant to the present case. There was no abuse of discretion. (People v. Panah,
supra, 35 Cal 4th at pp. 483-484.)
This leaves defendant’s claim that the trial court’s rulings violated his
confrontation rights. The claim has no merit.
“ ‘ “[T]rial judges retain wide latitude insofar as the Confrontation Clause is
concerned to impose reasonable limits on such cross-examination based on concerns
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about, among other things, harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’
safety, or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” [Citations.]
Exclusion of impeaching evidence on collateral matters which has only slight probative
value on the issue of veracity does not infringe on the defendant’s right of confrontation.’
[Citations.] Ordinarily, proper application of the statutory rules of evidence does not
impermissibly infringe upon a defendant’s due process rights. [Citations.]” (People v.
Ardoin (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 102, 119.) Having determined that the trial court
complied with relevant statutory rules of evidence, we conclude it did not violate
defendant’s confrontation rights.
II
Prior Prison Term Allegation
Defendant contends, and the People agree, the prior prison term allegation must be
stricken because defendant’s prison term has not yet concluded.
A. Background
The amended information alleged that on April 11, 2001, defendant had been
convicted in the Alameda County Superior Court of first degree murder and “that a term
was served as described in Penal Code Section 667.5 for said offense, and that he did not
remain free of prison custody for, and did commit an offense resulting in a felony
conviction during, a period of five years subsequent to the conclusion of said term.”
(Italics added.) At the bifurcated jury trial, the prosecution presented testimony from a
deputy district attorney that defendant “was sent to State Prison following the [murder]
conviction to serve a 25 years to life term, and he’s been in prison ever since.”
The prosecutor later filed a Statement in Aggravation that stated in relevant part
the prior prison term allegation was unfounded and should not have been charged in the
amended information. The prosecutor asked the trial court to grant a new trial on the
allegation and then dismiss it pursuant to section 1385.
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At sentencing, defendant moved to strike the allegation because the underlying
prison term had not been completed. Notwithstanding his prior admission, the prosecutor
objected to dismissal of the allegation on the ground that, per his understanding of section
1170, defendant might serve his sentence for the present marijuana offense in county jail
rather than prison if the allegation were stricken. The trial court refused to strike the
allegation but declined to impose the one year penalty for the enhancement.
B. Analysis
Section 667.5, subdivision (g) states in relevant part: “A prior separate prison
term for the purposes of this section shall mean a continuous completed period of prison
incarceration imposed for the particular offense. . . .” “Imposition of a sentence
enhancement under Penal Code section 667.5 requires proof that the defendant:
(1) was previously convicted of a felony; (2) was imprisoned as a result of that
conviction; (3) completed that term of imprisonment; and (4) did not remain free for
five years of both prison custody and the commission of a new offense resulting in a
felony conviction. [Citation.]” (People v. Tenner (1993) 6 Cal.4th 559, 563.)
In this case, defendant did not serve a “prior separate prison term” as defined in
section 667.5, and his motion to strike the prior prison term allegation should have been
granted.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is modified by striking the prior prison term allegation. As so
modified, the judgment is affirmed. The trial court is directed to prepare an amended
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abstract of judgment and to forward a certified copy to the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation.
NICHOLSON , J.
We concur:
RAYE , P. J.
HOCH , J.
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