Wells Fargo Bank N.A. v. Spivak

J-S36029-14

2014 PA Super 250

WELLS FARGO BANK N.A. IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee

v.

LOUIS I. SPIVAK

Appellant No. 2913 EDA 2013

Appeal from the Order Entered September 19, 2013
In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County
Civil Division at No(s): 2012-123721

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., JENKINS, J., and FITZGERALD, J.*

OPINION BY JENKINS, J.: FILED OCTOBER 31, 2014

Louis I. Spivak (“Spivak”) appeals from the order of the Court of

Common Pleas of Montgomery County granting Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.’s

(“Wells Fargo”) motion for summary judgment in a mortgage foreclosure

action. We reverse and remand. We conclude that when a residential

mortgagee delivers an Act 6 notice, commences a foreclosure action against

a mortgagor (“first action”), discontinues that foreclosure action, and re-files

another foreclosure action against a mortgagor for the same premises

(“second action”), the lack of a new notice prior to the second action is fatal

to the second action.

____________________________________________

*
Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S36029-14

On or about March 29, 2007, Spivak secured a mortgage loan from

Trident Mortgage Company, L.P. (“Trident”) in the amount of $223,750.00

(“Loan”). Plaintiff’s Reply to Defendant’s New Matter, Exhibit A, Assignment

of Mortgage, p. 1 (page number supplied). To evidence his obligation to

repay the Loan, Spivak executed a promissory note in favor of Trident, its

successors and assigns (the “Note”). Id. at Exhibit C, Note, pp. 1-2 (page

numbers supplied). To secure his obligations under the Note, Spivak

executed a purchase money mortgage (the “Mortgage”) in favor of Mortgage

Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”), as mortgagee and nominee

for Trident, its successors and assigns, granting Trident a lien and security

interest in the Property. Id. at Exhibit B, Mortgage, generally. On April 19,

2007, MERS recorded the Mortgage in the Office of the Recorder of Deeds

for Montgomery County (the “Recorder of Deeds”).

After the Loan closing, on December 14, 2010, MERS sold the Note

and assigned the Mortgage to Wells Fargo. See id. at Exhibit A, Assignment

of Mortgage, p. 1 (page number supplied). On February 10, 2011, Wells

Fargo recorded the assignment of Mortgage with the Recorder of Deeds.

In January 2010, Spivak defaulted on his obligations due under the

Note and Mortgage by failing to make timely payments due under the Note

on January 1, 2010 and each month thereafter. On October 30, 2010, Wells

Fargo sent Spivak the combined notice of intention to foreclose in

accordance with the Loan Interest and Protection Law, 41 P.S. §§ 101 et

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seq. (“Act 6”), and the Homeowner’s Emergency Mortgage Assistance Act of

1983, 35 P.S. §§ 1680.401c et seq. (“Act 91”) (the “Notice” or the “2010

Notice”). See generally, Plaintiff’s Brief in Support of its Motion For

Summary Judgment, Exhibit F, Act 91 Notice Take Action to Save Your Home

From Foreclosure.1

Spivak failed to cure his default under the Note and Mortgage. In

December 2010, Wells Fargo filed a foreclosure action, which it subsequently

discontinued in 2011 due to mortgage assignment deficiencies. Appellant’s

Brief at 7.

On May 24, 2012, Wells Fargo commenced the instant action, 2 its

second in rem mortgage foreclosure action. On July 16, 2012, Spivak filed

an answer with new matter wherein he admitted that he defaulted on his

obligations under the Mortgage, and that Wells Fargo served him with the

Notice in October 2010 — approximately two years earlier, before instituting

its prior action, and before it had any ownership interest in the Note or the

____________________________________________

1
We note that Wells Fargo sent Spivak the Notice before MERS assigned the
mortgage to it.
2
Act 91’s pre-foreclosure notice requirements were temporarily suspended
from August 27, 2011 until October 2012. See 42 Pa. Bull. 5447 (Aug. 18,
2012). During that time period, mortgagees were not required to provide
notice under Act 91 prior to commencing a foreclosure action. Id. Wells
Fargo commenced this action in May 2012. Spivak argues only that the
Notice failed to comply with Act 6 presumably because Wells Fargo
commenced this action during the time period in which Act 91 was
suspended. See Wells Fargo’s Brief at 10, 12.

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property. See Notes 1 & 2; R.12b. On July 25, 2012, Wells Fargo filed its

reply to the new matter.

On April 25, 2013, Wells Fargo filed a motion for summary judgment,

attaching a copy of the Notice along with proof of mailing of the Notice and

the affidavit of Jeremiah Herberg, Vice President of Loan Documentation at

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (the “Affidavit”). Herberg averred that: (a) Spivak

had defaulted on his obligations under the Mortgage by failing to make the

monthly payments due on January 1, 2010 and thereafter, (b) Wells Fargo

provided Spivak with the Notice in 2010, and (c) Spivak had failed to cure

the default under the Mortgage or take the necessary steps to avoid

foreclosure.

On May 24, 2013,3 Spivak filed a response to the motion, asserting

that the motion should be denied because the Notice: (a) failed to accurately

state the amounts due and owing or to properly identify the lender 4 and (b)
____________________________________________

3
On June 17, 2013, Spivak filed a “Praecipe to Substitute Response”,
attaching a revised Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment in
place of the May 24, 2013 response. Because the relevant arguments
appeared in his original filing, the substitution is immaterial for our
purposes.
4
Spivak also argued Wells Fargo “failed to cure the mortgage assignment
deficiencies before filing the within foreclosure action.” Defendant’s
Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ¶ 9. He has waived
this issue by failing to raise it in this Court.

Although Spivak argued Wells Fargo was not the legal owner at the time it
commenced the instant matter, Spivak has not argued – either in the trial
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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had not been provided to him “within the prescribed one year period

preceding the filing of the foreclosure action.” R.186b-187b.5 Additionally, he

argued that he was never provided a notice of intention to foreclose in

connection with the pending foreclosure action; rather, the Notice was sent

in connection with Wells Fargo’s prior foreclosure action. Id.

On September 19, 2013, the trial court granted summary judgment to

Wells Fargo and entered an in rem judgment in its favor. On October 14,

2013, Spivak filed a timely notice of appeal. On January 2, 2014, the trial

court, without ordering Spivak to file a concise statement of errors

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate

Procedure 1925(b), issued its opinion pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of

Appellate Procedure 1925(a).6
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)

court or on appeal – that the 2010 Notice was deficient because Wells Fargo
was not the legal owner at the time it sent the Notice. Accordingly, this issue
is waived. See Irwin Union Nat. Bank and Trust Co. v. Famous, 4 A.3d
1099, 1103 (Pa.Super.2010) (“This Court will not act as counsel and will not
develop arguments on behalf of an appellant”).
5
As the trial court notes in its 1925(a) opinion, neither Act 6 nor Act 91
contains a one-year notice requirement. Trial Court Opinion 1/2/2014
(“Opinion”, at 2-3). See 35 P.S. §§ 1680.402, 1680.403; 41 P.S. §§ 403,
404.
6
Although Spivak did not file the Designation of the Contents of the
Reproduced Record as required by Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure
2188, we decline to quash the appeal, because we have engaged in a
meaningful review by referring to the contents of the certified record and of
Wells Fargo’s Supplemental Reproduced Record. See, e.g., Downey v.
Downey, 582 A.2d 674, 678 (Pa.Super.1990) (citing O’Neill v. Checker
Motors Corp., 567 A.2d 680, 681-82 (Pa.Super.1989)) (appellate court will
decline to quash an appeal where effective appellate review is not precluded
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Spivak now raises the following issue for our review:

I. Whether [], Wells Fargo Bank, which previously sued
[Spivak] in a mortgage foreclosure action which was
voluntarily withdrawn, should be required to send a
new Notice of Intention to Foreclose to [Spivak] prior
to filing a second mortgage foreclosure lawsuit
against [Spivak].

Appellant’s Brief at 4.7 For the reasons that follow, we find Wells Fargo was

required to send a new Act 6 notice to Spivak prior to commencing the

second foreclosure action against him.

When reviewing an order granting summary judgment we must

determine whether the trial court abused its discretion or committed an

error of law. Mee v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 908 A.2d 344, 347

(Pa.Super.2006).8 “An abuse of discretion is not merely an error of

judgment, but if in reaching a conclusion the law is overridden or

misapplied, or the judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the

_______________________
(Footnote Continued)

by the deficiencies of reproduced record). Further, Wells Fargo has not
moved for dismissal on this basis. See Pa.R.A.P. 2188.
7
Because Spivak does not raise or brief the remaining issues discussed by
the trial court in its 1925(a) opinion, they are waived. Famous, 4 A.3d at
1103 (“This Court will not act as counsel and will not develop arguments on
behalf of an Spivak”).
8
While post-trial motions typically are required to preserve an issue on
appeal, no post-trial motions are permitted where a trial court grants a
motion for summary judgment. Thus, Spivak has not waived his argument
on appeal by appealing directly from the grant of Wells Fargo’s motion for
summary judgment. See Pa.R.C.P. 227.1 Note; Tohan v. Owens-Corning
Fiberglass Corp., 696 A.2d 1195 (Pa.Super.1997).

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J-S36029-14

result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill-will, as shown by the evidence or the

record, discretion is abused.” Roth v. Ross, 85 A.3d 590, 592-93

(Pa.Super.2014) (citing Grossi v. Travelers Pers. Ins. Co., 79 A.3d 1141,

1163 (Pa.Super.2013)). A grant of summary judgment “presents a question

of law, for which our scope of review is plenary.” Sevast v. Kakouras, 915

A.2d 1147, 1152 (Pa.2007) (citation omitted).

In analyzing a trial court’s grant of summary judgment, we review the

evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, Spivak, and

resolve all doubts as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact

against the moving party, Wells Fargo. Erie Ins. Exchange v. Weryha,

931 A.2d 739, 741 (Pa.Super.2007).

Spivak argues that Act 6 requires a mortgagee to send a new Notice

prior to commencing its second foreclosure action where it withdrew its prior

foreclosure action.9 Spivak reasons that because Wells Fargo sent the
____________________________________________

9
Although he failed to raise this defense in his answer to Wells Fargo’s
complaint, see Defendant’s Answer to Plaintiff’s Complaint with New Matter
¶ 8, Spivak has not waived the Act 6 issue because this defense was raised
in the answer to Wells Fargo’s motion for summary judgment. See Grasso
v. Thimons, 559 A.2d 925, 929 n. 5 (Pa.Super.1989) (equitable estoppel
issue first raised in answer to motion for summary judgment preserved for
appeal); Adelphia Cablevision Associates of Radnor, L.P. v. University
City Housing Company, 755 A.2d 703, 709 (Pa.Super.2000)
(constitutional issue first raised in cross-motion for summary judgment
preserved for appeal); Norris v. Wood, 485 A.2d 817, 819 (Pa.Super.1984)
(constitutional issue first raised in motion for partial summary judgment
preserved for appeal); Pa.R.Civ.P. 1032; Defendant’s Opposition to Plaintiff’s
Motion for Summary Judgment ¶ 8. Further, both parties have briefed the
issue and the trial court has addressed the issue in its 1925(a) opinion.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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Notice before commencing and withdrawing its prior suit, its failure to

provide a new Notice prior to the second action “deprived [] [him] of an

opportunity to know how much money was needed to cure the default[,]

which is the very reason the [Notice] is required in the first place.”

Appellant’s Brief at 7.10

Section 403 of Act 6 sets forth the pre-foreclosure notice requirements

imposed upon residential mortgage lenders for certain residential mortgages

as follows:

Before any residential mortgage lender may
accelerate the maturity of any residential
mortgage obligation, commence any legal action
including mortgage foreclosure to recover under
such obligation, or take possession of any security of
the residential mortgage debtor for such residential
mortgage obligation, such person shall give the
residential mortgage debtor notice of such intention
at least thirty days in advance as provided in this
section.

41 P.S. § 403(a) (emphasis added).

Section 403(c) of Act 6 states:

(c) The written notice shall clearly and conspicuously
state:
_______________________
(Footnote Continued)

Wells Fargo did not argue waiver in its brief in support of its motion for
summary judgment and does not argue waiver in its brief before this Court.
See Plaintiff’s Brief in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment at IV.C.;
Wells Fargo’s Brief, generally.
10
Wells Fargo does not dispute that Spivak falls within the definition of a
“residential mortgage debtor,” see 41 P.S. § 101 and therefore is entitled to
the protections of Act 6.

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(1) The particular obligation or real estate
security interest;
(2) The nature of the default claimed;
(3) The right of the debtor to cure the
default as provided in section 404 of this
act and exactly what performance
including what sum of money, if any,
must be tendered to cure the default;
(4) The time within which the debtor must
cure the default;
(5) The method or methods by which the
debtor's ownership or possession of the real
estate may be terminated; and
(6) The right of the debtor, if any, to transfer the
real estate to another person subject to the
security interest or to refinance the obligation
and of the transferee's right, if any, to cure
the default.

41 P.S. § 403(c) (emphasis added).

Section 404 of Act 6 permits a residential mortgage debtor to cure his

default, “after a notice of intention to foreclose has been given pursuant to

section 403 of this act, at any time at least one hour prior to the

commencement of bidding at a sheriff sale or other judicial sale . . . by

tendering the amount or performance specified in subsection (b) of this

section.” 41 P.S. § 404(a). Statutory notice, including the amount of

default and the debtor’s right to cure the default, is mandatory and

must precede any action by a residential mortgage lender whereby it

accelerates the maturity of the obligation, institutes legal action including

foreclosure, or repossesses any security of the debtor. General Elec.

Credit Corp. v. Slawek, 409 A.2d 420, 422-23 (Pa.Super.1979).

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J-S36029-14

Federal and state courts—in explaining and applying
the provisions of Act 6 . . . —have consistently
defined the Act in the following manner. Act 6 is a
comprehensive interest and usury law with
numerous functions, one of which is that it offers
homeowners with residential mortgages a measure
of protection from overly zealous residential
mortgage lenders.

Benner v. Bank of Am., N.A., 917 F.Supp.2d 338, 357 (E.D.Pa.2013)

(quoting In re Graboyes, 223 Fed.Appx. 112, 114 (3d Cir.2007)) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “The comprehensive statutory scheme

demonstrates an extensive program designed to avoid mortgage

foreclosures.” Id. (quoting Bennett v. Seave, 554 A.2d 886, 891

(Pa.1989)). In the residential mortgage context, Act 6 is typically raised as a

defense to mortgage foreclosure proceedings. Id.

Remedies for a defective Act 6 notice include setting aside the

foreclosure or denying a creditor the ability to collect an impermissible fee.

See, e.g., In re Smith, 866 F.2d 576, 578, 586 (3d Cir.1989) (holding

lender’s failure to properly send pre-foreclosure notice to debtor’s new

address before initiating foreclosure suit gave rise to debtor’s cause of action

for damages under Section 504 of Act 6); id. (citing In re Sharp, 24 B.R.

817, 821 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1982) (setting aside foreclosure where lender failed

to determine debtor's last known address)); In re Burwell, 107 B.R. 62,

67–68 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1989) (denying creditor ability to collect property

inspection fees on foreclosed mortgage in debtor's bankruptcy proceeding).

“The purpose of Act 6, as shown by the cases above, is to help residential

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homeowners reacquire property that has been lost, or to prevent the

imminent loss of money or property, because of the impermissible actions of

residential mortgage lenders.” Benner, 917 F.Supp.2d at 357.

On October 30, 2010, Wells Fargo provided Spivak notice under Acts 6

and 91, which advised him of his right to cure the default by paying the

appropriate costs at that time.11 In December 2010, Wells Fargo filed a

foreclosure action, which it subsequently withdrew in 2011. On May 24,

2012, Wells Fargo filed a new foreclosure action without providing Spivak a

new Act 6 notice specifying how much he owed at that time.

The plain language of Section 403(a) of Act 6 requires a new notice

before a second action. Section 403(a) states: “Before any residential

mortgage lender may . . . commence any legal action including mortgage

foreclosure to recover under [any residential mortgage obligation] . . ., such

____________________________________________

11
The 2010 Notice stated that Spivak could cure the default before a
sheriff’s sale by:

paying the total amount then past due, plus any late
or other charges then due, reasonable attorney's
fees and costs connected with the foreclosure sale
and any other costs connected with the Sheriff’s Sale
as specified in writing by the lender and by
performing any other requirements under the
mortgage.

Plaintiff’s Brief in Support of its Motion For Summary Judgment, Exhibit F,
Act 91 Notice Take Action to Save Your Home From Foreclosure, p. 4 (page
number supplied). Well Fargo itemized the total amount past due at that
time at $14,364.23. Id. at 3.

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person shall give the residential mortgage debtor notice of such intent at

least thirty days in advance as provided in this section.” 41 P.S. § 403(a)

(emphasis added). Consistent with the Pennsylvania rules of statutory

construction,12 we apply the common and approved usage of the term “any”

to define those legal actions which cannot be commenced without a

preceding Act 6 notice. Merriam-Webster provides that “any”, when utilized

as an adjective, is “used to indicate a person or thing that is not particular or

specific.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary, http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/any (last visited October 2, 2014). Merriam-Webster

further describes its synonyms as “each” and “every.” Id.

Under the common and approved usage, Section 403(a) of Act 6

reads: “Before any residential mortgage lender may . . . commence [a] legal

action including mortgage foreclosure to recover under [any residential

mortgage obligation] . . ., such person shall give the residential mortgage

debtor notice of such intent at least thirty days in advance as provided in

this section.” A second foreclosure action is “[a] legal action . . . to recover

under [a residential mortgage obligation]”; thus, the mailing of an Act 6

notice is a prerequisite to its commencement.

____________________________________________

12
See 1 Pa.C.S. § 1903 (providing courts shall construe words and phrases
according to the rules of grammar and according to their common and
approved usage). See also Commonwealth v. Crawford, 24 A.3d 396,
401 (Pa.Super.2011) (applying common and approved usage of various
terms to define prohibited acts under statute).

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J-S36029-14

Further, the only adjective preceding the term “legal action” in the

statute is “any” — not “first,” “original,” or some other term providing that

one notice is satisfactory for multiple foreclosure actions. To the contrary,

the indefinite article “a” indicates that every mortgage foreclosure action

must be preceded by a lender sending notice to a debtor.

The synonyms of “any” — “each” and “every” — also support our

interpretation of Act 6. When each synonym is inserted into the statute, it

reads: “Before any residential mortgage lender may . . . commence

[each/every] legal action including mortgage foreclosure to recover under

[any residential mortgage obligation] . . ., such person shall give the

residential mortgage debtor notice of such intent at least thirty days in

advance as provided in this section.” Phrased this way, the statute does not

distinguish between the first and second foreclosure actions: a notice is

required before each action.

Therefore, by including the word “any” in the Section 403(a) of Act 6,

the legislature intended that a lender send a notice to a debtor before each

and every foreclosure action. Only this construction gives Section 403 its

intended meaning.

An Act 6 notice enables a financially troubled residential homeowner to

learn exactly what sum of money is necessary to cure the mortgage default.

Since compounded interest accrues on a mortgage loan based on the

passage of time between the first notice and the second notice (along with

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unpaid monthly loan payments and any additional reasonable charges), the

sum of money necessary to cure the default at the time of the second notice

will be greater, and likely substantially so, than the amount of money

needed at the time of the first notice.13 Even if the amount at the time of

the second notice is only slightly greater, this is immaterial under Act 6

because Section 403(c)(3) affords the debtor the right to know the exact

amount required to cure the default.14

We find further support for our construction of “any” in the persuasive

reasoning of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of

Pennsylvania in In re Miller, 90 B.R. 762 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1988):

In [In re] Mosley, [85 B.R. 942, 954
(Bankr.E.D.Pa.1988),] we pointed out that the most
important consideration in the notice, for purposes of
41 P.S. § 403(c)(3), is whether the borrower can
ascertain the precise amount due to the lender to
____________________________________________

13
For example, in the approximately eight and a half months that passed
between when Wells Fargo calculated the total amount due for purposes of
its complaint in the second foreclosure action and when Wells Fargo
calculated the interest due for purposes of its motion for summary judgment
in the second foreclosure action, the interest due on the premises increased
$10,019.19 from $33,493.97 to $43,513.16. Compare Plaintiff’s Complaint
in Mortgage Foreclosure ¶ 6 with Plaintiff’s Motion for Summary Judgment,
Exhibit B, Plaintiff’s Affidavit in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment,
p. 1 (page number supplied)).
14
Wells Fargo asserts that Spivak does not allege to have made any
payments after the Notice was sent. See Spivak’s Brief, generally; Wells
Fargo’s Brief at 16. We emphasize that the debtor’s actions are irrelevant to
whether a second Act 6 notice was necessary in this case; the requirement
for an additional notice under Act 6 flows from the statute’s purpose and
Section 403’s mandate regarding the required information in the notice.

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cure the default at any given point in time by
reference only to the notice. We should add that the
important consideration in the notice, for purposes of
41 P.S. § 403(c)(2), is whether it communicates to
the borrower how the precise amount of the default
claimed is calculated.

***

We believe that the [lender]’s failure to articulate the
nature of the default of its arrangement with the
[d]ebtor and its failure to explain, by any
comprehensible ma[nn]er, how it calculated the
default renders the notice in issue grossly violative of
41 P.S. § 403(c)(2) and (c)(3).

Id. at 768.

Similarly, a second notice is also necessary to effectuate Sections

404(a) and 403(c)(4) of Act 6, which address the time period within which to

cure the default. If the debtor is not apprised of the exact sum of money

necessary to cure the default, Sections 403(c)(4) and 404(a) of Act 6 lack

effect because a time period to pay serves no purpose if the debtor is not

aware of the amount necessary to accomplish the cure. See 1 Pa.C.S. §

1921(a) (“Every statute shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all

its provisions”). Here, in addition to not being advised of the exact amount

of money necessary to cure the default, Spivak was not advised of the time

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or manner in which to pay, because Wells Fargo advised him to pay it at a

time when it owned neither the note nor the mortgage. See Notes 1 and 2.15

Wells Fargo’s reliance on Fish v. Pennsylvania Housing Fin.

Agency, 931 A.2d 764 (Pa.Cmwlth.2007), is misplaced. As a

Commonwealth Court opinion, Fish is not binding on this Court, and it

addresses the requirements of Act 91 (rather than Act 6) before the General

Assembly amended the required content of an Act 91 notice in 2008. Act 6

and Act 91 both relate to the notice requirements of a residential mortgagee

seeking to institute a foreclosure action against a mortgagor.

Act 91 requires a mortgagee who desires to foreclose to send notice to

the mortgagor “advis[ing] the mortgagor of his delinquency . . . and that

such mortgagor has thirty (30) days to have a face-to-face meeting with the

mortgagee who sent the notice or a consumer credit counseling agency to

attempt to resolve the delinquency . . . by restructuring the loan payment

schedule or otherwise.” Beneficial Consumer Disc. Co. v. Vukman, 77

A.3d 547, 550 (Pa.2013) (quoting 35 P.S. § 1680.403c(a)-(b)(1) (emphasis

added), amended by P.L. 841, No. 60, § 2 (July 8, 2008)). “[T]he purpose of

an Act 91 notice is to instruct the mortgagor of different means he may use

____________________________________________

15
By way of illustration rather than limitation, what appears evident to us is
that the height of overzealousness – the precise type of activity that the
legislature enacted Act 6 to curb – is when a lender attempts to collect a
debt it does not yet own, which is exactly what occurred in the instant
matter. See generally 41 P.S. §§ 101 et seq.

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to resolve his arrearages in order to avoid foreclosure on his property and

also gives him a timetable in which such means must be accomplished.”

Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. ex rel. Certificate Holders of Asset Backed

Pass-through Certificates Series 2004-MCWI v. Monroe, 966 A.2d

1140, 1142 (Pa.Super.2009) (quoting Fish, 931 A.2d at 767 (citing 35 P.S.

§ 1680.403c)).

Interpreting Act 91’s pre-foreclosure requirements in Fish, 931 A.2d at

767, the Commonwealth Court held that a mortgagee was not required to

send the mortgagor a new Act 91 notice of default under the Homeowner’s

Emergency Mortgage Assistance Loan Program (“HEMAP”) after withdrawing

its initial foreclosure action. Id. The mortgagor espoused a similar argument

to the one here, namely that “the [mortgagee] was required to send a new

Act 91 Notice after the prior action in foreclosure was withdrawn by

praecipe.” Id. Rejecting this argument, the Commonwealth Court opined:

The purpose of an Act 91 notice is to instruct the
mortgagor of different means he may use to resolve
his arrearages in order to avoid foreclosure on his
property and also gives him a timetable in which
such means must be accomplished. 35 P.S. §
1680.403c. Specifically, the Act 91 notice informs
the mortgagor of the availability of financial
assistance through HEMAP. 35 P.S. §
1680.403c(b)(1). Act 91 further states that if the
mortgagor and mortgagee reach an agreement and
thereafter the mortgagor is again unable to make
payment, “[t]he mortgagee shall not be required to
send any additional notice pursuant to this article.”
35 P.S. § 1680.403c(d).

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Id. Finding the mortgagee was not required to send another notice after

withdrawing the first foreclosure action, the Commonwealth Court reasoned:

. . . it does not follow that the Act 91 notice would
have been withdrawn as well, as the Act 91 notice
merely places a mortgagor on notice that if the
mortgagor does nothing, a foreclosure action
will follow. As [the mortgagor] had done nothing
upon receipt of the Act 91 notice, it should not have
been a surprise to him when the second foreclosure
action was filed. The lender was not required to send
any additional notice under Act 91.

Id. (emphasis added).

First, we note that the Fish holding, as a “decision[] by the

Commonwealth Court[, is] not binding on this Court . . . .” Little Mountain

Cmty. Ass'n, Inc. v. S. Columbia Corp., 2014 PA Super 91, at *5 n. 14, –

–– A.3d –––– (Pa.Super.2014), reargument denied, July 8, 2014 (quoting In

re Barnes Foundation, 74 A.3d 129, 134 n. 2 (Pa.Super.2013), appeal

denied, ––– Pa. ––––, 80 A.3d 774 (Pa.2013)) (internal quotations omitted).

Second, an Act 6 notice—unlike an Act 91 notice in 2007 (when Fish

was decided)—does more than place a mortgagor on notice that a

foreclosure action will follow if the mortgagor does nothing; it contains more

detailed notice requirements, e.g., the exact amount owed to cure the

default. Act 6’s notice requirements are consistent with its “comprehensive

statutory scheme . . . designed to avoid foreclosures” and its broader

purpose to “offer[] homeowners with residential mortgages a measure of

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protection from overly zealous residential mortgage lenders.” Benner, 917

F.Supp.2d at 357.

Third, Fish was decided before a 2008 amendment to Section

1860.403c(b)(1) of Act 91, which added a requirement that the Act 91

notice specify the amount of the default. See , P.L. 841, No. 60, § 2 (July 8,

2008) (inserting “including an itemized breakdown of the total amount past

due” in Section 1860.403c(b)(1)). Therefore, it would now be impossible to

comply with Act 91’s notice requirements unless a lender sent a new notice.

Fourth, Fish notes that Section 1860.403c(d) of Act 91 states if the

lender and debtor reach an agreement, and thereafter the debtor is again

unable to make payment, another notice is not necessary. Fish, 931 A.2d at

767 (quoting 35 P.S. § 1860.403c(d)). By its plain terms, Section

1860.403c(d) requires a prior agreement between a debtor and lender, a

condition absent from the present case. See 35 P.S. § 1860.403c(d).

Fifth, the stated purpose of Act 91—to provide emergency mortgage

assistance16—is markedly different from the purpose of Act 6—to offer

homeowners with residential mortgages a measure of protection from overly

zealous residential mortgage lenders. See Benner, 917 F.Supp.2d at 357.
____________________________________________

16
See Preamble to P.L. 385, No. 91 (Dec.23, 1983) (“It is the purpose of
this act to establish a program which will, through emergency mortgage
assistance payments, prevent widespread mortgage foreclosures and
distress sales of homes which result from default caused by circumstances
beyond a homeowner’s control”).

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Under the pre-2008 version of Act 91, once a lender notifies the debtor of

the emergency mortgage assistance programs available, a second notice

would not serve any useful purpose because the debtor is already on notice

of the alternative financing options available. See 35 P.S. § 1860.403c;

Fish, 931 A.2d at 767. On the other hand, if a lender withdraws a

foreclosure action, it only makes sense that the Act 6 notice is likewise

withdrawn, since the debtor would need a greater amount to cure a later

default. See 41 P.S. § 403(c)(3) (requiring notice state exact amount

needed to cure default).

In light of the foregoing, logic dictates that it is not only practical and

reasonable to require a second notice, but necessary to effectuate the

debtor’s statutory right to cure the default under Act 6.17 Accordingly, Wells

Fargo was obliged to deliver a new Act 6 notice to Spivak before proceeding

____________________________________________

17
On June 22, 2012, Governor Corbett signed into law Senate Bill 1433,
which is commonly known as Act 70 of 2012 (“Act 70”). Section 5(1) of Act
70 states that the mortgagor must show that he or she was prejudiced by
the mortgagee’s failure to comply with Section 1860.402c and 1860.403c of
Act 91 for the trial court to impose a remedy. Since this decision rests on
our interpretation of Act 6, Act 70 does not pose an impediment to our
disposition. Even if Act 70 did apply, it would not impact our holding. The
prejudice that Spivak suffered from Wells Fargo’s failure to furnish a second
notice is palpable, most notably, from Spivak’s inability cure the default by
virtue of his lack of knowledge regarding the amount necessary to do so.
Wells Fargo had a legal obligation to provide Spivak notice of the amount
necessary to cure the default before instituting the foreclosure action.
Without Wells Fargo fulfilling this obligation, Spivak was unable to take
ameliorative action to prevent foreclosure.

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with a second foreclosure action.18 The trial court erred by overriding Act 6’s

notice requirement and interpreting Act 6 not to require an additional notice

under these circumstances. See Roth, 85 A.3d at 592-93 (“[I]f in reaching

a conclusion the law is overridden or misapplied, . . . discretion is

abused[]”).

Order reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 10/31/2014

____________________________________________

18
Wells Fargo argues that requiring an additional notice under Act 6 would
render Section 1680.403c(a) of Act 91 meaningless because notice under
Act 91 satisfies the notice requirements of Act 6. See 35 P.S. §
1680.403c(b)(1). This is inaccurate.

Pursuant to Section 1680.403c(a) of Act 91, when both the Act 6 and Act 91
notices are required, it is sufficient to issue a combined Act 6/91 notice. See
35 P.S. § 1680.403c (authorizing a lender to issue a combined notice that
contains the information required under Act 91 and Act 6). Section
1680.403c(a), however, does not govern when only an Act 6 notice is
required.

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