IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
THE NORTH RIVER INSURANCE §
COMPANY, §
§
Plaintiff Below, §
Appellant, § No. 8, 2014
§
v. § Court Below:
§
MINE SAFETY APPLIANCES § Court of Chancery
COMPANY, § of the State of Delaware
§
Defendant Below, § C.A. No. 8456-VCG
Appellee. §
Submitted: September 17, 2014
Decided: November 6, 2014
Revised: November 10, 2014
Before STRINE, Chief Justice, HOLLAND, RIDGELY, and VALIHURA,
Justices and DAVIS, Judge ∗ constituting the Court en Banc.
Upon appeal from the Court of Chancery. AFFIRMED.
Peter B. Ladig, Esquire, Jason C. Jowers, Esquire, David J. Soldo, Esquire, Morris
James LLP, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellant.
Of Counsel: Alan S. Miller, Esquire (argued), Bridget M. Gillespie, Esquire,
Picadio Sneath Miller & Norton, P.C., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Brian C. Ralston, Esquire, Jennifer C. Wasson, Esquire, Michael B. Rush, Esquire,
Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP, Wilmington, Delaware for Appellee.
Of Counsel: Mark A. Packman, Esquire (argued), Gabriel Le Chevallier, Esquire,
Jenna A. Hudson, Esquire, Katrina F. Johnson, Esquire, Gilbert LLP, Washington,
D.C.
∗
Sitting by designation pursuant to Del. Const. Art. IV §12.
VALIHURA, Justice:
In this appeal, appellant North River Insurance Company (“North River”)
challenges the Court of Chancery’s denial of its request for permanent injunctive
relief. This multi-forum litigation concerns policies issued by North River to a
safety products company, Mine Safety Appliances Company (“MSA”). North
River issued thirteen policies to MSA covering periods from August 28, 1972
through April 1, 1986. 1 MSA is defending against thousands of personal injury
claims allegedly caused by defects in its mine safety equipment. MSA seeks
coverage under North River’s policies as well as from several other insurers. The
critical question of whether North River’s coverage under these policies is
“triggered” -- a matter of Pennsylvania law -- is being litigated, along with its
claims against other insurers, in federal and state courts in Pennsylvania, the
Delaware Superior Court and in certain later-filed cases in West Virginia.
North River requested that the Court of Chancery permanently enjoin MSA
from prosecuting the later-filed claims in West Virginia and from assigning to any
tort claimants the right to recover under any insurance policy issued by North
River to MSA. During the course of this appeal, North River narrowed its focus to
the assignment issue. For the reasons stated herein, we AFFIRM.
1
North River policies provide coverage only for personal injuries occurring during the policy
period. Thus, the coverage disputes are over the question of when the injury, sickness and/or
disease is deemed to have occurred.
1
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
North River is a liability insurer incorporated in New Jersey. MSA, a
Pennsylvania corporation, manufactures a variety of safety products including air-
purifying respirators worn in various industrial environments. MSA and North
River have been battling over the applicability of certain North River excess
insurance policies in a number of jurisdictions including first in Pennsylvania, then
in Delaware, and most recently in West Virginia. A summary of the litigations is
helpful to our resolution of this appeal.
A. The Pennsylvania Actions
i. The Pennsylvania Federal Action
On March 20, 2009, MSA sued North River for breach of contract in the
United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania (the
“Pennsylvania Federal Action”).2 MSA sought a judgment that in accordance with
Policy No. JU 1225, North River has a duty to both defend and indemnify MSA for
thousands of asbestosis, silicosis and coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (“CWP”)
claims filed against MSA. 3 Subsequently, North River filed a counterclaim
seeking declaratory relief regarding the parties’ rights and responsibilities under
that policy.
2
Compl., Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. N. River Ins. Co., C.A. No. 2:05-MC-02025 (W.D. Pa.
Mar. 20, 2009) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A80).
3
State ex rel. N. River Ins. Co. v. Chafin, 758 S.E.2d 109, 112 (W. Va. 2014) (App. to
Appellee’s Answering Br. at B95).
2
ii. The Pennsylvania State Actions
On April 9, 2010, North River filed an action for declaratory relief against
MSA and other insurers in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County (the
“Pennsylvania State Action,”4 and collectively with the Pennsylvania Federal
Action, the “Pennsylvania Actions”). In the Pennsylvania State Action, North
River seeks a declaration of the parties’ rights under three excess insurance
policies -- namely, JU0830, JU0988, and JU1123 -- including whether the claims
of MSA customers relate to injuries that were caused during the applicable
effective dates of the policies. MSA filed an answer, counterclaim and cross-
claims asserting that North River failed to honor the contract and acted in bad faith.
In November 2010, a federal judge authorized the use of a special discovery
master to coordinate discovery in the Pennsylvania Actions. MSA conducted
extensive discovery in the Pennsylvania Actions and filed cross-claims for
summary judgment. At issue was the appropriate “trigger” for coverage. Oral
argument was held on the motions on March 12, 2013.
B. The Delaware Superior Court Action
On June 26, 2010, while the Pennsylvania Actions remained pending, MSA
sued multiple insurers, including North River, in the Delaware Superior Court (the
“Delaware Action”) seeking a declaration that those insurers must defend and
4
See Compl. Declaratory Relief, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. G.D.
10-7432 (Pa. Ct. Com. Pl. Apr. 9, 2010) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A98).
3
indemnify MSA in accordance with various insurance policies -- some of which
are at issue in the Pennsylvania Actions. 5 The policies at issue include Policy No.
JU 1319, which is also at issue in the West Virginia litigation. 6
On January 24, 2011, the Delaware Superior Court granted North River’s
motion to stay the proceedings as to all parties in favor of the pending
Pennsylvania Actions. 7 Thereafter, several motions to lift the stay were filed. 8
Following a hearing held on March 22, 2013, the Delaware Superior Court lifted
the stay as to those North River policies that were not implicated by the
5
MSA seeks a declaration of the rights and obligations of 31 defendants concerning 125
insurance policies.
6
Id. Specifically, the North River policies at issue in the Delaware action are: JU0010; JU
0139; JU 0157; JU 0158; JU 0171; JU 0653; JU 0830 (subject of the Pennsylvania State Action);
JU 0988 (subject of the Pennsylvania State Action); JU 1123 (subject of the Pennsylvania State
Action); JU 1225 (subject of the Pennsylvania Federal Action); JU 1319; 522-051840-9; and
XS2526. App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A289-90.
7
Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., 2011 WL 300252, at * 8 (Del. Super. Jan. 24,
2011), interlocutory appeal refused, 2011 WL 743050 (Del. Mar. 3, 2011).
8
On September 16, 2011, MSA filed a motion to lift the stay in the Delaware Action for
discovery purposes for all defendants other than North River and one other defendant. This
motion was denied on October 11, 2011. On January 24, 2012, MSA filed a second motion
seeking to lift the stay for discovery purposes as to all parties. On April 18, 2012, the Delaware
Superior Court granted in part MSA’s second lift-stay motion, permitting discovery to proceed as
to all defendants except for the insurer parties in the Pennsylvania Actions, North River and one
other party. Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., C.A. No. N10C-07-241 (Del. Super.
Apr. 18, 2012) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A408-10). MSA then commenced discovery
into the umbrella policy immediately underlying Policy JU 1319 and as to which several other
insurer defendants are excess. See Mot. for Granting Comm’n, Notice Dep., Mine Safety
Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., C.A. No. N10C-07-241 (Del. Super. Oct. 24, 2012) (App. to
Appellant’s Opening Br. at A433-37, A440-52). On February 20, 2013, North River filed a
motion to lift the stay as to all North River policies -- including JU 1319 -- except those at issue
in the Pennsylvania Actions (JU 1225, JU 0830, JU 0988 and JU 1123). Mot. Lift Stay, Mine
Safety Appliances Co. v. AIU Ins. Co., C.A. No. N10C-07-241 (Del. Super. Feb. 20, 2013) (App.
to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A564-72).
4
Pennsylvania Actions, including Policy JU 1319, in order to allow North River to
participate in depositions. 9 On November 26, 2013, MSA again moved to lift the
stay as to North River. On February 25, 2014, the Delaware Superior Court
approved a stipulated order lifting the stay as to North River with certain
conditions, including prohibiting the parties from filing summary judgment
motions on issues joined in the summary judgment motions in the Pennsylvania
Actions. Argument was held on the parties’ cross motions for summary judgment
in the Pennsylvania Actions on March 12, 2013.
C. The West Virginia Actions
Various actions have been filed by plaintiffs who reside in West Virginia
(the “West Virginia Actions”). North River contends that these lawsuits were
“engineered” by MSA as a result of MSA’s disenchantment with certain of the
Delaware Superior Court’s rulings. 10 The West Virginia plaintiffs have availed
themselves of West Virginia’s Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act, which allows
a personal injury plaintiff to bring a declaratory action against the tort defendant’s
insurer.11 This statute permits such an action without the plaintiff first obtaining a
9
Hr’g Tr. at 69-72, Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. AUI Ins. Co., C.A. No. 10C-07-241 (Del.
Super. Mar. 22, 2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A663).
10
Appellant’s Opening Brief at 10 (stating that “MSA decided to make an end run around Judge
Johnston’s decisions” and “engineered a ‘dispute’ in a brand new jurisdiction -- West Virginia”).
11
See W. Va. Code § 55-13-1 (2008).
5
judgment or assignment from the tort defendant where that defendant has denied
coverage.12 Several actions were filed pursuant to this statute.
i. The Moore Action
The first such action was filed on March 8, 2010, by Norman and Lisa
Moore. The Moores sued MSA in the Circuit Court of Wyoming County, West
Virginia (the “Circuit Court”), alleging that Norman Moore had developed CWP
because of allegedly hidden defects and inadequate warnings provided with certain
MSA respirators.13 The Moores and MSA agreed to a confidential settlement in
May 2012, which included an assignment of North River Policy JU 1319 and a
release of MSA from liability. That settlement involved a combination of cash and
an insurance assignment. On May 24, 2012, the Moores filed an amended and
supplemental complaint seeking a declaration that North River must provide
coverage under Policy JU 1319 and an order enforcing the settlement and requiring
North River to pay plaintiffs the amount of proceeds assigned to them by MSA.
Thereafter, on May 31, 2012, MSA asserted cross-claims against North River
seeking a declaration that JU 1319 covers the Moores’ claims. MSA also sought
compensatory damages for the amounts it incurred in the settlement and in
12
Robinson v. Cabell Huntington Hosp., Inc., 498 S.E.2d 27 (W. Va. 1997) (finding injured
plaintiff may bring declaratory judgment action against defendant’s insurance carrier to
determine if there is policy coverage before obtaining judgment against defendant in personal
injury action where defendant’s insurer has denied coverage); Christian v. Sizemore, 383 S.E.2d
810 (W. Va. 1989).
13
Moore v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-35 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Mar. 8, 2010).
6
defending the Moores’ claims. After North River’s motion to stay the action in
favor of the Pennsylvania Actions was denied, North River settled with the
Moores. The Circuit Court also denied North River’s motion to dismiss or stay
MSA’s cross-claims. The parties subsequently agreed to stay the case.14
ii. The Lambert Action
On April 19, 2010, Plaintiff Jill A. Lambert, individually and as
administrator of the estate of her deceased husband, Carlos G. Lambert, filed a tort
action against MSA and others in the Circuit Court.15 She alleged that her husband
developed CWP and died because the respirator manufactured and sold by MSA
leaked substantial amounts of harmful coal dust and failed to protect him.
Mr. Lambert worked as a coal miner in West Virginia from 1969 to 2002. He
developed advanced lung disease and died at the age of fifty-nine following a
double lung transplant. 16
14
The Vice Chancellor correctly observed that this action “would present the strongest case for
injunctive relief” since both North River and MSA settled with the tort plaintiffs and were the
only remaining parties in the case. N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 2013 WL
6713229, at *9 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).
15
Compl. Injunctive Relief at ¶ 34, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No.
8456-VCG, 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Apr. 4, 2013); Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 111 (App. to
Appellee’s Answering Br. at B11, B92).
16
Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 111.
7
iii. The Persinger Action
On April 14, 2011, Plaintiffs Eddie D. Persinger and Teresa Diane Persinger
sued MSA and others in the Circuit Court and raised similar tort claims. 17
Mr. Persinger worked as a coal miner in West Virginia from 1972 to 2007. He
developed CWP. Mrs. Persinger filed an amended and supplemental complaint
after Mr. Persinger died due to complications from lung disease. 18
iv. The Confidential Settlements and Assignment of Rights
After years of litigation, and without admitting liability, MSA settled with
Plaintiffs Lambert and Persinger. 19 Under confidential settlements, MSA paid the
plaintiffs a sum certain and assigned them the right to recover the remainder of the
settlement amount under an insurance policy that North River issued to MSA,
Policy No. JU 1319. 20
17
Id.
18
Id.
19
App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A520-27, A536-46.
20
Id. MSA also expressly assigned to Persinger and Lambert “the causes of action, choses in
action, and other rights to pursue and receive proceeds totaling the Assignment Amount that
Mine Safety . . . would otherwise have under the Insurance Policy.” Am. Compl. Declaratory J.
& Enforce Settlement, Ex. B at 8, Persinger v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 11-C-45
(W. Va. Cir. Ct. Feb. 20, 2013); Am. Compl. Declaratory J. & Enforce Settlement, Ex. B at 8,
Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-69 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Feb 20, 2013) (App.
to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A526, A542). Policy No. JU 1319 is an excess insurance policy
for the single year 1984-85 issued by North River to MSA. A fourth action was filed by Linda
McVey (the “McVey Action”) in August 2013. See First Amended and Supplemental Compl.,
McVey v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-70 (W. Va. Cir Ct. Aug. 20, 2013) (App.
to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A665-72). In this action, MSA assigned rights under Policy JU
1319 in a settlement of this action.
8
After settling with MSA, the West Virginia plaintiffs amended their
complaints in February 2013 to add cross-claims against North River. These
amended claims seek a declaratory judgment concerning North River’s obligation
to provide insurance coverage for MSA’s liability to the tort plaintiffs and an order
requiring North River to pay the remainder of the settlement amounts. 21 MSA then
filed cross-claims against North River. In its cross-claims, MSA seeks a
declaratory judgment regarding North River’s obligation to pay for the plaintiffs’
claims and damages for North River’s alleged breach of the contract of insurance
issued to MSA. 22 Oral argument was held on the parties’ motions for summary
judgment in March 2013.23 North River filed a motion to dismiss, or, in the
alternative, to stay the Lambert and Persinger actions until the coverage actions in
Pennsylvania and Delaware are resolved. 24 The Circuit Court denied the motions
to dismiss or stay in an order entered September 4, 2013.25 In denying the
motions, the Circuit Court stated that “the State of West Virginia has a strong
21
The declaratory judgment sought was pursuant to West Virginia Code § 55-13-1 (2008).
22
Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 111 (App. to Appellee’s Answering Brief at B94). At a status
conference held in June 2013, the Lambert and Persinger actions were consolidated for pre-trial
purposes and were set for back-to-back trials to commence in April 2014. Id.
23
Id. at 112.
24
Id.
25
Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. Nos. 11-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4,
2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A681-88).
9
interest in the cases and in seeing that its citizens (the plaintiffs) have access to the
judicial system.” 26
D. The Delaware Court of Chancery Action
Seeking some relief from the multiplicity of lawsuits, on April 4, 2013,
North River filed a Verified Complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the
“Chancery Action”). 27 In the Chancery Action, North River sought a permanent
injunction preventing MSA from prosecuting its later-filed claims in West Virginia
as well as from assigning to any tort claimants rights to recover any portion of a
settlement under any insurance policy issued by North River to MSA. North River
also sought to prevent MSA from assisting any tort claimants, absent a court order,
in prosecuting claims against North River, and from prosecuting any claims for
coverage under any North River policy, other than those actions pending in
Pennsylvania and Delaware. North River argued that, absent injunctive relief, it
faces the irreparable harm of inconsistent judgments.
26
Id. (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A683).
27
In its Answer in the Chancery Action, MSA admitted that, “the trigger of coverage applicable
to coal dust claims is already the subject of the Pa. Actions, is now the subject of cross motions
for summary judgment in the Del. Actions, and is an issue of Pennsylvania substantive law.”
Answer at 15, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 8456-VCG (Del. Ch.
May 3, 2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A26).
10
The following chart illustrates the policies at issue in the various actions:
North River Start Date End Date Pennsylvania Delaware West
Policy Actions Superior Virginia
Court Action Actions
JU 0010 3/30/1973 4/1/1976 X
JU 0139 1/1/1976 4/1/1978 X
JU 0157 4/1/1976 4/1/1979 X
JU 0158 4/1/1976 4/1/1979 X
JU 0171 4/1/1976 4/1/1979 X
JU 0653 4/1/1979 4/1/1980 X
JU 0830 4/1/1980 4/1/1981 X X
JU 0988 4/1/1981 4/1/1982 X X
JU 1123 4/1/1982 4/1/1983 X X
JU 1225 41/1983 4/1/1984 X X
JU 1319 4/1/1984 4/1/1985 X X
522 051840 9 4/1/1985 4/1/1986 X
XS2526 8/28/1972 4/1/1976 X
The Court of Chancery heard argument on the parties’ cross-motions on
June 25, 2013. At argument, the Court stayed the case pending the Circuit Court’s
consideration of North River’s motion to dismiss or stay the Persinger and
Lambert actions. Following briefing and oral argument in the Chancery Action, as
noted above, the Circuit Court denied North River’s motion to dismiss or stay the
Persinger and Lambert actions on September 4, 2013. At a status conference held
on September 11, 2013, the Vice Chancellor requested supplemental memoranda
on: (i) the effect of the West Virginia decision in Christian v. Sizemore28 and (ii)
28
383 S.E.2d 810, 815 (W. Va. 1989) (finding there is “no particular procedural impediment in
permitting the declaratory judgment claim with regard to the defendant’s insurance coverage to
be brought in the original personal injury suit rather than by way of a separate action”). The
Vice Chancellor’s focus was whether, under West Virginia law, tort plaintiffs have the right to
sue an insurance carrier directly, without the participation of the insured, to determine coverage
after agreeing to a settlement offer with the insured. North River argued that Christian only
11
the impact of the Circuit Court’s denial of North River’s motion to dismiss or stay
the Persinger and Lambert actions. North River appealed the Circuit Court’s
decision to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals on September 23, 2013,
by filing a Verified Petition for a Writ of Prohibition.
E. The Court of Chancery’s Decision
In a Memorandum Opinion dated December 20, 2013, the Court of
Chancery denied North River’s request for permanent injunctive relief. 29 The
Court of Chancery found that, assuming arguendo, North River had satisfied the
first two prongs of the test for a permanent injunction -- i.e., that it had shown both
actual success on the merits and that it would suffer irreparable harm without the
permanent injunction -- it had failed to satisfy the third prong by showing that the
equities weighed in North River’s favor.30 The Court of Chancery reasoned that
because it lacked jurisdiction over the tort plaintiffs in the pending West Virginia
Actions, and because these plaintiffs may, under West Virginia law, continue to
litigate the “trigger” issue in their declaratory judgment actions against North
River, North River was seeking a remedy that inevitably would be ineffective at
protecting it from the risk of inconsistent judgments. Specifically, the Court of
permitted a tort plaintiff to amend his or her complaint to add a declaratory judgment claim
against the insurance carrier before obtaining judgment against the insured.
29
N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).
30
Id. at *7 (“Even assuming that North River has been successful with respect to factors (1) and
(2), for the reasons below, the equities do not support the relief requested.”).
12
Chancery held that “[b]ecause North River has asked this Court for a remedy that
will not achieve its desired results, and because ‘[e]quity will not do a useless
thing,’ North River has failed to demonstrate its entitlement to injunctive relief.” 31
The Court further concluded that “it would be inequitable for this Court to grant
such an injunction, which would result in North River continuing to litigate these
issues that will define MSA’s rights as an insured, without MSA being able to
vigorously defend itself.”32 The Court, accordingly, found that North River had
not demonstrated its entitlement to injunctive relief.
Although the primary focus on the proceedings below had been North
River’s attempt to enjoin MSA from litigating the West Virginia Actions, the Court
of Chancery articulated several reasons for refusing to enjoin MSA’s ability to
assign its rights under the policies issued by North River:
As I have already noted, under West Virginia’s Declaratory
Judgment Act, a personal injury plaintiff may bring a
declaratory action against the defendant’s insurer where that
insurer has denied coverage, even if the plaintiff has not yet
obtained a judgment against the tort defendant. I therefore
cannot shield North River from the risk of inconsistent
judgments by granting the requested forms of injunctive relief.
Even if MSA were prevented, by this Court, from assisting
litigants, prosecuting its claims against North River, or
assigning its rights under North River’s insurance policies in
other jurisdictions, North River would still face the risk of
inconsistent judgments, as personal injury tort plaintiffs in at
31
Id. at *1 (citing Walker v. Lamb, 259 A.2d 663, 663 (Del. 1969)).
32
N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 2013 WL 6713 229, at *9.
13
least West Virginia may seek declaratory relief against North
River directly, without an assignment from or judgment against
MSA. Further, as I have found above, it would be inequitable
for this Court to grant such an injunction, which would result in
North River continuing to litigate against certain tort plaintiffs
about MSA’s rights as an insured party, without MSA being
able to defend itself. Moreover, an injunction preventing MSA
from assigning any rights under the policies to its tort victims
would hamper MSA’s ability to settle claims, without providing
relief from the possibility of inconsistent judgments. 33
On January 7, 2014, North River filed a timely Notice of Appeal and an
Amended Notice of Appeal to this Court.
F. The West Virginia Supreme Court’s Decision
On March 27, 2014, after North River filed its Opening Brief in this appeal,
the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia (the “Supreme Court of Appeals”)
denied North River’s petition for a writ of prohibition to stay the pending West
Virginia Actions.34 In so doing, the highest court in West Virginia addressed
several of the key points of West Virginia law that had formed the framework upon
which the Vice Chancellor based his findings.
In affirming the Circuit Court’s ruling, the Supreme Court of Appeals found
no error in denying North River’s motion to dismiss, which was premised upon the
doctrine of forum non-conveniens. In rejecting the argument that the Lambert and
Persinger trials would be oppressive or unfair to North River, the Supreme Court
33
Id.
34
Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 110.
14
of Appeals observed that the West Virginia plaintiffs’ choice of forum is entitled to
great deference.35 It rejected North River’s argument that this deference should be
diminished because the plaintiffs accepted an assignment of MSA’s rights under
the insurance contract. 36 In this regard, the Supreme Court of Appeals stated:
North River asserts the plaintiffs ‘step in the shoes’ of MSA
and therefore this action is really nothing more than a coverage
claim between MSA and North River. We find this argument is
wholly without merit. See generally Sy 1. Pt. 3 Christian v.
Sizemore, 181 W. Va. 628, 383 S.E. 2d 810 (1989) (“An injured
plaintiff may bring a declaratory judgment action against the
defendant’s insurance carrier to determine if there is policy
coverage before obtaining a judgment against the defendant in
the personal injury action where the defendant’s insurer has
denied coverage.”) and Price v. Messer, 872 F. Supp. 317, 321
(S.D. W. Va 1995) (“West Virginia law unequivocally holds
insurance/collection claims are properly joined in the same
action with negligence claims, whether the joinder is effected
prior to the tort judgment . . . or after [.]”) (Citations omitted).
Therefore, we find no reason to diminish the preference given
to the plaintiffs’ choice of forum. 37
North River had argued that a stay of the West Virginia proceedings was
essential “because MSA committed a ‘sham upon the court’ by assigning a portion
of its rights under the policy to plaintiffs.” 38 But the West Virginia plaintiffs
maintained that “they entered into the settlement agreements that included
insurance assignments because they wanted to realize some recovery on their
35
Id. at 115 (App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B102).
36
Id.
37
Id. (citations omitted in original).
38
Id. at 116.
15
claims that have been pending for years,” and that they “fully recognize North
River has denied coverage to MSA.” 39 Although the Supreme Court of Appeals
acknowledged North River’s protests that MSA should not be allowed to create
“mini-coverage claims” in each tort case it settles,40 it pointed to other factors that
weighed against dismissal. A principal factor was its conclusion that “West
Virginia law specifically provides that the plaintiff can bring a declaratory
judgment suit against the insurer of a tortfeasor in an ongoing tort action.” 41
The Supreme Court of Appeals then expressly rejected North River’s
argument that an alternative forum exists, namely, the Delaware Superior Court.
Specifically, it rejected North River’s argument that the Delaware Superior Court
could exercise jurisdiction over the West Virginia plaintiffs because these plaintiffs
had accepted an assignment of insurance rights from MSA. 42 In so holding, the
Supreme Court of Appeals stated the “Delaware court lacks personal jurisdiction
over the plaintiffs, cannot determine whether the settlement agreements are
enforceable, and has not been presented with the affirmative defenses asserted by
North River.”43 The Supreme Court of Appeals affirmed the Circuit Court’s denial
39
Id. at 117.
40
Id. at 115 (stating that, “[a]lthough we agree that this is a valid point made with regard to
MSA, we cannot agree that this factor strongly favors dismissal of these actions.”).
41
Id.
42
Id.
43
Id. at 116.
16
of the stay, finding that “the out-of-state courts will not address the relief sought by
plaintiffs.”44 Further, it held that it would be “unfair and prejudicial to the
plaintiffs to delay the trials unnecessarily,” and that, “[a]s West Virginia citizens,
the plaintiffs enjoy the constitutional right to a just and speedy determination in
these civil proceedings.”45
DISCUSSION
North River initially raised two issues on appeal. First, North River asserted
that the Court of Chancery committed reversible error by refusing a permanent
injunction barring MSA from prosecuting the West Virginia Actions. Second,
North River asserted that the Court of Chancery erred in refusing to issue a
permanent injunction barring MSA from prospectively assigning to additional tort
plaintiffs MSA’s rights under insurance policies issued by North River.
Following the March 27, 2014, Supreme Court of Appeals decision, North
River withdrew the first argument raised on appeal, i.e., that the Court of Chancery
had erred in refusing to enjoin MSA from continuing to litigate the West Virginia
Actions.46 But North River continues to press its argument as to MSA’s ability to
assign its rights under policies issued by North River.
44
Id. at 117.
45
Id.
46
See Appellant’s Reply Br. at 1.
17
A. Appellant North River’s Contentions on Appeal
North River contends that the Court of Chancery committed three reversible
errors relating to the balancing of the equities portion of the three-pronged test for
permanent relief.47 First, North River argues that the Court of Chancery
impermissibly assumed that just because the underlying tort claimants could bring
direct suits against North River to determine coverage under the policies issued to
MSA, that such claimants would do so. North River contends that such
“unsupported speculation” amounts to reversible error.
Second, North River claims that the Court of Chancery erred as matter of
law when it determined that an injunction that does not completely eliminate
irreparable harm is useless. In support of this contention, North River argues that
the Court of Chancery erred by focusing on preventing or eliminating entirely the
risk of inconsistent judgments, and not focusing on the Court of Chancery’s ability
to fashion relief that would at least reduce the potential harm. North River argues
that if MSA were enjoined from assigning its rights to underlying tort plaintiffs,
such an injunction would slow or reduce the only danger it faces at the moment,
namely, MSA’s alleged encouragement of litigation in contravention of the
Delaware and Pennsylvania courts’ jurisdiction.
47
To succeed in a request for a permanent injunction, a party must show (i) actual success on the
merits; (ii) that it would suffer irreparable harm if the injunction is not granted; and (iii) that the
balance of the equities favors it. See Christiana Town Ctr., LLC v. New Castle County, 2003 WL
21314499, at *2 (Del. Ch. June 6, 2003), aff’d, 2004 WL 77868 (Del. Jan. 16, 2004).
18
Finally, North River argues that there are no facts in the record that support
the Court of Chancery’s conclusion that MSA would be hampered in its ability to
settle claims if it were enjoined from assigning its rights. North River argues that
the record evidence shows that MSA has settled over 450 cases without assigning
its rights, which North River contends demonstrates that MSA is using the
assignment strategy as an “end-run” around the Delaware Superior Court’s
jurisdiction.
B. Appellee MSA’s Contentions on Appeal
MSA counters that the mere possibility that claimants could bring actions in
West Virginia was enough to shift the equities in its favor, especially given the
Court of Chancery’s conclusion that the injunction would not eliminate all risk of
inconsistent judgments. MSA emphasizes that where an injunction does not
completely remedy the harm, the injunction is useless, and should not be granted,
and that Delaware precedent allowing partially-effective injunctions is
distinguishable. MSA argues further that MSA’s rights, both contractual and
otherwise, would be infringed, and its ability to settle cases seriously hampered, if
the Court were to keep it from assigning to tort plaintiffs its rights under the
policies issued by North River.
19
C. Our Standard of Review
The parties disagree as to the standard of review this Court should apply in
reviewing the decision below.
MSA argues that we should review the Court of Chancery’s decision under
an abuse of discretion standard. On the other hand, while North River concedes
that the Court generally reviews the granting or denial of injunctive relief for abuse
of discretion, it urges that our review here should be de novo. North River’s
principal argument that our review should be de novo rests on the premise that the
Vice Chancellor’s rulings contain “embedded questions of law.”
Although we generally review a denial of a permanent injunction for an
abuse of discretion, 48 we do not defer to the trial court on embedded legal
conclusions and review them de novo.49 Here, the embedded legal questions are
questions of West Virginia law. This Court has previously held that
48
Pomilio v. Caserta, 215 A.2d 924, 925 (Del. 1965) (“The granting or refusal of final injunctive
relief rests within the sound judicial discretion of the trial court. On appeal from a denial of
injunctive relief, our inquiry is whether the trial court clearly abused its discretion.”).
49
Lawson v. Meconi, 897 A.2d 740, 743 (Del. 2006). (“Mrs. Lawson challenges the Court of
Chancery’s legal conclusions concerning the interpretation of several Delaware statutes and the
scope of the common law right to privacy in Delaware. Accordingly, the applicable standard of
appellate review is de novo.”). See also SI Mgmt. L.P. v. Wininger, 707 A.2d 37, 40 (Del. 1998)
(reviewing the Court of Chancery’s findings of fact for abuse of discretion, but its determinations
on legal principles de novo); Kaiser Aluminum Corp. v. Matheson, 681 A.2d 392, 394 (Del.
1996) (“[T]his Court reviews the grant of a preliminary injunction without deference to the
embedded legal conclusions of the trial court.”).
20
determinations of foreign law “are treated as rulings on a question of law and are
subject to de novo review.”50
The Court of Chancery based the part of its ruling regarding the utility of an
injunction on its interpretation of West Virginia’s Uniform Declaratory Judgments
Act 51 and relevant West Virginia case law (particularly Christian v. Sizemore52 and
Price v. Messer 53). On appeal, North River contends that the Court of Chancery
erred in its reading of West Virginia law. Specifically, North River contends that
the West Virginia law permitting tort plaintiffs to bring a declaratory judgment
action directly against the carrier was inapplicable here because the tort plaintiffs
settled with and released MSA and then received an assignment of rights under the
policy issued by North River to MSA. North River argued that after the release
and assignment, the tort plaintiff is no longer a stranger to the policy, but has
stepped into the policyholder’s shoes.
But during the pendency of this appeal, West Virginia’s highest court
rejected North River’s contentions and allowed the West Virginia Actions to
50
Saudi Basic Indus. Corp. v. Mobil Yanbu Petrochemical Co., 866 A.2d 1, 30 (Del. 2005). See
also Deuley v. DynCorp Int’l., Inc., 8 A.3d 1156, 1160 (Del. 2010); J.S. Alberici Constr. Co. v.
Mid-West Conveyor Co., 750 A. 2d 518, 520 n.2 (Del. 2000); Shook & Fletcher Asbestos
Settlement Trust v. Safety Nat’l Cas. Corp., 909 A.2d 125, 128 (Del. 2006). In Shook & Fletcher,
the issue on appeal was whether the Superior Court erred in its determination of which liability
rule was appropriate under Alabama law. Id. The Court determined that because its review was
“purely one of law,” albeit Alabama law, de novo review was appropriate. Id.
51
W. VA. CODE § 55-13-1 (2014).
52
383 S.E.2d 810 (W.Va. 1989).
53
872 F. Supp. 317 (S.D.W.Va. 1995).
21
proceed against North River. As a result, North River is no longer pressing its
arguments regarding the points of West Virginia law it raised below. Thus, while
our review of embedded conclusions of law normally would be subject to de novo
review, here, we defer to our sister court’s interpretation of West Virginia law. It
follows that our primary focus in this appeal now rests on the Court of Chancery’s
balancing of the equities and on its findings and conclusions, which are primarily
factual in nature.
In this regard, North River did appropriately concede at oral argument that
the issue of whether an injunction would impede MSA’s ability to settle claims
presented factual issues subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review.
Where the support in the record is sufficient for a factual finding, even if there can
be a reasonable difference of view, our standard of review compels us to defer to
the trial court. Our function here is not to substitute our judgment for the trial
court’s as though we had before us an original application. 54 Instead, where the
54
See Ivanhoe P’rs v. Newmont Mining Corp., 535 A.2d 1334, 1341 (Del. 1987) (citing Levitt v.
Bouvier, 287 A.2d 671, 673 (Del. 1972)) (“[W]e do not ignore the findings of the trial judge. If
they are sufficiently supported by the record and are the product of an orderly and logical
deductive process, in the exercise of judicial restraint we accept them, even though
independently we might have reached opposite conclusions.”); Chavin v. Cope, 243 A.2d 694,
695 (Del. 1968) (“When an act of judicial discretion is under review, the reviewing court may
not substitute its own notion of what is right for those of the trial judge, if his judgment was
based on conscience and reason, as opposed to capriciousness or arbitrariness.”).
22
record below demonstrates the judgment reached was directed by conscience and
reason, as opposed to capricious or arbitrary action, we will affirm. 55
Finally, while the question of whether an injunction must completely remedy
the alleged harm, e.g., whether it would be useless if it does not completely remedy
the harm, is an embedded legal issue over which we exercise de novo review, the
overall balancing of the equities presented here is subject to an abuse of discretion
standard. 56
D. The “Speculative Nature of Direct Claims” Argument
We deal first with North River’s claim that the Court of Chancery erred in
concluding that tort claimants would assert claims against North River absent an
assignment to them of MSA’s rights under the insurance policies. While North
River asserts that “not a single tort plaintiff has sought to bring an independent
55
See Pitts v. White, 109 A.2d 786, 788 (Del. 1954) (“The essence of judicial discretion is the
exercise of judgment directed by conscience and reason, as opposed to capricious or arbitrary
action; and where a court has not exceeded the bounds of reason in view of the circumstances,
and has not so ignored recognized rules of law or practice, so as to produce injustice, its legal
discretion has not been abused; for the question is not whether the reviewing court agrees with
the court below, but rather whether it believes that the judicial mind in view of the relevant rules
of law and upon due consideration of the facts of the case could reasonably have reached the
conclusion of which complaint is made.”).
56
See, e.g., Cherry Hill Const., Inc., v. James Julian, Inc., 1991 WL 316969, at *3 (Del. Dec. 11,
1991) (finding no abuse of discretion where the issue concerning a permanent injunction was a
matter within judicial discretion); see also Donald J. Wolfe, Jr. & Michael A. Pittenger,
Corporate & Commercial Practice in the Delaware Court of Chancery § 12-2[f], at 12-35
(Matthew Bender & Co., 2013) (citations omitted); Cirrus Hldg. Co. v. Cirrus Indus., Inc., 794
A.2d 1191, 1211 (Del. Ch. 2001) (“[t]he decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction rests
in the court’s sound discretion.”). North River agrees that the issue of the utility of injunctive
relief was intertwined with the embedded questions of West Virginia law. See Appellant’s Reply
Br. at 5. As noted above, we are not re-examining these points given our sister court’s rulings.
23
declaratory judgment action against North River,” it cites to nothing in the record
that would suggest that this behavior is necessarily predictive of the future. 57 The
burden below rested with North River. Part of North River’s challenge in this
appeal has been that its focus has understandably shifted to the assignment issue in
mid-stream due to developments in the West Virginia courts. The standard for
permanent injunction relief is onerous and North River’s attempt to show that the
Court of Chancery abused its discretion in denying that relief is a tall order under
any circumstances, let alone without a full evidentiary record.
As a preliminary matter, MSA has questioned whether the “speculative
nature of the harm” issue was fairly presented to the Court of Chancery, as
required by Delaware Supreme Court Rule 8. 58 “We adhere to the well-settled rule
that a party may not attack a judgment on a theory he failed to advance before the
trial judge.”59 Although North River primarily focused in the proceedings below
on seeking to enjoin the West Virginia Actions, it did point out that MSA had
settled “hundreds” of cases without assigning its rights, and that the first
assignment occurred after the Delaware Superior Court kept the stay in effect as to
57
Appellant’s Opening Br. at 26-27.
58
Supr. Ct. R. 8. Appellee’s Opening Br. at 14, 22 (“North River never contended in the
proceedings below that tort plaintiffs would not sue independent of MSA, even though MSA
argued in court that the tort plaintiffs’ actions would go forward regardless of whether an
injunction was issued.”).
59
Scion Breckenridge Managing Member, LLC v. ASB Allegiance Real Estate Fund, 68 A.3d
665, 678 (Del. 2013) (internal citations omitted).
24
North River in March 2012.60 We are satisfied that the broader issue of the utility
of future assignments was sufficiently raised in the Court of Chancery during the
June 25, 2013, oral argument on the parties’ Cross Motions for Judgment on the
Pleadings.61 Accordingly, Rule 8 does not bar our consideration of North River’s
argument on this point.
But the dearth of evidence supporting North River’s contention that
claimants would not sue North River absent an MSA assignment of rights --
admittedly a difficult proposition to support -- compels us to conclude that under
our deferential standard of review, the Court of Chancery did not err in finding that
there is a legitimate risk that tort claimants might proceed directly against North
River independent of any assignment of rights by MSA. We balance the weak
evidentiary record on these points against the strong public policy statements by
the West Virginia courts that the tort claimants in West Virginia should be able to
litigate these issues in West Virginia. These policy concerns must now be viewed
in the prism of the highest West Virginia state court’s ruling upholding the right of
60
Appellant’s Reply Br. at 3, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., No. 8-2014 (Del.
May 2, 2014); Tr. of Oral Argument at 27-28, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co.,
C.A. No. 8456-VCG, 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013); App. to Appellant’s Reply
Br. at AR 3-4. MSA’s complaints in the Pennsylvania Actions, included in the record before us,
show that MSA seeks reimbursement for over $20 million paid in settlement of claims brought
by approximately 400 claimants. See App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A80-93. North River
states that there were no assignments of rights in these cases.
61
See Tr. of Oral Argument at 25, 28-29, 50-52, N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co.,
C.A. No. 8456-VCG, 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).
25
West Virginia tort claimants to proceed directly against North River over North
River’s repeated objections.
Lacking a firm evidentiary basis for its first claim of error, North River
employs reasoning and logic to suggest that enjoining MSA’s ability to assign its
rights would likely stop, or at least seriously reduce, lawsuits from being filed
against it by tort claimants. At oral argument, both North River and MSA
maintained that absent an assignment, the most the West Virginia tort claimants
could obtain from North River in the West Virginia Actions is declaratory relief --
as opposed to money damages. Thus, absent an assignment, the tort claimants
would have to litigate on their own (and at their own expense) against North River.
Accordingly, North River reasons that if the tort claimants had to undertake the
burden and expense of litigating the declaratory judgment claims without MSA’s
involvement, and then, if successful, pursue North River for money damages, the
flow of such claims would be reduced to a trickle. Although North River’s
arguments are logical and perhaps even compelling, they lack a sufficient
evidentiary foundation in the record before us.62 Accordingly, North River has not
62
For example, when asked what the utility of an injunction would be given that the West
Virginia courts could issue rulings in the pending West Virginia Actions (which North River no
longer seeks to enjoin), North River responded that an injunction against future MSA
assignments could potentially have an effect with respect to the other twelve policies at issue in
Delaware. North River also suggested that an injunction preventing further assignments might
be useful in Kentucky where there is no independent right allowing tort claimants to sue insurers
directly. Yet, the record on these points is not sufficiently developed to affect our analysis.
26
demonstrated that the Court of Chancery abused its discretion in concluding that
North River faces the risk of inconsistent judgments and that an injunction would
not shield North River from that risk.
E. The “Complete Relief” Argument
Turning to the merits of North River’s second argument -- that the Court of
Chancery erred in denying permanent injunctive relief because it would be futile or
“useless” -- North River relies heavily upon the Court of Chancery’s decision in In
re Del Monte Foods Co. Shareholders Litigation.63 In that case, the Court of
Chancery granted plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction even though it
found that the requested injunction “[did] not perfectly remedy the
harm . . . caused, but it does go part of the way.” 64 North River argues,
accordingly, that a remedy need not be completely efficacious in counteracting
harm in order to avoid being deemed “useless.” According to North River, the
Court of Chancery’s determination that an injunction against MSA’s prospective
assignment to tort claimants of its rights under the insurance policies was useless
constituted reversible error because it overlooked the benefits to be derived from
such an injunction -- i.e., that MSA’s alleged “gamesmanship” in attempting to
subvert the jurisdiction of the Delaware Superior Court would be reduced.
63
In re Del Monte Foods Co. S’holders Litig., 25 A.3d 813 (Del. Ch. 2011).
64
Id. at 839.
27
First, the Court of Chancery observed that a permanent injunction is an
extraordinary form of relief. The standards for permanent injunctive relief are
well-known and are more rigorous than the standard for preliminary injunctive
relief as applied in Del Monte. 65 When a plaintiff seeks a permanent rather than
preliminary injunction, he must demonstrate “actual, rather than probable success
on the merits.”66
Second, the Vice Chancellor was correct that, generally, equity will not do a
“useless thing.” For example, in Walker v. Lamb, this Court found that the Court
of Chancery properly dismissed an action for a mandatory injunction where
petitioner sought the return of photographs taken of and fingerprints taken from the
petitioner during a criminal investigation. 67 This Court found that the issue was
“academic because the appellant has been indicted and the State unquestionably
may take the fingerprint record and photographs anew.” 68 Because the remedy
65
To establish entitlement to permanent injunctive relief, a plaintiff must demonstrate: “(i)
actual success on the merits; (ii) irreparable harm will be suffered if injunctive relief is not
granted; and (iii) the harm that will result from a failure to enjoin the actions that threaten
plaintiff outweighs the harm that will befall the defendant if an injunction is granted. Sierra
Club v. Del. Dept. of Nat’l Res.& Envtl. Control, 2006 WL 1716913, at *3 (Del. Ch. Jun. 19,
2006) (citing Korn v. New Castle County, 2005 WL 2266590, at * 14 (Del. Ch. Sept. 27, 2005)),
aff’d, 919 A.2d 547 (Del. 2007).
66
Draper Comm’ns, Inc. v. Del. Valley Broadcasters Ltd. P’ship, 505 A.2d 1283, 1288 (Del. Ch.
1985); Quest Commc’ns Int’l Inc. v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 821 A.2d 323, 237-
28 (Del. Ch. 2002); Copi of Del., Inc. v. Kelly, 1996 WL 633302, at *4-5 (Del. Ch. Oct. 25,
1996) (requiring actual success on the merits), aff’d sub nom. Smart Bus. Sys., Inc. v. Copi of
Del. Inc., 1998 WL 112523 (Del. Jan. 23, 1998).
67
Walker v. Lamb, 259 A.2d 663, 663 (Del. 1969) aff’g 254 A.2d 265 (Del. Ch. 1969).
68
Id.
28
sought would be useless, and because “[e]quity will not do a useless thing,” this
Court affirmed the judgment of the Court of Chancery. 69
Also illustrative of this principle is New Castle County v. Peterson. 70 In that
case, New Castle County and its County Executive filed an action in the Court of
Chancery seeking an injunction compelling the County Council to meet and adopt
an operating budget on or before July 1, 1987.71 Because the Council could not
“be judicially coerced to agree upon a particular budget,” and because there was no
guarantee that the County Executive would approve a budget to which the Council
had agreed, the Court of Chancery denied the request for injunctive relief, stating
that “[a]n injunction should not be granted where it would be ineffective to achieve
its desire result.” 72
Here, the Court of Chancery correctly determined that, under West Virginia
law, tort plaintiffs have the right, independent of any assignment, to bring a
declaratory judgment suit against North River.73 Much like in Walker and
Peterson, the Court of Chancery could not, via an injunction, completely remedy
the harm sought to be avoided -- namely, the risk of inconsistent judgments in the
69
Id.
70
New Castle County v. Peterson, 1987 WL 13099 (Del. Ch. Jun. 30, 1987).
71
Id. at *1.
72
Id. at *3.
73
N. River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2013).
29
Delaware and West Virginia Actions. As in Peterson, where the court could not
force the New Castle County Council to vote on and adopt a budget, the Court of
Chancery could not prevent the underlying West Virginia tort claimants from
bringing claims against North River in West Virginia.
North River is correct that there is no per se requirement that an injunction
must provide complete relief. But although we might have ruled differently under
a less deferential standard of review, and with the benefit of a more robust record
on certain issues raised later in the proceedings, 74 we decline to find that the Court
of Chancery abused its discretion in balancing the overall equities and in denying
North River’s request for the extraordinary remedy of permanent injunctive relief.
This is a close case, as we believe that there is some merit to North River’s
contention that MSA has acted inequitably. MSA initiated litigation in three
different forums: Pennsylvania, Delaware and West Virginia. It filed the
Delaware Action after initiating litigation in Pennsylvania. Apparently not
satisfied with the Delaware Superior Court’s deference to the Pennsylvania courts
on the key substantive issues, MSA involved a third forum -- West Virginia. The
issues raised in MSA’s cross-claims in West Virginia are the same issues that are
74
At oral argument, North River explained aspects of MSA’s conduct, including details
regarding its settlements reached in the West Virginia tort litigations, in a way that it did not do
so below. The Court of Chancery thus did not have a fair opportunity to consider these claims.
Because certain arguments were not fairly presented below, they do not form a proper basis to
find fault with the Court of Chancery, which carefully addressed the record that was presented to
it.
30
governed by Pennsylvania law and that are the subject of the Pennsylvania
Actions. The pendency of the Pennsylvania Actions was the basis for the
Delaware court’s initial decision to stay the Delaware Action. Indeed, at oral
argument, MSA’s counsel even stated that if the West Virginia court ruled in its
favor before any decision by the Pennsylvania courts, it would likely seek to use
the West Virginia judgment offensively in the Pennsylvania Actions.
Thus, MSA’s invocation of multiple state and federal courts in its attempt to
resolve its coverage issues is not conduct this Court wishes to sanction. Initiating
multiple actions in different fora inevitably results in duplication of effort and the
compounding of litigation expenses -- not to mention the inefficient use of judicial
resources. The inefficiencies inherent in multi-forum litigation have been the
subject of much discussion by courts and commentators, most notably in the
context of litigation challenging corporate transactions. 75 As in the corporate
75
In the corporate context, for example, much of the discussion has centered on ways in which
corporations have responded to multi-forum litigation, such as the adoption of forum-relation
charter or bylaw provisions. See, e.g., City of Providence v. First Citizens BancShares, Inc., 99
A.3d 229, 239 (Del. Ch. 2014) (“The whole point of adopting the Forum Selection Bylaw was to
solve the issue of multi-forum litigation such that this Court (and courts in other jurisdictions)
would not need to divine the appropriate forum.”); Boilermakers Local 154 Ret. Fund v. Chevrin
Corp., 73 A.3d 934, 944 (Del. Ch. 2013) (noting that over 250 publicly traded corporations have
adopted forum selection bylaws); E. Micheletti & J. Parker, Multi-Jurisdictional Litigation:
Who Caused This Problem, and Can It Be Fixed? 37 Del. J. Corp. L., 1 (2012); Frederick H.
Alexander & Daniel D. Matthews, The Multi-Jurisdictional Stockholder Litigation problem and
the Forum Selection Solution, 26 Corp. Couns. Wkly. 19 (May 11, 2011); Joseph Grundfest &
Kristen Amy Savelle, The Brouhaha Over Intra-Corporate Forum Selection Provisions: A
Legal, Economic, and Political Analysis, 68 Bus. Law. 235 (2013); Mark Lebovitch, Jerry Silk,
& Jeremy Friedman, Making Order Out of Chaos: A Proposal to Improve Organizations and
31
transactional context, the inefficiencies and potential waste of judicial resources is
similarly present here. Further, MSA could hardly complain if, as a result of an
injunction, it were forced to litigate the coverage issues in one of its two earlier-
chosen fora.76
But the inefficiencies caused by MSA’s multiple filings in various courts do
not mean that under the peculiar facts of this case the balance of equities
automatically tips against MSA -- especially where important principles of comity
are at stake and where the parties in the various proceedings are not “mirror
images” of each other. 77
Sensitive to the principles of comity at stake here, the Court of Chancery
was correct in being cautious about exercising its injunctive powers. The West
Coordination in Multi-Jurisdictional Merger-Related Litigation (Dec. 1, 2011), available at
http://www.blbglaw.com/misc_files/MakingOrderoutofChaos.
76
This observation is supported, for example, by the cases holding that a party would not suffer
harm by being forced to litigate according to a forum selection provision to which it voluntarily
agreed. See, e.g., Carlyle Inv. Mgmt. L.L.C. v. Nat’l Indus. Gp., 2012 WL 4847089, at *11 (Del.
Ch. Oct. 11, 2012) (noting that “[t]here is nothing unreasonable about enforcing the forum
selection clause against [the resisting party], because any harm it has suffered is entirely self-
inflicted”), aff’d, 67 A.3d 373 (Del. 2013).
77
North River’s own conduct may have contributed to a perception that it would not be
irreparably harmed by continued prosecution of cases in Delaware and West Virginia. For
example, North River asked the Superior Court to lift the stay partially for Policy JU 1319 to
participate in certain proceedings, and it appears to have agreed to various schedules for
litigating the West Virginia Actions. See, e.g., Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No.
10-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4, 2013) (the Circuit Court, in denying North River’s
motions to dismiss and/or stay stated that, “North River agreed to the case management order
and trial dates and will not suffer a substantial injustice in having to litigate the cases.”).
However, the horse may have been out of the barn as to the West Virginia Actions, particularly
after denial of three motions to dismiss and/or stay these actions. North River understandably no
longer seeks injunctive relief as to them.
32
Virginia courts repeatedly articulated in their related proceedings the important
public policies that impact its citizens. For example, in its decision denying North
River’s motion to dismiss or stay, the Circuit Court stated that “the State of West
Virginia has a strong interest in seeing the cases handled here because the plaintiffs
are West Virginia citizens, the underlying injuries and deaths occurred in West
Virginia, and the controversies arose in West Virginia.”78 The Supreme Court of
Appeals echoed these concerns.79
In addition to notions of fairness and comity, Delaware courts consider other
factors in deciding whether to exercise discretion to enjoin the prosecution of
litigation in another forum. 80 Generally, Delaware courts will not enjoin parties
from prosecuting litigation in another jurisdiction unless the court can exercise
personal jurisdiction over all of the parties having an interest in the controversy. 81
The West Virginia courts determined -- and North River conceded during the
proceedings below -- that the Delaware Superior Court has no jurisdiction over the
78
Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4,
2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A686).
79
We take comfort in the fact that the West Virginia courts share our sensitivity to the risk of
potentially inconsistent rulings. For example, the Supreme Court of Appeals stated that “the
[West Virginia] circuit court acknowledged these [out-of-state] rulings may impact the rights of
the [West Virginia] plaintiffs and stated that it would give whatever deference is due while
handling this litigation.” Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 117.
80
See Wolfe & Pittenger, supra note 56, § 5.03, at 5-54.
81
Pauley Petroleum Inc. v. Cont’l Oil Co., 239 A.2d 629, 634 (Del. Ch. 1968).
33
West Virginia tort claimants. 82 The West Virginia Circuit Court found that “[t]he
fact that plaintiffs accepted assignment of insurance proceeds from MSA does not
subject the plaintiffs to the rulings made by these out-of-state courts; rather,
plaintiffs are free to seek to enforce their contractual assignment rights in West
Virginia, the state in which they reside.” 83 The Supreme Court of Appeals
agreed.84 Thus, West Virginia courts, at least, have not been persuaded that the
Pennsylvania and Delaware courts are the appropriate courts to address the rights
of the West Virginia tort claimants.85
82
See Chafin, 758 S.E.2d at 116; N. River Ins. Co.’s Br. Support Mot. J. Pleadings at 30, N.
River Ins. Co. v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 8456-VCG, 2013 WL 6713229 (Del. Ch.
Dec. 20, 2013); Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir.
Ct. Sept. 4, 2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A684); App. to Appellee’s Answering Br.
at B81. The Court of Chancery also concluded that it had no jurisdiction over the West Virginia
tort plaintiffs.
83
Lambert v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-69, 11-C-45 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4,
2013) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A684). We recognize that North River disputes this
conclusion as to the existing actions involving assignments. North River argues that tort
claimants/assignees step into the shoes of MSA and would be subject to rulings by the Delaware
and Pennsylvania courts. The West Virginia courts have expressed a contrary view. We need
not resolve that issue in view of the fact that tort claimants in West Virginia may proceed against
North River without assignments.
84
Chafin, 758 S.E.2d 109 (W. Va. 2014) (App. to Appellee’s Answering Br. at B103, B105).
85
Hr’g Tr. at 29, Moore v. Mine Safety Appliances Co., C.A. No. 10-C-35 (W. Va. Cir. Ct. Mar.
20, 2013) (denying North River’s Motion to Stay and its Motion for Dismissal in the Moore
action) (App. to Appellant’s Opening Br. at A659); Lambert, C.A. Nos. 11-C-69, 11-C-45 (W.
Va. Cir. Ct. Sept. 4, 2013) (denying the same in the consolidated Lambert and Persinger action)
(App. to Appellant’s Opening Br at A681). Moreover, the West Virginia courts have stated that
the other state courts are not in a position to determine whether the settlement agreements are
enforceable. Thus, there likely is not complete “mirror image” symmetry of the issues in the
various proceedings.
34
The reluctance to interfere with the prosecution of a lawsuit in another
jurisdiction when the Delaware courts do not have jurisdiction over all of the
parties was articulated in Peyton v. William C. Peyton Corporation 86 as follows:
It is true that where a court of equity has jurisdiction of the
parties and the subject matter of a suit, it will prevent the
defendant from removing the controversy to another
jurisdiction through the device of a suit later instituted in such
other jurisdiction . . . . But where the courts of the forum in
which the first suit was inaugurated are, by reason of the
absence of jurisdiction over all the parties in interest, powerless
to render a decree that finally and completely concludes the
matter in controversy, an injunction ought not to issue against
the bringing of suits elsewhere if the effect of such injunction
would be to interfere with an attempt by the defendant to bring
the matter to a head before some other court where all the
parties could be served and their respective claims conclusively
determined.87
Thus, even though an injunction against further assignments might have
some utility in slowing the flow of new litigation, given the lack of compete
symmetry in the various proceedings, North River has not persuaded us that the
Court of Chancery erred. Accordingly, the Court of Chancery did not abuse its
discretion in declining to enjoin the pursuit of the claims against North River in
separate jurisdictions, particularly where here, principles of federalism require
considerations of comity between dual sovereign states. 88
86
187 A. 849 (Del. Ch. 1936).
87
Id. at 851-52.
88
Compare Box v. Box, 697 A.2d 395, 398-99 (Del. 1997) (“Generally, it is a proper exercise of
the Court of Chancery’s discretion to permit parties simultaneously to pursue ‘non-mirror image’
35
F. MSA’s Ability to Settle
We turn next to North River’s third contention -- that the Court of Chancery
abused its discretion in determining that an injunction against MSA’s assignment
of rights would impede MSA’s ability to settle cases with tort claimants. The
parties agree that we review this aspect of the Court of Chancery’s ruling for an
abuse of discretion.
This argument turns, to a certain extent, on the mechanics of MSA’s
settlements with the tort claimants -- a subject that was only briefly addressed in
the parties’ submissions. In response to questions at oral argument, MSA
explained that MSA’s assignments are not “blanket assignments.” Rather, MSA
settles with the tort plaintiffs for a settlement amount, part of which consists of
cash paid up-front by MSA (the “Cash Amount”). MSA then assigns rights to that
plaintiff to seek recovery of the capped remainder portion of the total settlement
amount (the “Assignment Amount”). Thus, the total settlement amount equals the
Cash Amount plus any potential Assignment Amount the tort claimant may
claims for relief in separate jurisdictions”); Air Prods. & Chems., Inc. v. Lummus Co., 235 A.2d
274, 277 (Del. Ch. 1967) (“[I]njunctive power should not be exercised in a situation (not claimed
to be present here) in which, because of a lack of jurisdiction over all of the parties in interest,
the Delaware Court is powerless to render a decree finally and completely disposing of the
matters in controversy.”), with Williams Nat’l Gas Co. v. BHP Petroleum Co., Inc., 1990 WL
38329 (Del. Mar. 12, 1990) (reversing the Court of Chancery’s refusal to enjoin a later-filed,
“mirror-image” Texas action where “the Texas action and this action involve identical parties
and issues.”); Household Int’l, Inc. v. Eljer Indus., Inc., 1995 WL 405741, at *1 (Del. Ch.
June 19, 1995) (enjoining a later-filed Texas action where “[t]here are no additional parties or
significant legal issues in either of these suits. They are in effect the same suit in two
jurisdictions.”).
36
recover in future litigation against North River. For example, a tort claimant might
settle with MSA for a total settlement amount, including a Cash Amount, on a
policy where the total coverage greatly exceeds the settlement amount. MSA
argued that if it were not allowed to participate in the litigation against North River
following the settlement and assignment of its rights, its interests could be
adversely affected because West Virginia courts could make rulings as to the
Assignment Amount, which could adversely affect MSA’s rights as to the
remaining portions of the policy not affected by the settlement.
The impact of an injunction on MSA under these circumstances is far from
clear. For example, at argument, MSA took no definitive position as to whether a
judgment by a West Virginia court in such a scenario could be used in a preclusive
fashion against MSA elsewhere if MSA were not a party participating in a West
Virginia proceeding by a tort claimant against North River. If such a judgment
were not entitled to preclusive effect, then MSA’s argument that it would be
harmed by an injunction against further assignments would be undermined.
Because the record is both scant and inconclusive on these points, we decline to
find error in the Vice Chancellor’s conclusion that an injunction would impair
MSA’s ability to defend its rights relating to the North River policies. Nor do we
find error in the Vice Chancellor’s conclusion that an injunction would hamper
MSA’s ability to settle cases with the tort claimants. Although the record shows
37
that MSA has settled cases without assigning its rights, MSA’s assignments have
facilitated settlement in the West Virginia Actions described above. On this
record, we decline to find an abuse of discretion.
In sum, the record below compels us to conclude that the judgment below
was directed by conscience and reason, and was neither arbitrary nor capricious.
Our conclusion rests firmly on the proposition that the power to enjoin prosecution
of litigation in a foreign jurisdiction is discretionary, and should be exercised
cautiously giving due regard to the equities of the case at hand, and considerations
of comity as well as fairness and efficiency. Considering all of the factors set forth
above, we find that the Court of Chancery did not abuse its discretion.
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, the order of the Court of Chancery is
AFFIRMED.
38