Filed 11/12/14 P. v. Whitmer CA3
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
(Yuba)
----
THE PEOPLE, C073617
Plaintiff and Respondent, (Super. Ct. No. CRF12623)
v.
BRAD ALLEN WHITMER,
Defendant and Appellant.
A jury found defendant Brad Allen Whitmer guilty of evading a police officer,
unlawful driving or taking of a vehicle, and resisting a peace officer.1 The trial court
sentenced him to nine years and four months in prison. On appeal, defendant contends
1 He was found not guilty of possessing burglary tools.
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the trial court erred in denying his Faretta2 motion and also erred in denying him the
right to renew the motion. We disagree and affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On October 31, 2012, the Yuba County District Attorney’s Office charged
defendant with felony evading a police officer, unlawful driving or taking of a vehicle,
and resisting a peace officer. A week later, on November 7, 2012, the trial court held a
Marsden3 hearing. At the hearing, defendant asked the court to find him another attorney
who would work with him and be respectful. Defendant felt that his attorney did not
have “[his] best interests at hand to represent [him].” When the court declined to assign
defendant another attorney, defendant stated, “Oh, my God” and told the court that he
would represent himself. The court admonished defendant, “you need to let the lawyer
represent you,” to which defendant replied, “I don’t want him representing me. [¶] I’ll
represent myself.” The following exchange then occurred:
“THE COURT: Don’t listen to the folks in the jail --
“THE DEFENDANT: I’ll represent myself.
“THE COURT: -- because, obviously, somebody gave you bad advice.
“THE DEFENDANT: I’m giving myself advice. I don’t want him representing
me --
“THE COURT: Mr. Whitmer --
“THE DEFENDANT: -- period.
“THE COURT: -- they tell us in law school not to represent ourselves, even if we
get accused of a crime, because a lawyer who represents themselves has a fool for a
client. So if that --
“THE DEFENDANT: I’ll be my own client.
2 Faretta v. California (1975) 422 U.S. 806 [45 L.Ed.2d 562].
3 People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118.
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“THE COURT: -- is what they tell lawyers, you might want to think a little bit
further about it, Mr. Whitmer.”
Just after the hearing concluded, defendant asked the court if he “could say
something.” The trial court responded, “Not right now,” and directed defendant to speak
with his attorney out of the court’s presence because he had a right not to incriminate
himself.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred in denying his Faretta motion
because his request to represent himself was unequivocal. He also contends the court
erred in denying him the right to renew the motion.
We need not decide whether defendant’s request to represent himself was
unequivocal because such a request must also not be the product of annoyance or
frustration (People v. Watts (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 621, 629), and here defendant’s
immediate outburst at the denial of his Marsden motion shows his request for self-
representation was only a product of his annoyance and frustration. Moreover, we
conclude defendant was not prevented from renewing his Faretta motion.
A defendant in a criminal case possesses two constitutional rights with respect to
representation that are mutually exclusive. A defendant has the right to be represented by
counsel at all critical stages of a criminal prosecution. (United States v. Wade (1967) 388
U.S. 218, 223-227 [18 L.Ed.2d 1149, 1155-1157].) At the same time, a defendant
possesses the right to represent himself because the Sixth Amendment grants to the
accused personally the right to present a defense. (Faretta v. California, supra, 422 U.S.
at p. 819 [45 L.Ed.2d at p. 572].)
A court should draw every reasonable inference against supposing that a defendant
wishes to waive the right to counsel. (People v. Marshall (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1, 23.) Thus,
to invoke the right of self-representation, a defendant must make an unequivocal
assertion of that right within a reasonable time prior to trial. (Faretta v. California,
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supra, 422 U.S. at pp. 835-836 [45 L.Ed.2d at pp. 581-582].) The assertion of that right
must also not be an ill-considered decision that is a function of annoyance or frustration.
(People v. Watts, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 629.) For example, in Jackson v. Ylst
(1990) 921 F.2d 882, the court stated as follows: “Jackson’s emotional response when
disappointed by the trial court’s denial of his motion for substitute counsel did not
demonstrate to a reasonable certainty that he in fact wished to represent himself.” (Id. at
p. 889.)
A motion for self-representation made in passing anger or frustration, an
ambivalent motion, or one made for the purpose of delay or to frustrate the orderly
administration of justice may be denied. (People v. Marshall, supra, 15 Cal.4th at p. 23.)
Thus, the immediacy of a Faretta motion after the trial court denies a Marsden motion
suggests that the defendant wanted only to rid himself of appointed counsel, not actually
represent himself. (People v. Scott (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 1197, 1205.)
In determining on appeal whether the defendant invoked the right to self-
representation, we examine the entire record de novo. (People v. Dent (2003) 30 Cal.4th
213, 218.) More importantly, so long as the decision under review is correct on any
ground appearing in the record, the reviewing court may affirm even if the lower court
followed an erroneous path of reasoning. (People v. Castagne (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th
727, 734.)
Defendant contends the trial court improperly denied his Faretta motion based
solely on the often cited adage, “a lawyer who represents themselves has a fool for a
client.” We need not decide whether this reasoning was an error because so long as the
decision under review is correct on any ground, we may affirm. (People v. Castagne,
supra, 166 Cal.App.4th at p. 734.) Here, we conclude the denial of defendant’s Faretta
motion was correct because his request was an ill-considered decision that was a function
of annoyance and frustration.
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Defendant contends his request to represent himself was unequivocal because he
was adamant that he would represent himself; however, the timing of defendant’s request
and his comments evidence his primary concern was getting new appointed counsel
rather than exercising his right to represent himself, and the record supports the
conclusion that defendant sought to represent himself only because he was upset and
frustrated at the court’s refusal to appoint another attorney to represent him. During the
Marsden hearing, defendant asked the court to find him another attorney who would
work with him and be respectful because defendant felt his attorney did not have “[his]
best interests at hand to represent [him].” Then when the court denied his request for
new counsel, defendant responded, “Oh, my God,” and immediately asked to represent
himself. Analogous to Jackson’s emotional response, “What good is [appointed trial
counsel] doing for me now? I want to fight in pro per then” (Jackson v. Ylst, supra, 921
F.2d at p. 889), defendant’s comment makes clear his frustration with appointed counsel
rather than a well-considered decision to forgo his constitutional right to counsel.
The exchange here is analogous to that in Scott, where our Supreme Court noted
that the defendant’s Faretta motion made immediately after the trial court denied his
Marsden motion suggested that the defendant wanted only to rid himself of appointed
counsel. (People v. Scott, supra, 91 Cal.App.4th at p. 1205.) Here, the timing of
defendant’s Faretta motion shows defendant’s focus was on new appointed counsel
rather than waiver of his right to counsel altogether. Defendant’s opening brief highlights
that his Faretta motion was made at only the second hearing in his case and well before
the case was set for trial; and yet, the fact that defendant raised the issue of self-
representation immediately after denial of his Marsden motion and then never raised the
issue again until appeal supports our conclusion that the request to represent himself was
a product of passing frustration rather than of deliberation. Under these circumstances,
the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion to represent himself.
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Defendant contends he was prevented from renewing his Faretta motion. He
argues that after the court denied his Marsden and Faretta motions, he asked if he could
speak so that he could renew his Faretta motion, but the court denied his request.
Defendant then argues that any further attempts to renew a Faretta motion were clearly
futile because the court would not allow him to speak.
We reject defendant’s argument because the record shows neither: (1) that
defendant intended to renew his Faretta motion; nor (2) that any further attempt to renew
his Faretta motion would have been futile. After the hearing concluded, defendant asked
the court if he could “say something.” Without more, defendant’s question does not
alone support the conclusion that he renewed or tried to renew his Faretta motion.
Likewise, defendant proffers no support for his conclusion that any further
attempts to renew his Faretta motion would have been “clearly futile.” The trial court’s
response, “Not right now,” suggests that defendant would have an opportunity to speak
another time. Defendant extrapolates from the court’s direction to speak with appointed
counsel that the court explicitly denied his renewed Faretta motion. The record does not
support this extrapolation.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
ROBIE , Acting P. J.
We concur:
BUTZ , J.
HOCH , J.
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