J-A28010-14
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Appellee
v.
DONTE MCCALLISTER
Appellant No. 2739 EDA 2013
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence May 23, 2013
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0016107-2009
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., WECHT, J., and JENKINS, J.
MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.: FILED NOVEMBER 14, 2014
Appellant, Donte McCallister, appeals from the judgment of sentence
entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury
trial convictions for four (4) counts of robbery and one (1) count each of
conspiracy to commit robbery, firearms not to be carried without a license,
carrying firearms on public streets or public property in Philadelphia, and
possessing instruments of crime.1 We affirm.
In its opinion, the trial court fully sets forth the relevant facts and
procedural history of this case. Therefore, we have no reason to restate
them.
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1
18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3701(a)(1)(ii), (iv), 903, 6106, 6108, and 907,
respectively.
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Appellant raises the following issues for our review:
WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY
GRANTING THE COMMONWEALTH’S CHALLENGE FOR
CAUSE AS TO [JUROR #1]?
WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN VIOLATION OF
THE UNITED STATES AND PENNSYLVANIA
CONSTITUTIONS BY DENYING APPELLANT’S OBJECTION
TO THE COMMONWEALTH’S PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE TO
[JUROR #34] ON GROUNDS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
PURSUANT TO BATSON V. KENTUCKY?[2]
(Appellant’s Brief at 2).
In his first issue, Appellant argues Juror #1’s conduct and answers to
the trial court’s questions during voir dire in no way demonstrated a
likelihood of prejudice, because Juror #1 confirmed she could be a fair and
impartial juror despite her belief that the criminal justice system treated her
cousin unfairly in a prior case. Appellant asserts nothing in the record or in
the trial court’s opinion suggests any reason to doubt the credibility of Juror
#1. Appellant also disputes the Commonwealth’s other justification of its
challenge for cause, namely, that Juror #1 had witnessed someone steal her
cousin’s Buick LeSabre approximately twenty years earlier—the same type of
car Appellant and his cohorts used in this case. Appellant claims this fact is
meaningless. Appellant concludes the court palpably abused its discretion
when it granted the Commonwealth’s challenge to Juror #1 for cause. We
disagree.
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2
476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986).
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“The decision whether to disqualify a juror is within the sound
discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed in the absence of a
palpable abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Stevens, 559 Pa. 171,
197, 739 A.2d 507, 521 (1999). “A challenge for cause to service by a
prospective juror should be sustained and that juror excused where that
juror demonstrates through his conduct and answers a likelihood of
prejudice.” Commonwealth v. Ingber, 516 Pa. 2, 7, 531 A.2d 1101, 1103
(1987). “The trial court makes that determination based on the prospective
juror’s answers to questions and demeanor.” Stevens, supra at 197, 739
A.2d at 521.
The challenge of a juror for cause is addressed to the trial
judge, and much weight must be given to his judgment in
passing upon it. In exercising his discretion as to the
fitness of a juror to serve, he has the juror before him, and
much latitude must be left to him; and the weight to be
given to the answers of a juror when examined on his voir
dire is not to be determined exclusively by his words as we
read them in the printed record. They are first to be
weighed by the trial judge who sees and hears the juror,
and, in the exercise of a wide discretion, may conclude
that he is not competent to enter the jury box for the
purpose of rendering an impartial verdict, notwithstanding
his words to the contrary….
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 581 Pa. 154, 204, 864 A.2d 460, 490
(2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 983, 126 S.Ct. 559, 163 L.Ed.2d 470 (2005)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Sushinskie, 242 Pa. 406, 413, 89 A. 564, 565
(1913)). “[A] finding regarding a [venireperson’s] impartiality ‘is based
upon determinations of demeanor and credibility that are peculiarly within a
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trial judge’s province…. The trial judge is of course applying some kind of
legal standard to what he sees and hears, but his predominant function in
determining juror bias involves credibility findings whose basis cannot be
easily discerned from an appellate record.” Commonwealth v. Smith, 518
Pa. 15, 37, 540 A.2d 246, 256 (1988) (quoting Wainwright v. Witt, 469
U.S. 412, 424-26, 105 S.Ct. 844, 852-53, 83 L.Ed.2d 841, ___ (1985)). “A
juror’s bias need not be proven with unmistakable clarity.”
Commonwealth v. Carson, 590 Pa. 501, 573, 913 A.2d 220, 262 (2006),
cert. denied, 552 U.S. 954, 128 S.Ct. 384, 169 L.Ed.2d 270 (2007).
Additionally: “[T]he purpose of the voir dire examination is to provide
an opportunity to counsel to assess the qualifications of prospective jurors to
serve.” Ingber, supra at 6, 531 A.2d 1103 (quoting Commonwealth v.
Drew, 500 Pa. 585, 588, 459 A.2d 318, 320 (1983)).
It is therefore appropriate to use such an examination to
disclose fixed opinions or to expose other reasons for
disqualification. Thus the inquiry must be directed at
ascertaining whether the venireperson is competent and
capable of rendering a fair, impartial and unbiased verdict.
The law also recognizes that prospective jurors were not
cultivated in hermetically sealed environments free of all
beliefs, conceptions and views. The question relevant to a
determination of qualification is whether any biases or
prejudices can be put aside upon the proper instruction of
the court.
Ingber, supra at 6-7, 531 A.2d 1103 (quoting Drew, supra at 588, 459
A.2d at 320) (internal citations omitted).
Instantly, Juror #1 indicated on her jury questionnaire that she or
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someone close to her had been charged with a crime. The trial court
questioned Juror #1 as follows.
[THE COURT]: Can you tell us who that is?
[JUROR #1]: I had a cousin last year.
[THE COURT]: Different cousin?
[JUROR #1]: Yes. And he was, we were in
courtroom 805 for a drug charge.
* * *
[THE COURT]: So you attended the court
proceedings?
[JUROR #1]: Yes.
[THE COURT]: Was he convicted?
[JUROR #1]: Yes.
[THE COURT]: Do you feel that he was treated fairly
by the system?
[JUROR #1]: No.
[THE COURT]: Do you think the fact that you believe
he was not treated fairly, do you think
that would interfere with your ability
to be fair and impartial?
[JUROR #1]: No.
[THE COURT]: What do you think was not fair about
it?
[JUROR #1]: I don’t think all the evidence was
there and it was a lot of going back
and forth and continuances, and it
just shows that things were not
together.
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(See N.T. Voir Dire, 3/6/13, at 24-25.) Juror #1 also indicated (1) she had
a cousin who was murdered in 2005 or 2006; (2) she witnessed someone
steal her cousin’s Buick LeSabre in 1990; and (3) her father served as both
a police officer and a correctional officer. Juror #1 stated that none of these
facts would interfere with her ability to be fair and impartial in Appellant’s
case.
Immediately after the court’s examination of Juror #1, the
Commonwealth moved to strike Juror #1 for cause for the following reasons:
Your Honor, challenge for cause for a few reasons. [Juror
#1] indicated in her cousin’s trial he was treated unfairly.
While she does say[] that she can…still be fair with regards
to that, we can’t take that on face value.
And beyond that, Your Honor, she indicates that part of
that problem is the case went back and forth and
continuances and was around for a long time. This case
has been around since 2009, but she will not know that.
Further, Your Honor, the actual car, if I’m not mistaken, in
this case is a Buick LeSabre. So I think that is an issue…in
and of itself as far as commonality of the car.
Id. at 28.
Juror #1’s perception that her cousin was treated unfairly by the
criminal justice system in a recent case gave the court reason to believe she
would be biased against the Commonwealth. Thus, the record supports the
court’s decision to grant the Commonwealth’s challenge for cause as to Juror
#1. See Stevens, supra. Although Juror #1 said her cousin’s experience
would not interfere with her ability to be fair and impartial in Appellant’s
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case, this statement was not dispositive.3 See Robinson, supra. The court
found a likelihood of prejudice based on its direct observation of Juror #1’s
answers and demeanor. We see no reason to disturb the court’s credibility
determination. See Stevens, supra; Smith, supra.
In his second issue, Appellant argues that the court implicitly found
Appellant had established a prima facie case that the prosecutor had struck
Juror #34 on account of race because the court directed the Commonwealth
to respond to defense counsel’s stated grounds for the Batson claim.
Appellant asserts the court subsequently failed to evaluate the prosecutor’s
race-neutral explanation for striking Juror #34 and inconsistently stated
Appellant had failed to make out a prima facie case of racial discrimination.
Appellant contends the court misapplied the three-prong test when it
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3
In its Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion, the trial court mistakenly stated that Juror
#1 said she could not be fair and impartial because of her belief that her
cousin received unfair treatment. Nevertheless, Appellant makes no
argument that the court misunderstood Juror #1’s answer at the time of
initial questioning. Moreover, the voir dire transcript confirms that when the
court made its ruling on the challenge for cause, the court was in fact aware
that Juror #1 stated she could be fair and impartial. After Juror #1
indicated her cousin’s experience would not affect her jury service, the court
continued to question her regarding other answers in her questionnaire. At
the close of the examination, the court again asked, “Is there any reason
why you would not be fair and impartial in this case?” Juror #1 responded,
“No.” (N.T. Voir Dire, 3/6/13, at 27). The court was reminded of Juror #1’s
affirmation that she would be fair and impartial yet again when the
prosecutor stated, “While [Juror #1] does say[] that she can…still be fair
with regards to that, we can’t take that on face value.” Id. at 28. The court
then granted the challenge “based on [the prosecutor’s] argument.” Id. at
29. Thus, absent more, the court’s misstatement in its Rule 1925(a) opinion
does not cause us to change our analysis.
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evaluated Appellant’s Batson claim and failed to make the requisite findings
of fact and conclusions of law. Appellant further disputes the legitimacy of
the prosecutor’s stated justification for striking Juror #34, namely, the
prosecutor’s belief that another venireperson, described as a “South
Philadelphia union organizer,” would be more sympathetic to the
Commonwealth’s cause. Appellant suggests this justification is
discriminatory because it is based on a belief that a “white labor leader is
going to be more favorable to the Commonwealth than an African-
American.” (Appellant’s Brief at 34). Appellant claims the prosecutor had
already used peremptory challenges on three other black venirepersons.
According to Appellant, the reasons given for two of these strikes were
highly questionable, as there was no reason to doubt the ability of these
prospective jurors to be fair and impartial. Appellant concludes the trial
court improperly rejected his Batson claim, and this Court must award a
new trial. We disagree.
“An appellate court will reverse a trial court’s finding of no
discrimination in the jury selection process only if that finding is clearly
erroneous.” Commonwealth v. Burns, 765 A.2d 1144, 1147 (Pa.Super.
2000), appeal denied, 566 Pa. 657, 782 A.2d 542 (2001). “The trial judge
has before him…the entire venire and is well situated to detect whether a
challenge to the seating of one juror is part of a pattern of singling out
members of a single race for peremptory challenges.” Commonwealth v.
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Miller, 721 A.2d 1121, 1124 (Pa.Super. 1998). “Thus, deference to the trial
court’s finding on the issue of discriminatory intent makes particular sense
because the finding largely will turn on an evaluation of credibility.” Id.
The United States Supreme Court in Batson established a three-part
test for evaluating a claim of racial discrimination in the jury selection
process. See Batson, supra. The rationale of Batson, as applied to jury
selection/elimination, requires the following under Pennsylvania law:
To establish…a prima facie case, a defendant must show
that he is of a cognizable racial group, and that the
prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges to remove
from the venire members of the defendant’s race. Second,
the defendant is entitled to rely on the fact…that
peremptory challenges constitute a jury selection practice
that permits those to discriminate who are of a mind to
discriminate. Finally, the defendant must show that these
facts and any other relevant circumstances raise an
inference that the prosecutor used that practice to exclude
venire[persons] for the petit jury on account of their race.
This combination of factors in the empanelling of the petit
jury, as in the selection of the venire, raises the necessary
inference of purposeful discrimination.
Commonwealth v. Hill, 727 A.2d 578, 581-82 (Pa.Super. 1999), appeal
denied, 561 Pa. 653, 747 A.2d 898 (1999) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted) (emphasis in original).
Pennsylvania law further requires the defendant, in
his…prima facie case, to make a record specifically
identifying:
1. the race or gender of all venirepersons in the jury
pools;
2. the race or gender of all venirepersons remaining after
challenges for cause;
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3. the race or gender of those removed by the prosecutor;
and,
4. the race or gender of the jurors who served and the
race or gender of jurors acceptable to the
Commonwealth who were stricken down by the
defense.
Id. at 582. After this record is established, the trial court must consider the
totality of the circumstances to determine whether the defendant has made
a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. Id. The striking of a
number of individuals belonging to some cognizable group, alone, is not
dispositive of a Batson violation. Id.
If the trial court determines the defendant has carried his burden, the
court then asks the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral basis for striking
the jurors at issue. Id. The prosecutor’s explanations need not be
persuasive or even plausible, as long as the explanation is valid on its face.
Miller, supra. “Unless a discriminatory intent is inherent in the prosecutor’s
explanation, the reason offered will be deemed race-neutral.” Id. at 1123
(quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 360, 111 S.Ct. 1859,
1866, 114 L.Ed.2d 395, 406 (1991)). If the prosecutor presents a race-
neutral explanation, the trial court must decide whether the defendant has
proved purposeful racial discrimination. Miller, supra.
Instantly, defense counsel raised a Batson claim when the
Commonwealth used its final peremptory challenge on Juror #34. Defense
counsel asserted the Commonwealth had used three consecutive peremptory
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“The decision whether to disqualify a juror is within the sound
discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed in the absence of a
palpable abuse of discretion.” Commonwealth v. Stevens, 559 Pa. 171,
197, 739 A.2d 507, 521 (1999). “A challenge for cause to service by a
prospective juror should be sustained and that juror excused where that
juror demonstrates through his conduct and answers a likelihood of
prejudice.” Commonwealth v. Ingber, 516 Pa. 2, 7, 531 A.2d 1101, 1103
(1987). “The trial court makes that determination based on the prospective
juror’s answers to questions and demeanor.” Stevens, supra at 197, 739
A.2d at 521.
The challenge of a juror for cause is addressed to the trial
judge, and much weight must be given to his judgment in
passing upon it. In exercising his discretion as to the
fitness of a juror to serve, he has the juror before him, and
much latitude must be left to him; and the weight to be
given to the answers of a juror when examined on his voir
dire is not to be determined exclusively by his words as we
read them in the printed record. They are first to be
weighed by the trial judge who sees and hears the juror,
and, in the exercise of a wide discretion, may conclude
that he is not competent to enter the jury box for the
purpose of rendering an impartial verdict, notwithstanding
his words to the contrary….
Commonwealth v. Robinson, 581 Pa. 154, 204, 864 A.2d 460, 490
(2004), cert. denied, 546 U.S. 983, 126 S.Ct. 559, 163 L.Ed.2d 470 (2005)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Sushinskie, 242 Pa. 406, 413, 89 A. 564, 565
(1913)). “[A] finding regarding a [venireperson’s] impartiality ‘is based
upon determinations of demeanor and credibility that are peculiarly within a
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trial judge’s province…. The trial judge is of course applying some kind of
legal standard to what he sees and hears, but his predominant function in
determining juror bias involves credibility findings whose basis cannot be
easily discerned from an appellate record.” Commonwealth v. Smith, 518
Pa. 15, 37, 540 A.2d 246, 256 (1988) (quoting Wainwright v. Witt, 469
U.S. 412, 424-26, 105 S.Ct. 844, 852-53, 83 L.Ed.2d 841, ___ (1985)). “A
juror’s bias need not be proven with unmistakable clarity.”
Commonwealth v. Carson, 590 Pa. 501, 573, 913 A.2d 220, 262 (2006),
cert. denied, 552 U.S. 954, 128 S.Ct. 384, 169 L.Ed.2d 270 (2007).
Additionally: “[T]he purpose of the voir dire examination is to provide
an opportunity to counsel to assess the qualifications of prospective jurors to
serve.” Ingber, supra at 6, 531 A.2d 1103 (quoting Commonwealth v.
Drew, 500 Pa. 585, 588, 459 A.2d 318, 320 (1983)).
It is therefore appropriate to use such an examination to
disclose fixed opinions or to expose other reasons for
disqualification. Thus the inquiry must be directed at
ascertaining whether the venireperson is competent and
capable of rendering a fair, impartial and unbiased verdict.
The law also recognizes that prospective jurors were not
cultivated in hermetically sealed environments free of all
beliefs, conceptions and views. The question relevant to a
determination of qualification is whether any biases or
prejudices can be put aside upon the proper instruction of
the court.
Ingber, supra at 6-7, 531 A.2d 1103 (quoting Drew, supra at 588, 459
A.2d at 320) (internal citations omitted).
Instantly, Juror #1 indicated on her jury questionnaire that she or
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