IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON
No. 72366-9-1
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Appellant. FILED: November 17, 2014
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Trickey, J. — Harold Lang appeals from the judgment entered on a jury's verdict
finding him guilty of robbery in the first degree. He alleges that the trial court made
evidentiary errors and that insufficient evidence supported his conviction. Finding no
reversible error, we affirm his conviction.
FACTS
On October 15, 2012, Lang met Ian Kristiansen to purchase an iPhone that
Kristiansen had advertised for sale. Lang arrived at approximately 9:30 p.m. at
Kristiansen's place of employment, and the two walked inside the building and sat around
a fire pit. After Kristiansen showed Lang the iPhone, Lang exited the building and
returned after five minutes. Lang then asked to see the iPhone outside of its protective
case. As Kristiansen began to remove the phone from its case, Lang seized the phone
from Kristiansen's hand. Kristiansen attempted to keep control of the phone, but his
efforts were unavailing. Lang ran off with the iPhone and Kristiansen chased after him.
At some point during the pursuit, as Kristiansen began to slow down, a man approached
Kristiansen from behind and asked, "'Do you want to get shot? Keep running.'"1
2 Report of Proceedings (RP) at 186.
No. 72366-9-1 / 2
Kristiansen noticed the man's right hand was placed in his sweater. Kristiansen stopped
running because he feared the man had a gun in his pocket.
The next day, Kristiansen posted an advertisement on Craigslist, describing the
previous night's incident and warning others about Lang.
Police officers apprehended Lang on October 19, 2012, and advised him of his
Miranda rights. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602,16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
Lang provided a statement to the officers. He admitted that he had stolen the iPhone
from Kristiansen. Lang also explained that he had arrived at the meeting location with
two other people—a driver of the vehicle and a man named Arsenio Jackson. Lang told
the officers that after he stole the iPhone, he fled to the vehicle where the driver was, but
Jackson was not there. Soon Jackson returned to the vehicle and informed Lang that he
had just threatened to beat up Kristiansen. Lang also told the officers that he had become
aware that Jackson threatened to shoot Kristiansen after viewing Kristiansen's Craigslist
ad. Upon seeing the ad, Lang contacted Jackson, who admitted he had threatened to
shoot Kristiansen.
The State charged Lang by amended information with one count of robbery in the
first degree.2 A jury found him guilty as charged.
Lang appeals.
ANALYSIS
Lang claims that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting certain evidence
and excluding other evidence. Neither of his contentions merits reversal.
2The State charged Lang with another count of robbery in the first degree. However, this count
was dismissed with prejudice.
No. 72366-9-1 / 3
We review the trial court's admission or exclusion of evidence under an abuse of
discretion standard. State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 856, 83 P.3d 970 (2004), affd,
166 Wn.2d 380 (2009). A trial court abuses its discretion when "no reasonable person
would have decided the matter as the trial court did." Thomas. 150 Wn.2d at 856.
Lang first asserts that the trial court improperly allowed the State to refresh
Kristiansen's recollection as to the content of the Craigslist ad.
During direct examination of Kristiansen, the State inquired about the events of the
robbery. The State then asked Kristiansen whether he has seen the Craigslist ad.
Kristiansen responded that had seen the ad but did not recall the details. The State asked
Kristiansen if he had spoken to an officer about the ad. The State handed Kristiansen
the marked transcript and instructed him to tell the State if what he read was what he
remembered posting. Defense counsel objected, arguing it was improper procedure for
refreshing a witness's recollection. The trial court overruled this objection. After
Kristiansen read the ad to himself, the State asked if what he read was what he had
posted, and Kristiansen answered affirmatively. The following exchange ensued:
[State]: Can you read the first line?
[Defense Counsel]: Objection, hearsay.
[Trial Court]: Well, the question is, if it refreshes his recollection. He
needs to testify from memory rather than the
document.
[State]: Does it remind you what you said?
[Kristiansen]: Yes.
[State]: What did you state?
[Kristiansen]: That I had my phone stolen.
[State]: Did you specify where itwas taken from?
[Kristiansen]: No.
[State]: I'm going to show you again what you wrote. Why don't
you -
[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, this --
[State]: I'm just refreshing his recollection, Your Honor, if it's
true.
No. 72366-9-1 / 4
[State]: Does looking at that refresh your recollection as to
where you indicated your phone was taken from?
[Kristiansen]: No.
[State]: On where the phone was when it was taken from you?
[Kristiansen]: I know where the phone was taken.
[State]: Where was it taken from?
[Kristiansen]: My job.
[State]: On you personally, where did you have the phone?
[Kristiansen]: In my hand.
[State]: Did you state that in your ad?
[Kristiansen]: No.
[State]: Did you put it in the ad that the phone was taken from
your hands?
[State]: The reason I'm showing you is to refresh your
recollection about what you specifically wrote, because
that's important and the jurors need to hear that. Did
you write in your ad your phone was snatched from
your hand?
[Kristiansen]: Yes.[31
ER 801 (c)defines "hearsay" as "a statement, other than one made bythe declarant
while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter
asserted." It is not admissible unless an exception applies. ER 802.
The State did not move to admit the Craigslist ad, nor did Kristiansen read the ad
aloud to the jury. But the State essentially used the ad to prove the truth ofthe statements
contained in the ad—namely, that Lang seized the cell phone from Kristiansen's hand.
The State's contention to the contrary is disingenuous. Accordingly, the trial court abused
its discretion in allowing the admission of the improper hearsay testimony.
When a trial court makes an erroneous evidentiary ruling, the question on appeal
is whether the error was prejudicial. Brown v. Spokane County Fire Prot. Dist. No. 1,100
Wn.2d 188, 196, 668 P.2d 571 (1983). "Error will not be considered prejudicial unless it
3 2RP at 190-91 (emphasis added).
No. 72366-9-1 / 5
affects, or presumptively affects, the outcome of the trial." Brown, 100 Wn.2d at 196.
"Improper admission of evidence constitutes harmless error if the evidence is of minor
significance in reference to the evidence as a whole." State v. Neal, 144 Wn.2d 600, 611,
30 P.3d 1255 (2001).
Here, the trial court's evidentiary ruling was harmless error. In lightof Kristiansen's
previous testimony regarding the events of the robbery, and given the testimony of other
witnesses, this hearsay statement was of minor significance. The trial court's error in
admitting the hearsay testimony did not affect the outcome of the trial.
Lang next contends that the trial court erred in excluding evidence as self-serving
hearsay because, he argues, the evidence was admissible under ER 106. We disagree.
A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to present relevant, admissible
evidence in his defense. State v. Rehak. 67 Wn. App. 157, 162, 834 P.2d 651 (1992),
review denied, 120 Wn.2d 1022, cert, denied, 508 U.S. 953 (1993). Nevertheless, the
refusal to admit evidence lies largely within the trial court's discretion, and we will not
reverse the trial court's decision absent an abuse of that discretion. Rehak. 67 Wn. App.
at 162.
At a CrR 3.5 hearing held prior to trial, one of the officers testified that during her
interview with Lang, Lang told her that at the meeting with Kristiansen, Kristiansen would
not hand Lang the iPhone if he removed the protective case. The officer quoted Lang as
saying, "But [Kristiansen] said, 'I'll set it on the table and you can use it, you can try to see
if it works. So basically to see if Iwanted it. While it was on the table with us and he set
No. 72366-9-1 / 6
it on the table, I snatched it and ran.'... 'As soon as he set the phone on the table, just
like the one right here, I just took it and runned.'"4
The State moved to exclude this portion of Lang's interview as self-serving hearsay
statements. Specifically, the State moved to exclude Lang's statements indicating that
the cell phone was laying on the table and that he took it from the table and ran with it.
The State argued that the statements were self-serving and fell under no hearsay
exception in the rules of evidence. Defense counsel responded that excluding these
statements would take Lang's entire statement out of context considering that, according
to his theory, Lang was only interested in committing theft, not robbery.
The trial court ruled that it was self-serving hearsay and excluded the statements.
The court found that the remaining statements were not self-serving but were statements
against interest.
The rules of evidence contain no self-serving hearsay bar that excludes an
otherwise admissible statement. State v. Pavlik, 165 Wn. App. 645, 653, 268 P.3d 986
(2011): see also State v. King. 71 Wn.2d 573, 577, 429 P.2d 914 (1967) ("self-serving" is
shorthand way of saying statement is hearsay and does not fit recognized exceptions to
hearsay rule). Rather, admissibility must be addressed under the recognized exceptions
to the hearsay rule. Pavlik, 165 Wn. App. at 654.
The purpose ofthe State's motion to exclude the statements was to preclude Lang
from offering them at trial during cross-examination ofthe officers. The State argued that
if Lang sought to offer the statements, he would have had to do so through Lang's own
testimony. Had Lang offered his statements for the truth of the matter asserted at trial,
4 2 RP at 137 (emphasis added).
No. 72366-9-1 / 7
they would have been hearsay and would not have qualified as an exception to the
hearsay rule. ER 801(d)(2): see State v. Sanchez-Guillen. 135 Wn. App. 636, 645, 145
P.3d 406 (2006). Had the State offered the statements against him, however, Lang's
statements would have constituted nonhearsay admissions of a party opponent. ER
801 (d)(1); see Sanchez-Guillen. 135 Wn. App. at 645.
Lang nevertheless contends that the statements were admissible under ER 106.
Under ER 106, if a party introduces a statement, an adverse party may require the party
to introduce any other part "which ought in fairness to be considered contemporaneously
with it." However, the evidence must be relevant to the issues in the case, and "'the trial
judge need only admit the remaining portions of the statement which are needed to clarify
or explain the portion already received.'" State v. Larry. 108 Wn. App. 894, 910, 34 P.3d
241 (2001) (quoting United States v. Haddad. 10 F.3d 1252, 1258-59 (7th Cir. 1993)).
Here, the excluded statements were not necessary to explain Lang's statements
that he planned to take the cell phone; that he went to Kristiansen's place of employment
with two others, one of whom had threatened to shoot Kristiansen; that Lang asked
Kristiansen to remove the protective case; that Kristiansen showed up with another
person; and that when Jackson returned to the vehicle he informed Lang that he told
Kristiansen that he would beat him up. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by
excluding Lang's statements.
Lang next contends that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction
for robbery. We disagree.
The State must prove every element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable
doubt. State v. Williams. 136 Wn. App. 486, 492-93, 150 P.3d 111 (2007). Evidence is
No. 72366-9-1 / 8
sufficient if, when viewed in the light most favorable to the State, it permits any rational
trier of fact to find the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State
v. Salinas. 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068(1992).
"A claim of insufficiency admits the truth of the State's evidence and all inferences
that reasonably can be drawn therefrom." Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201. Circumstantial
and direct evidence are equally reliable. State v. Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d 634,638,618 P.2d
99 (1980). "Deference must be given to the trier of fact who resolves conflicting testimony
and evaluates the credibility of witnesses and persuasiveness of material evidence."
State v. Carver. 113 Wn.2d 591, 604, 781 P.2d 1308 (1989).
For the jury to find Lang guilty of robbery in the first degree, the State was required
to prove, among other elements, that either Lang or an accomplice displayed what
appeared to be a firearm or other deadly weapon.5 See RCW 9A.56.200(1)(a)(ii). The
trial court instructed the jury that "[t]o display what appears to be a firearm means to
exhibit or show what appears to be a firearm to the view of the victim or to otherwise
5 The "to-convict" instructions stated the following:
To convict the defendant of the crime of robbery in the first degree, each of the
following six elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt:
(1) That on or about October 15, 2012, the defendant unlawfully took personal
property from the person or in the presence of another;
(2) That the defendant intended to commit theft of the property;
(3) That the taking was against the person's will by the defendant or an
accomplice's use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of
injury to that person or to that person's property;
(4) That force or fear was used by the defendant or an accomplice to obtain or
retain possession of the property or to prevent or overcome resistance to the
taking;
(5) That in the commission of these acts the defendant or an accomplice displayed
what appeared to be a firearm or other deadly weapon; and
(6) That any of these acts occurred in the State of Washington.
Clerk's Papers (CP) at 80.
8
No. 72366-9-1 / 9
manifest by words and actions the apparent presence of a firearm even though it is not
actually seen by the victim."6
The State is not required to prove that the defendant brandished the weapon or
that the victim saw the weapon. State v. Kennard. 101 Wn. App. 533, 539, 6 P.3d 38
(2000). A conviction will be sustained if the evidence "is sufficient to show that the
accused indicated, verbally or otherwise, the presence of a weapon because the effect
on the victim is the same regardless of whether the victim actually sees the weapon."
Kennard. 101 Wn. App. at 539.
In Washington, the display element of first degree robbery is met where a
defendant displays what appears to be a deadly weapon even where the defendant does
not actually have a deadly weapon or the victim does not see the weapon. Kennard. 101
Wn. App. at 539. In such cases, a defendant's threatening words, in conjunction with a
menacing physical act indicating the presence of a weapon, are sufficient to satisfy the
display element of first degree robbery. See, e.g.. State v. Henderson. 34 Wn. App. 865,
664 P.2d 1291 (1983) (display element met where defendant's words—along with victim's
observation of defendant's hand in front bulging pocket—led victim to believe that
defendant possessed a gun); Kennard. 101 Wn. App. 533 (circumstances sufficient to
satisfy display element where defendant stated he possessed a gun, patted his hip, and
told the victim he knew where she lived); State v. Barker. 103 Wn. App. 893, 14 P.3d 863
(2000) (display element satisfied where defendant pressed an object onto victim's back
and threatened to shoot her).
6 CP at 75.
No. 72366-9-1/10
But where the defendant merely threatens the use of a deadly weapon, and makes
no physical act indicating the presence of such weapon, the display element of first
degree robbery in not met. In re Pers. Restraint of Bratz. 101 Wn. App. 662, 676, 5 P.3d
759 (2000) (defendant's verbal threat that he had nitroglycerin in his coat and would blow
up the bank was not sufficient); see also State v. Scherz. 107 Wn. App. 427, 27 P.3d 252
(2001) (defendant's threat of possession of a hand grenade in pocket was insufficient to
meet display element where defendant exhibited no physical gesture indicating presence
of a deadly weapon). There must be a physical manifestation indicating the presence of
a weapon. State v. Jennings. 111 Wn. App. 54, 65, 44 P.3d 1 (2002) (defendant holding
hand in his shirt was physical manifestation indicating presence of weapon).
Here, the State presented sufficient evidence supporting a reasonable inference
that Jackson displayed what appeared to be a deadly weapon. Jackson made verbal
threats indicating he possessed a firearm while physically gesturing his possession of the
gun by placing his hand in his front pocket. According to Kristiansen's testimony, while
he was pursuing Lang, Jackson approached Kristiansen and said, "'Do you want to get
shot? Keep running.'"7 Kristiansen testified that Jackson "had a right hand in his sweater,
like if there was something in there or just for scare."8 Kristiansen further testified that
seeing Jackson with his hand in his pocket and hearing his verbal threat led him to believe
that Jackson possessed a gun. Kristiansen was afraid of getting shot and, as a result,
ended his pursuit of Lang. Thus, the State presented evidence establishing that there
was both a physical manifestation of the presence of a weapon and words indicating its
presence, causing Kristiansen to believe Jackson had a firearm. Accordingly, viewed in
7 2 RP at 186.
8 2 RP at 187.
10
No. 72366-9-1 /11
the light most favorable to the State, Kristiansen's testimony would allow a reasonable
juror to find that Jackson displayed a firearm.9
Affirmed.
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WE CONCUR:
9 Lang also contends that insufficient evidence sustained his conviction for robbery in the first
degree because, he argues, the State failed to prove that Lang knew Jackson was going to display
what appeared to be a firearm. He asserts that the State must prove a principal's general
knowledge of an alleged accomplice's substantive crime. However, he offers no legal authority
supporting this proposition.
11