Attorney Grievance Commission v. Thomas

Attorney Grievance Commission of Maryland v. Gayton Joseph Thomas, Jr., No. 63,
September Term, 2013

ATTORNEY MISCONDUCT—DISCIPLINE—DISBARMENT—Court of Appeals
disbarred attorney who gave incorrect advice to a client in an immigration matter, told the
client that he did not need to appear at an immigration hearing and then did not appear
himself (with the result the client was ordered in absentia removed from the United
States), accepted payment from the client, and then stopped responding to all inquiries
from the client as to the status of the case. Respondent also did not respond to lawful
inquiries from Bar Counsel for information concerning the complaint. Such conduct
violated Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 8.1, and 8.4(c)
and (d).
Circuit Court for Baltimore County

Case No. 03-C-13-13179
Argued: 7 October 2014

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF
MARYLAND

Misc. Docket AG No. 63

September Term, 2013

ATTORNEY GRIEVANCE
COMMISSION OF MARYLAND

v.

GAYTON JOSEPH THOMAS, JR.

Barbera, C.J.,
Harrell,
Battaglia,
Greene,
Adkins,
McDonald,
Watts,

JJ.

Opinion by Harrell, J.
McDonald, J., concurs.

Filed: November 20, 2014
 I. THE STORY OF THE STRAIGHT-FORWARD
MADE COMPLICATED

In this attorney disciplinary action, the Attorney Grievance Commission of

Maryland (“Petitioner” or “the Commission”), acting through Bar Counsel, filed a

Petition for Disciplinary or Remedial Action (“PDRA”) against Gayton Joseph Thomas,

Jr., Esquire (“Respondent” or “Thomas”), charging him with violations of the Maryland

Lawyers’ Rules of Professional Conduct (“MLRPC”) arising out of his representation of

Mohamed Abou Sarieh Hamed (“Hamed”). Respondent was charged with violating

MLRPC 1.1 (Competence),1 1.3 (Diligence),2 1.4 (Communication),3 8.1(b) (Bar

1
Rule 1.1 provides:

A lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client.
Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill,
thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the
representation.

Unless otherwise provided, all Rule references in this opinion are to
the Maryland Lawyer’s Rules of Professional Conduct (“MLRPC”).
2
Rule 1.3 provides:

A lawyer shall act with reasonable diligence and promptness
in representing a client.
3
Rule 1.4 provides:

(a) A lawyer shall:

(1) promptly inform the client of any decision or
circumstance with respect to which the client’s
informed consent, as defined in Rule 1.0(f), is
required by these Rules;
(Continued. . .)
Admission and Disciplinary Matters),4 and 8.4(c) and (d) (Misconduct).5 The

Commission served Thomas on 6 December 2013 with a copy of the PDRA, Writ of

(. . . continued)
(2) keep the client reasonably informed about the
status of the matter;
(3) promptly comply with reasonable requests for
information; and
(4) consult with the client about any relevant limitation
on the lawyer’s conduct when the lawyer knows
that the client expects assistance not permitted by
the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional
Conduct or other law.

(b) A lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably
necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions
regarding the representation.
4
Rule 8.1(b) provides:

An applicant for admission or reinstatement to the bar, or a
lawyer in connection with a bar admission application or in
connection with a disciplinary matter, shall not:
* * *
(b) fail to disclose a fact necessary to correct a
misapprehension known by the person to have arisen
in the matter, or knowingly fail to respond to a lawful
demand for information from an admissions or
disciplinary authority, except that this Rule does not
require disclosure of information otherwise protected
by Rule 1.6.
5
Rules 8.4(c) and (d) provide:

It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:
* * *
(c) engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud,
deceit or misrepresentation; [or]
(d) engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the
administration of justice[.]

2
Summons, and Order for Hearing under Maryland Rule 16-752(a).6 For reasons that we

hope shall become clear in comparatively short order, we set out here the averments of

the PDRA:

1. The Respondent, Gayton J. Thomas, Jr., Esquire was
admitted to the Bar of the Court of Appeals of Maryland
on June 21, 2000.
2. The Complainant, Mohamed Abou Sarieh Hamed, is a
citizen of Egypt. Hamed retained Respondent in
December 2009 to represent him in immigration
proceedings. Hamed was placed in removal proceedings
in October 2009.
3. On August 25, 2010, Respondent sent an email to
Hamed’s sister, setting forth a proposed course of action.
Respondent indicated that he intended to file a motion to
change venue from Arlington, Virginia to Baltimore,
Maryland. He also intended to file an Application for
Asylum with the Arlington Asylum Office.
4. Respondent incompetently represented Hamed. The
asylum application could only be filed in Immigration
Court because Hamed was already in removal
proceedings. Also, an asylum application was untimely
because it was not filed within one year after Hamed’s
arrival in the United States.
5. Respondent informed Hamed of a hearing scheduled in
Immigration Court for September 9, 2010. However, on
that date, Respondent told Hamed not to appear in court
because the hearing had been canceled. In fact, the
hearing was held and the Immigration Court ordered
Hamed to be removed from the United States in absentia.
6. Hamed and his sister made numerous attempts to contact
the Respondent to discuss the status of Hamed’s case.
Hamed’s sister sent $700.00 for attorney’s fees to
Respondent four days after the September 9, 2010
hearing. Respondent did not respond to Hamed or his

6
Bar Counsel did not serve upon Thomas a Request for Admissions of Fact or other
discovery-related request, although it seems to us, in our experience, that that is done
frequently by Bar Counsel. We note that a different Assistant Bar Counsel tried this case
than filed it.

3
 sister and did not inform them of the status of Hamed’s
case.
7. Hamed learned of the removal order in November 2012.
8. Respondent has not responded to several inquiries by the
Petitioner related to Hamed’s complaint.
9. Petitioner charges that Respondent, by his acts and
omissions as described herein, engaged in professional
misconduct as defined in Maryland Rule 16-701(i) and
that he violated [MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 8.1, and 8.4].

(minor alterations added). Thomas did not file (timely or otherwise), under Maryland

Rule 16-754, an Answer to the PDRA.

The case was assigned to a hearing judge in the Circuit Court for Baltimore

County to conduct an evidentiary hearing and render findings of fact and recommended

conclusions of law with regard to the charges. In view of there being no Answer to the

PDRA, Petitioner filed a Motion for Order of Default. An order granting the motion was

signed and an order entered. Thomas did not appear for the hearing. Hamed was the

only witness called by Bar Counsel.7 In the hearing judge’s opinion, the following

factual findings were made:8

Mohamed Abou Sarieh Hamed (“Hamed” or
“Mr. Hamed”), who filed with the Commission the

7
In the written findings of fact (in a footnote), the hearing judge noted that Hamed’s
sister (“Ms. Hamed”) was present in the courtroom and raised her hand as if desiring to
volunteer some information. The hearing judge brought this to the attention of Bar
Counsel, who indicated that it was not necessary to call Ms. Hamed as a witness. The
hearing judge found later this to be “noteworthy” because virtually all of the written
correspondence offered by Bar Counsel (and received by the judge) in evidence was
between Ms. Hamed and Thomas and the sole retainer check entered in evidence as a
physical corroboration given to Thomas was issued by her.
8
We have summarized in our own footnotes many of the footnotes from the judge’s
opinion.

4
 complaint against Thomas, is an Egyptian citizen. He was
“admitted to the United States at New York, New York on
or about October 11, 2008, as a nonimmigrant visitor (B-
2) with authorization to remain in the United States for a
temporary period not to exceed April 10, 2009.” Hamed
was placed in removal proceedings on October 28, 2009,
when it was alleged that he “remained in the United
States beyond April 10, 2009, without authorization from
the Immigration and Naturalization Service or its
successor the Department of Homeland Security.” It was
further alleged at that time that Hamed was “employed for
wages or other compensation starting on April 10, 2009,
at the People’s Bureau of the Great Socialist People’s
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in Washington, D.C.,” again
without proper authorization. Hamed was provided
paperwork requiring him to appear before an immigration
judge “to show why [he] should not be removed from the
United States” based on the charges lodged. He was to
appear at 901 North Stuart Street, Suite 1300, Arlington,
Virginia, on “a date to be set” and at “a time to be set.”
Roughly six weeks after he was placed in removal
proceedings, on December 9, 2009, Hamed and his sister,
Engie Abou Sarieh Hamed (“Ms. Hamed”), [9] first made
Thomas’s acquaintance at a social event. They met at a
reception hosted by the Bahrain Embassy, where
Ms. Hamed works as a communications officer. [10] At
that time, Thomas introduced himself as an immigration
lawyer. Hamed, his sister, and Thomas then discussed
briefly Hamed’s immigration issues. At the conclusion of
their conversation, Thomas invited Hamed and his sister to
meet at his office to discuss the matter in greater detail.

9
The hearing judge noted that some of the documents introduced by Bar Counsel at the
hearing referred to Hamed’s sister as Engie, while others referred to her as Engi, for
whatever that was worth.
10
The hearing judge observed, in a footnote, that Hamed testified that he met Thomas in
September 2009, at the Bahrain Embassy event. She observed further that Hamed was
“most likely incorrect about the date,” based on the information contained in Thomas’s
10 December 2009 email, in which Thomas stated, “[i]t was a pleasure meeting
[Ms. Hamed and Mr. Hamed] at the Bahrain celebration last evening.” (emphasis added).

5
 The following day, December 10, 2009, before any
meeting took place, Thomas sent to Ms. Hamed an email
with the subject line “immigration.” In this lengthy email,
Thomas recites the relevant facts, as he understands them
to be, and outlines various options. Thomas mentions that
Hamed arrived in the United States “a little over a year
ago on a visitor visa” and “was detained by DHS/ICE for
overstaying the period authorized by his visa.” Thomas
also indicates that Hamed “is a COPT from Egypt, but has
not experienced threats or violence on account of his
religion, and neither have his immediate family
members.” Thomas further indicates that Hamed “has a
girlfriend, and they wish to marry.”
In this same email, Thomas points out that, once
married, Hamed’s “wife can file a petition on his behalf.”
He adds that, “[b]ecause she is a US citizen, [Hamed] is
eligible for a green card and would not be removed for
overstaying his visa.” Thomas raises the concern that,
“[b]ecause they are getting married AFTER [he] was put
into removal proceedings, US immigration law states that
any such marriage is assumed to be fake (meaning
fraudulent, or only entered for the purpose of staying in the
United States).” Thomas closes the email by indicating that
“the hardest part of this case will be proving that the
marriage is bona fide.” He emphasizes that “the most
important thing to do is . . . to create as much evidence as
possible, ie., create bank joint accounts, cell phone accounts,
leases, joint property ownership, joint insurance policies,
etc. . . .”
On December 13, 2009, Thomas, in an email to
Ms. Hamed, confirms that “we are changing tracks and
focusing on asylum rather than adjustment of status via
marriage.”[11] According to Thomas, the plan now is for the
asylum application to be based on Hamed’s “membership in
a social group, i.e., those who are believed to be homosexual
but are not, due to a rare disease that deprives the body of

11
The hearing judge inferred that there must have been additional communication, either
orally or in writing, after Thomas’s 10 December 2009 email and before the 13
December 2009 email, because the December 13 email referred to “changing tracks.”
The hearing judge went on to note that neither Hamed’s testimony nor any of the
admitted documents shed light on this in-the-wind inference.

6
 testosterone, and who as a result, will be persecuted.”
Thomas further explains that “the argument is not that the
government is persecuting [Hamed], but rather that the
government will not attempt to prevent others from harming
him.”
In a prior email, also dated December 13, 2009,
Thomas asks Ms. Hamed to facilitate a conversation with
Hamed’s treating physician, presumably with the intent of
obtaining information to support the anticipated asylum
application. Hamed, pursuant to the request, reached out to
Dr. Thompson via email two days later. In that email,
Ms. Hamed tells Dr. Thompson that she has spoken with an
attorney “to help [her] brother Mohamed so he can stay in the
United States and can complete [his] treatment.” She lets
Dr. Thompson know that Thomas will be in touch. The
record does not contain any indication that Dr. Thompson
and Thomas ever spoke, although Thomas was copied on
the email.
By email dated December 18, 2009, Thomas thanks
Ms. Hamed (for something, at this point, unknown) and
indicates that he “will most likely be in DC this Monday
or Tuesday so that may be a good time to meet.”[12]
Thomas adds that he “will also try and find out when
[Hamed’s] first Immigration Court date is set to be
scheduled.” Other than an email dated January 19, 2010,
in which Ms. Hamed simply informs Thomas that her
brother has moved to Maryland, there appears to have
been no additional written correspondence between the
parties until March 23, 2010. On that date, in a 4:07 p.m.
email, Thomas asks Ms. Hamed whether her “brother
received his notice to appear in immigration court yet.”
On March 25, 2010, two days later, Thomas sent another
email in which he indicates that he contacted the

12
The hearing judge critiqued Hamed’s testimony on this point, commenting that,
although Hamed testified that he met with Thomas at Thomas’s office in Baltimore a few
days after their introduction, Hamed was not able to provide a specific date for that
meeting. The judge went on to note that, based on the testimony and the documents
provided, it was not possible to determine when the meeting took place or even if the
meeting referred to in the 18 December 2009 email ever took place. Note was made
further that Hamed testified that, at their first office meeting, he provided Thomas with a
check for $450. A copy of that check was not introduced in evidence at the hearing.

7
 immigration court in Arlington, Virginia and learned that
there was no record of Hamed’s case. According to
Thomas, the “court clerk advised that the Department of
Homeland Security has not yet forwarded [Hamed’s] file
to the court.”
Five months later, on August 24, 2010, Ms. Hamed
wrote to Thomas, requesting a status report. Thomas
responded the following day, outlining the various steps
that needed to be taken, as well as the anticipated costs of
the asylum application and removal process. Notably,
the exhibits offered by the Commission do not include
any written confirmation of a hearing date scheduled for
the removal proceedings. One is left to depend entirely
on the testimony of Hamed for this information.
Via his sworn statement, Hamed claimed that he
“had oral conversations with Thomas.” Both in his
written statement and at the March 19, 2014, hearing,
Hamed indicated that his removal hearing was
scheduled for September 9, 2010. According to
Hamed’s testimony, Thomas called on the morning of
the hearing and told Hamed and his sister that “it was
not necessary to go because there was not going to be a
hearing.” Hamed further testified that Thomas told him
that the immigration court was “in summer recess.”
According to Hamed, Thomas assured him that there
was “no clock on [his] case.”
Four days following the scheduled hearing,
Ms. Hamed provided to Thomas her check no. 286 in
the amount of $700, with the indication that it was for
“lawyer fees.” On the same exhibit, there is what
purports to be a message to Thomas from Ms. Hamed
in which she indicates “that [they] must talk sometime
this week to fix how [they] will meet in the first hearing
date.”[13] It would appear that Hamed and his sister, at
least as of September 13, 2010, were laboring under the
impression that the first hearing was to occur at some

13
The hearing judge spied that that particular communication was undated, and that it
was not clear whether the message had been conveyed actually to Thomas, and, if so, by
what means. Rhetorically, she pondered, “Perhaps the typewritten message was included
with the $700 check?” The judge concluded with the observation that no evidence was
adduced as to whether Thomas ever received or cashed the check.

8
 point still in the future. On September 20, 2011, one
year later, Ms. Hamed emailed Thomas, mentioning
that they had not heard from him in a “[l]ong time,” and
asking whether he had any news about the case.
Another year passed and Hamed married on
September 16, 2012. According to Hamed, following his
marriage, he learned, in November 2012, that the
proceeding scheduled for September 9, 2010, had gone
forward, and that he had been ordered removed.
According to Hamed, he currently faces “serious
immigration problems and fear[s] being deported back to
Egypt.” Hamed testified that he is scheduled for a hearing
in immigration court in July 2014.[14]
On February 4, 2013, Hamed, with the assistance of
his current immigration lawyer, filed with the Commission
a complaint against Thomas. In that paperwork, Hamed
claims that he “retained Thomas to represent [him] in
removal proceedings before the Immigration Court in
Arlington, Virginia.” According to Hamed, “[a]lthough
Thomas agreed to represent [him] and there was extensive
correspondence between Thomas and [Hamed] or [his]
sister, [he] later learned that [he] had been ordered
removed in absentia on September 9, 2010.” Hamed
also indicates that he employed Thomas on September 13,
2010, and paid him $1,550.[15]
Hamed submitted with his complaint a letter from
the immigration attorney, Alan M. Parra [“Parra”]. In this
letter, Parra makes clear that he is writing on behalf of his
client, Hamed. According to Parra, “[Thomas] provided
erroneous legal advice by stating that he would file the
application to the asylum office when [Hamed] was
already in removal proceedings.” Parra also alleges that
Hamed “was initially informed orally by [Thomas] that he

14
The judge faulted Bar Counsel for failing to provide written confirmation that the 9
September 2010 hearing took place, documentation delineating the decision reached at
that hearing, or notices regarding the July 2014 immigration hearing.
15
In a footnote, the judge recounted that Hamed testified that Thomas was paid initially
$450 and later another $750. The judge reiterated that the demonstrative evidence
confirmed only a check made payable to Thomas in the amount of $700, and that the
record contained no indication that the $700 check was deposited or cashed.

9
would have to appear before the Immigration Court on
September 9, 2010, but on that date Thomas told him by
telephone that the hearing had been cancelled and that it
was not necessary for Hamed to appear.” According to
Parra, “[Thomas’s] failure to provide adequate
representation has caused Hamed severe harm.” It is Parra,
on behalf of Hamed, who urges the Commission “to
investigate this matter and to take the appropriate
disciplinary action.” Parra adds that the same “information
will also be provided to the Immigration Court in support of
a motion to reopen based upon ineffective assistance of
counsel.”
Upon receipt of Hamed’s complaint, the Commission
made inquiry of Thomas. In its initial correspondence, dated
February 21, 2013, the Commission informed Thomas of the
complaint and asked for a written response within 15 days.
When Thomas failed to respond, the Commission sent
another letter, this one dated March 20, 2013, requesting a
reply within ten days. The March 20, 2013, letter was sent
via certified mail, return receipt requested. The Commission
pointed out that, if Thomas failed to respond, “the complaint
made concerning [him] can only become one of increasing
concern to [the] office and result in further steps by [the]
office to resolve the matter.” Thomas was reminded that,
pursuant to Rule 8.1 of the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of
Professional Conduct, “an attorney shall not knowingly fail
to respond to a lawful demand for information from a
disciplinary authority . . . .”
When there was still no response from Thomas, yet
another letter was sent, this one on April 19, 2013. Thomas
was asked to “submit a written response to [Hamed’s]
complaint” within ten days. He also was to enclose a copy
of his client file. In addition, Thomas was asked to address
specifically “the allegation that [he] intended to file an
asylum petition at the Arlington Asylum Office when the
petition should have been filed in Immigration Court” and
“the claim that [he] advised [Hamed] not to appear at the
September 9, 2010, hearing, resulting in an order for his
removal.” Thomas was reminded, yet again, of his
responsibility to cooperate with the Commission’s
investigation. Still, Thomas did not respond. On May 3,

10
 2013, the Commission sent a final letter to Thomas, again
via certified mail, return receipt requested.[16] Thomas
again was asked to provide a response to the complaint
and again was reminded of his responsibility pursuant to
Rule 8.1. Thomas did not respond.

(minor alterations added) (some internal footnotes omitted) (citations omitted). Based on

her analysis of the record, the hearing judge concluded that the Commission failed to

prove, by clear and convincing evidence adduced at the hearing, that Thomas violated

MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, or 8.4(c) or (d), although she was persuaded, by the same standard,

that Thomas violated MLRPC 8.1.

Toward the beginning of her conclusions of law, the judge expressed displeasure

at the completeness and quality of the evidence adduced at the hearing, describing her

state of mind as regards the persuasive force of the same as that of one “feeling uneasy

and unsure.” Due to the coalescing of Thomas’s lack of participation, the “casual[ness]”

of Bar Counsel’s presentation, and a simple lack of compelling evidence, the judge found

herself “left with more questions than answers.” She found Hamed’s courtroom

testimony “unclear in some areas and not credible in others.”17,18 For example, Hamed

16
The judge complained also that the Commission did not provide her with copies of the
paperwork confirming Thomas’s receipt of either of the certified letters.
17
Although at various points in the “Conclusions of Law” portion of the opinion the
hearing judge discussed the various pieces of evidence that seemed to conflict or begged
additional questions, she clarified rarely which portions of Hamed’s testimony were to
her simply unclear, as opposed to not being credible. When hearing judges find
themselves with reactions similar to the evidence before them, they should be
emboldened to, in the words of a Grammy-nominated pop song, “[s]ay what you want to
say . . . I want to see you be brave.” Sara Bareilles, Brave, on The Blessed Unrest (Epic
Records 2013). The extra effort may sometimes be very important and helpful for
(Continued. . .)
11
testified that he met Thomas in September 2009 and visited him in his office a few days

later. The judge found this testimony “inaccurate,” in light of the December 2009 emails

offered and received into evidence.19 The judge noted also perceived discrepancies

regarding how much Hamed claimed to have paid in fees to Thomas and when.20

Although the judge doubted initially when the attorney-client relationship was

formed, she found ultimately sufficient “credible evidence presented and case law [to]

(. . . continued)
reviewing appellate courts. In any event, it is apparent generally that the hearing judge
endeavored to carry-out conscientiously her responsibilities, based on the table set before
her.
18
In an early footnote, the opinion clarified that the hearing judge was “satisfied that the
discrepancies in Hamed’s testimony were not the result of a language barrier.” Her view
was that his command of the English language was sufficient to allow him to understand
the questions posed.
19
The hearing judge characterized this as being more than a “slight error,” based on the
date Hamed arrived in the United States. The judge observed that, if he had intended to
apply for asylum, he would have needed to do so within a year of his arrival. The judge
noted that if Hamed met with Thomas in September, there still would have been time to
file an asylum application; but, if he did not meet Thomas until December, the deadline
for filing an application would have passed already.
20
Hamed testified that Thomas was paid initially $450 by check and an additional $750
later. In his “Detailed Statement,” submitted with his initial complaint to the
Commission, Hamed claimed that the second payment was $700, and that his payments
to Thomas totaled $1,200. On the Complaint form itself, however, Hamed indicated that
the total payments to Thomas were in the amount of $1,550. The hearing judge observed
that the only objective corroborative demonstrative evidence received on the subject was
a copy of a $700 check. In a footnote, the judge noted that no bank records of any kind
were submitted.
A later footnote flagged Ms. Hamed’s 25 August 2010 response to Thomas’s
email, in which she inquired as to how she should deliver “the first due money” to him.
The judge concluded that the “inquiry certainly casts significant doubt on [Hamed’s]
testimony that $450 was paid to [Thomas] months earlier.”

12
support the conclusion that an attorney-client relationship existed between [Thomas] and

[Hamed] no later than December of 2009.”21 Nonetheless, the judge continued: “What

remains murkey [sic] is whether [Thomas] was retained, and, if so, when and exactly

what he was hired to do.” She explained:

See Exhibit 1, page 7, paragraph 3 where Thomas says: “The
first thing I would do if [Hamed] retains me . . . .” (Emphasis
added.) . . . .
Moreover, from the paperwork the Commission
provided, it looks as though, immediately following their
chance meeting at the Bahrain Embassy, Thomas followed up
with a detailed email, outlining his understanding of the
situation and the various options available. Three days later,
clearly following some other written or oral communication
to which the undersigned has not been made privy, Thomas
sent another email, indicating that they might meet the
following week. In March 2010, Thomas initiated contact
with Ms. Hamed and asked if her “brother [had] received his
notice to appear in immigration court yet?” Based on this
inquiry, it appears that Thomas was waiting to hear from the
Hameds before proceeding. Thus, as of March 2010, it is still
unclear what role Thomas would have, if any, regarding
Hamed’s immigration issues. Indeed, as late as August 25,
2010, it appears that Thomas and Ms. Hamed were still
discussing possible options and costs.

(minor alterations added).

The hearing judge expressed also reservations with regard to a letter sent on

Hamed’s behalf by his replacement immigration attorney, Alan M. Parra, Esq., which

was offered in evidence by Bar Counsel. She regretted openly that Parra was not called

21
The judge concluded this despite the fact that she noted that Hamed’s original
Complaint to the Commission indicated that he employed Thomas on 13 September
2010, four days after the alleged removal hearing. She did not speculate whether this
could have been a typographical error.

13
as a witness because his letter did not contain detailed information as to his background,

training, or qualifications. Accordingly, the judge found that the conclusory statements

in his letter were insufficient support from which to conclude that Thomas violated any of

the MLRPC at issue. Worse yet, drawing on the existence of Parra’s letter, she

speculated that Hamed’s Complaint to the Commission may have been filed with ulterior

motives:

Interestingly, Mr. Parra points out “that this information will
be provided to the Immigration Court in support of a motion
to reopen based upon ineffective assistance of counsel.”
Thus, it appears that the complaint was filed, at least in part,
with the hope of gathering ammunition for further
proceedings before the immigration court.

Finally, the hearing judge expressed misgivings that perhaps certain emails

received into evidence had been altered. For example, she observed that at 9:43 a.m. on

18 December 2009, Ms. Hamed emailed Thomas some “additional information,”

although nothing was reflected in the body of the email nor were any attachments

submitted in evidence. In two other instances, the same email was submitted into

evidence twice (once as a part of a reply-chain in each case), but with conflicting time

stamps.22

The judge concluded ultimately that Petitioner had proven by clear and convincing

evidence only that Respondent violated MLRPC 8.1 in knowingly failing to respond to

the Commission’s repeated lawful demands for information.

22
See infra note 23.

14
 Petitioner filed with us written exceptions to the hearing judge’s Findings of Fact

and Conclusions of Law. First, Bar Counsel argued that the findings of fact were

incompatible with the Order of Default entered previously in the case, based on Thomas’s

failure to file an answer, failure to move to vacate the order, and failure to appear at the

hearing.

Second, Petitioner took a rare exception to the judge’s credibility determinations.

Interpreting the hearing judge’s determinations as posited primarily on her calling-out

minor discrepancies in the evidence as to dates, amounts, and a misunderstanding of time

stamps,23 Bar Counsel argued that the credibility determinations, in gross, were clearly

erroneous. Particularized exceptions were noted also to a variety of specific factual

findings, including the judge’s reflections whether Thomas was retained at all by Hamed,

whether live expert testimony was needed on the subject of the operation of immigration

law, whether the 9 September 2010 immigration hearing occurred and what its outcome

was, and whether certain fees were paid to Thomas. The essence of each of these

exceptions was grounded on the notion that the hearing judge doubted improperly the

credibility of Hamed and, regardless, those material facts had been established before the

hearing by virtue of entry of the default order against Thomas.

23
In the Exceptions, Bar Counsel speculated that Thomas may have been in Germany at
the time that some of the emails were sent, and that the time difference between the
United States (Eastern Standard Time) and Germany (Central European Time) is five or
six hours, depending on whether daylight savings time was in effect. Bar Counsel
suggested that perhaps the times on the emails could vary depending on the location of
the computer being used or even the specific brand or type of computer being used. It
does not appear to us from our review of the hearing transcript that the hearing judge was
given the full benefit of this largely post-hoc rationale.

15
 Finally, Petitioner took exception to the hearing judge’s conclusions of law. The

Commission’s argument here is but another iteration of its arguments that the material

facts and violations of the Rules were established already by the default order.

II. OUR STANDARD OF REVIEW AND ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
SHOW THE WAY

The Court of Appeals has original jurisdiction over attorney discipline matters.

Attorney Grievance Commission v. Kremer, 432 Md. 325, 334, 68 A.3d 862, 867 (2013).

Accordingly, we “conduct an independent review of the record.” Attorney Grievance

Commission v. Garfield, 369 Md. 85, 97, 797 A.2d 757, 763 (2002) (internal citations

omitted). “We determine, ultimately, whether an attorney has committed the misconduct

charged by the Attorney Grievance Commission.” Attorney Grievance Commission v.

Maignan, 390 Md. 287, 292, 888 A.2d 344, 347 (2005). Ordinarily, in accordance with

Maryland Rule 16-752, we refer petitions for disciplinary action to a circuit court judge

to act as our hearing officer, for that judge to receive evidence and thereafter present to

the Court findings of fact and recommended conclusions of law. See Maignon, 390 Md.

at 292–93, 888 A.2d at 347. Exceptions may be taken by the parties to the findings of

fact, proposed conclusions of law, or both. We review the judge’s recommended

conclusions of law without deference, a standard referred to sometimes as de novo. Md.

Rule 16-759(b)(1); see Attorney Grievance Commission v. Greenleaf, 438 Md. 151, 156,

91 A.3d 1066, 1069 (2014) (“In an attorney discipline proceeding, this Court reviews for

clear error the hearing judge’s findings of fact, and reviews without deference the hearing

judge’s conclusions of law.”); Attorney Grievance Commission v. Moeller, 427 Md. 66,

16
73, 46 A.3d 407, 411 (2012) (“With respect to a hearing judge’s conclusions of law, no

deference applies and we review those conclusions de novo.”); Attorney Grievance

Commission v. Patterson, 421 Md. 708, 724, 28 A.3d 1196, 1206 (2011) (“We grant no

deference to the hearing judge’s proposed conclusions of law; those, we review de

novo.”). If no exceptions are filed with respect to the hearing judge’s findings of fact, we

may “treat the findings of fact as established for the purpose of determining appropriate

sanctions, if any.” Md. Rule 16-759(b)(2)(A). If exceptions are filed, we must determine

whether the findings of fact are clearly erroneous. Md. Rule 16-759(b)(2)(B); see

Attorney Grievance Commission v. Stolarz, 379 Md. 387, 397, 842 A.2d 42, 47 (2004)

(“We . . . accept[] the hearing judge’s findings of fact unless clearly erroneous.”).

Ordinarily, when assessing the hearing judge’s findings of fact, we “give due

regard to the opportunity of the hearing judge to assess the credibility of witnesses.” Md.

Rule 16-759(b)(2)(B). The hearing judge’s credibility determinations are not entitled to

deference, however, when “the credibility decision is so contrary to the unexplained,

unimpeached, unambiguous documentary evidence as to be inherently incredible and

unreliable.” Maignan, 390 Md. at 295, 888 A.2d at 349 (2005) (quoted in Kusi v. State,

438 Md. 362, 384, 91 A.3d 1192, 1204 (2014)). The opinion in Maignan offers an

illustration of this principle: “If the check admitted into evidence was blue in color, and

we could see it was blue in color, we certainly would not accept the judge’s crediting of

the office manager’s testimony that it was yellow.” Id. Ultimately, “[i]t is . . . for us,

however, to determine whether the judge’s findings are, indeed, supported by substantial

17
evidence.” Maignan, 390 Md. at 293, 888 A.2d at 347. The bar is set high for the

exceptor, and purposefully so.

III. THE NEGLECTED, BUT NOT IGNORED,
ORDER OF DEFAULT

At the outset of her opinion, the hearing judge recognized that, pursuant to

Maryland Rule 2-323(e), “[a]verments in a pleading to which a responsive pleading is

required . . . are admitted unless denied in the responsive pleading . . . .” See also Md.

Rule 16-754 (requiring the timely filing of an answer to a PDRA and providing what

happens when there is a default). She conceded that, “if reviewed in a vacuum and

accepted as true, the averments set forth in the [PDRA] are sufficient to establish

violations of MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 8.1, and 8.4 as alleged by the Commission.”

(emphasis added). From her perspective, however, “the evidence submitted at the

hearing casts doubt on the claims made in the petition.” Curiously, pursuant to Rule 2-

323(e), and acknowledged elsewhere in her opinion, she deemed only one fact admitted

due to Thomas having filed no responsive pleading to the PDRA: Thomas was admitted

to the Bar of the Court of Appeals of Maryland on 21 June 2000.

In the Exceptions, Bar Counsel argued that the bulk of the hearing judge’s findings

of fact were incompatible with the admitted material facts established by the Order of

Default. Relying on Attorney Grievance Commission v. Lee, 390 Md. 517, 890 A.2d 273

(2006), and Franklin Credit Management Corporation v. Nefflen, 436 Md. 300, 81 A.3d

18
441 (2013), Petitioner argues that Maryland Rule 16-754(c)24 obliged the hearing judge

to treat a failure to file a timely answer as a default, and Rule 2-323(e)25 obliged the

hearing judge to treat averments in pleadings as admitted unless denied. According to

Bar Counsel, once an Order of Default is entered, it functions as a determination of

liability that may be revisited only by a timely Motion to Vacate. Thus, the hearing judge

should not have “disregard[ed] [Rule 2-323(e)], disregard[ed] the averments which have

been admitted as true, pick[ed] apart the record, [found] the Complainant not credible,

and fail[ed] to find violations of [most of the Rules at issue].”26

24
Rule 16-754(c) provides:

Failure to answer. If the time for filing an answer has expired
and the respondent has failed to file an answer in accordance
with section (a) of this Rule, the court shall treat the failure as
a default and the provisions of Rule 2-613 shall apply.

Rule 2-613 states, in pertinent part, that if a motion to vacate an order of default has not
been filed,

[T]he court, upon request, may enter a judgment by default
that includes a determination as to liability and all relief
sought . . . .
25
Rule 2-323(e) provides:

Effect of failure to deny. Averments in a pleading to which a
responsive pleading is required, other than those as to the
amount of damages, are admitted unless denied in the
responsive pleading or covered by a general denial.
Averments in a pleading to which no responsive pleading is
required or permitted shall be taken as denied or avoided. . . .
26
We digress here to underscore a few points that invite comment, based on our review
of this record. Bar Counsel who move successfully for an order of default are
(Continued. . .)
19
(. . . continued)
encouraged to think critically about their on-going litigation strategy, i.e., whether and
how supplementary evidentiary hearings might further or hinder their legitimate goals. A
cost-benefit assessment may caution restraint, trumping a desire to embellish further the
factual record established by the default order. The extra effort may waste time and
resources generally, unless it is worthwhile because new material evidence comes to light
after filing the PDRA, or for some similar reason. As noted below, this does not appear
to have been the motive here for launching into a full-blown evidentiary hearing, as if no
default order had been entered.
Rule 2-613(f) suggests the appropriate scope of an evidentiary hearing conducted
after an Order of Default is entered in a generic civil case:

If, in order to enable the court to enter judgment, it is
necessary to take an account or to determine the amount of
damages or to establish the truth of any averment by evidence
or to make an investigation of any matter, the court may rely
on affidavits, conduct hearings, or order references as
appropriate, and, if requested, shall preserve to the plaintiff
the right of trial by jury.

In the context of a default attorney grievance proceeding, the Rule should be understood
that, after an order of default has been entered, the taking of additional evidence may be
warranted only when, as noted above, new and material evidence has come to light since
the filing of the PDRA, or perhaps when the hearing judge expresses doubt as to certain
averments (or absence thereof) and invites live testimony or additional demonstrative
evidence. Discussions between Bar Counsel and hearing judges regarding the potential
need for or desirability of additional evidence in a default situation might occur
appropriately during a pre-hearing scheduling conference, for example.
At the evidentiary hearing here, Bar Counsel suggested to the hearing judge that
he intended to “be brief this morning only because we have submitted [the] complaint as
well as several other pieces of information.” Later in the hearing, the following exchange
took place between Bar Counsel and the hearing judge:

[Bar Counsel]: Your Honor, I guess what I’m trying to point
out is we brought [Hamed] here to really put a face on the
story, but we have prepared his complaint and the documents
that we’ve submitted into evidence that are very thorough
including dates and specific information. So, I apologize to
the Court if it appears that we’re kind of glossing over a lot of
this information—

(Continued. . .)
20
 In Nefflen, we had occasion to consider the nature of an order of default in a

different setting than an attorney disciplinary matter. 436 Md. 300, 81 A.3d 441. In that

civil action between a mortgagor and mortgage servicer over an alleged breach of a

settlement agreement, we reviewed at length the statutory history and meaning of Rule 2-

613. Considering whether a party may contest liability after a default judgment has been

entered, we held that, although a default order is not itself a judgment, defaulting

defendants could not use Rule 2-534 to “revisit issues of liability established by an

unvacated order of default.” Nefflen, 436 Md. at 324, 81 A.3d at 455. Instead, an order

of default determines liability conclusively, and such a determination may be set aside

only if the defendant moves successfully to vacate the order. Nefflen, 436 Md. at 317–18,

81 A.3d at 451–52. The hearing judge’s sole remaining task at the resultant evidentiary

hearing is to determine damages. Id.

Lee is instructive, as the procedural history in that case resembles fairly that of the

present matter. There the respondent did not answer the Commission’s petition, and

(. . . continued)
THE COURT: It does appear that way.

[Bar Counsel]: —but I think that for the purpose of making
sure we have everything accurate, we have already included
that in our evidence, and [Hamed] is just here to tell his story
and answer any questions of the Court.

Although Bar Counsel may be correct that the evidentiary hearing may be important
sometimes in putting a “face” on a complaint, as well as developing the effect of attorney
misconduct on clients, such hearings may do more harm than good ultimately, as appears
to have been the case here, by attempting to apply too many additional layers of gloss to
already-established facts, so as to obscure and bring into doubt the clarity of the thorough
and well-pleaded facts from a PDRA.

21
accordingly an Order of Default was entered. Lee, 390 Md. at 520, 890 A.2d at 274. The

respondent filed a Motion to Vacate Order of Default, which was denied. Lee, 390 Md.

at 520, 890 A.2d at 275. The hearing judge disagreed initially with Bar Counsel’s

position that the averments contained in the [Petition for Disciplinary Action] were

deemed admitted by operation of Rules 2-613(f) and 2-323(e), and conducted “an

unnecessarily protracted evidentiary hearing.” Lee, 390 Md. at 524, 890 A.2d at 277; see

id. n.7. Later in that proceeding, recognizing that the matter should proceed more

appropriately by default, the hearing judge found “‘that th[e] allegations [of the Petition

for Disciplinary Action] having not been joined at issue by way of an answer are to be

considered as true for purposes of the court’s decision in making Conclusions of Law in

this case.’” Id. n.7 (internal quotations omitted). Nonetheless, the hearing judge found

that the respondent did not violate one of the rules with which he was charged (MLRPC

1.4), to which conclusion Bar Counsel took exception. The Lee Court held that, in light

of the default order:

[T]he [hearing] court should have treated the averments as
established pursuant to Rules 16-754(c) and 2-323(e). Rule
16-754(c) permits the court to treat failure to file a timely
answer as a default, and Rule 2-323(e) permits the court to
treat the averments in a pleading as admitted unless denied.
Because the averments were not denied, we treat them as
admitted.”

Lee, 390 Md. at 523–24, 890 A.2d at 277. The Court of Appeals proceeded to find that

Respondent violated MLRPC 1.4, in addition to the other charged violations.

Attorney Grievance Commission v. Harmon, 433 Md. 612, 72 A.3d 555 (2013),

proceeded similarly. There, the respondent also did not answer the Commission’s

22
petition, nor did he respond to Requests for Admission of Fact and Genuineness of

Documents. Harmon, 433 Md. at 618, 72 A.3d at 559. An Order of Default was entered

pursuant to Bar Counsel’s Motion. Id. Harmon appeared at the hearing, clutching an

Answer and Opposition to Motion to Default, which he sought to file untimely. The

hearing judge rejected respondent’s belated initiative. Harmon, 433 Md. at 618–19, 72

A.3d at 559. Pursuant to Lee and Md. Rule 2-323(e), the hearing judge deemed

(appropriately) the factual averments made in the PDRA as admitted.27 Id.; see also

Attorney Grievance Commission v. Lawson, 428 Md. 102, 106, 50 A.3d 1196, 1198, n.1

(2012) (“As a result of the default, the averments contained in the Commission’s [Petition

for Disciplinary Action] were deemed admitted, and we consider them as true under

Rules 2-613(f) and 2-323(e).”); Attorney Grievance Commission v. Steinberg, 395 Md.

337, 352, 910 A.2d 429, 437–38 (2006); Attorney Grievance Commission v. Kapoor, 391

Md. 505, 530, 894 A.2d 502, 517 (2006).

The well-pleaded averments in the PDRA in the present case were not denied. An

Order of Default was entered in the case, and not vacated. Thus, we accept those

averments as admitted.28 We shall not consider the hearing judge’s findings of fact and

conclusions of law (or Bar Counsel’s exceptions to them) because there was no apparent

need for a full-blown evidentiary hearing in this case, although we recognize that our

27
The hearing judge also deemed admitted the matters contained in the Requests for
Admission of Facts and Genuineness of Documents pursuant to Md. Rule 2-424(b). See
supra note 6.
28
Had Bar Counsel and the hearing judge been on that same page before the hearing, it
appears no full-blown hearing (and the ensuing confusion) may have occurred.

23
conclusion in this latter regard is reached only with the benefit of hindsight. Based on the

deemed admissions, we conclude that the admitted facts are sufficient, to a clear and

convincing standard, to warrant concluding that Respondent violated MLRPC 1.1, 1.3,

1.4, 8.1, and 8.4(c) and (d).29

IV. HOW WE GET THERE

A. MLRPC 1.1 (Competence)

MLRPC 1.1 provides:

A lawyer shall provide competent representation to a client.
Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill,
thoroughness and preparation reasonably necessary for the
representation.

Attorneys may violate MLRPC 1.1 although they might have the requisite skill or

knowledge to represent a client. Attorney Grievance Commission v. De La Paz, 418 Md.

534, 553, 16 A.3d 181, 192 (2011). Competency includes, “at a minimum, the attorney’s

presence at any court proceeding for which he or she was retained, absent an acceptable

explanation for that attorney’s absence.” Attorney Grievance Commission v. Harris, 366

Md. 376, 403, 784 A.2d 516, 531 (2001); see De La Paz, 418 Md. at 553–54, 16 A.3d at

193 (finding that an attorney violated MLRPC 1.1 when he failed to appear before the

court in his client’s case). If an attorney “fails to act or acts in an untimely manner,

resulting in harm to his or her client,” generally this Court finds a violation of MLRPC

1.1. Attorney Grievance Commission v. Brown, 426 Md. 298, 319, 44 A.3d 344, 357

29
The hearing judge would have reached this conclusion had no full-blown evidentiary
hearing been held and the well-pleaded facts in the PDRA acknowledged as admitted.
See supra p. 18.

24
(2012). Evidence that an attorney failed “to apply the requisite thoroughness and/or

preparation in representing a client is sufficient alone to support a violation of Rule 1.1.”

Attorney Grievance Commission v. McCulloch, 404 Md. 388, 398, 946 A.2d 1009, 1015

(2008); see Attorney Grievance Commission v. Garrett, 427 Md. 209, 223, 46 A.3d 1169,

1177 (2012) (concluding that failure to take “necessary, fundamental steps to further the

client’s case” is a violation of MLRPC 1.1). In the present matter, Respondent’s

behavior violated MLRPC 1.1 through his failure to appear at Hamed’s 9 September

2010 hearing and by telling Hamed that he did not need to appear at the hearing.

Respondent violated further MLRPC 1.1 by suggesting that an asylum application could

be filed anywhere other than in Immigration Court. The failure to pursue properly an

asylum application for Hamed, as well as the failure of anyone to appear in court at the

deportation hearing, caused direct and material harm to Hamed, as he has now been

ordered removed.

B. MLRPC 1.3 (Diligence)

MLRPC 1.3 provides:

A lawyer shall act with reasonable diligence and promptness
in representing a client.

An attorney may violate MLRPC 1.3 by doing “nothing whatsoever to advance the

client’s cause or endeavor.” Attorney Grievance Commission v. Baghat, 411 Md. 568,

575, 984 A.2d 225, 229 (2009). In Kremer, where clients were unable to discern the

status of their case after repeated attempts to reach their attorney, we held that the failure

to keep one’s client informed of his or her case violates MLRPC 1.3 and 1.4. 432 Md. at

25
331–32, 68 A.3d at 865–66; see Attorney Grievance Commission v. Park, 427 Md. 180,

192–93, 46 A.3d 1153, 1160 (2012) (holding that a lawyer’s failure to keep the clients

informed as to the status of the applications and his failure to respond to the clients’

inquiries violated MLRPC 1.3); Attorney Grievance Commission v. Walker-Turner, 428

Md. 214, 229, 51 A.3d 553, 562 (2012) (“Walker-Turner violated MLRPC 1.3 also by

failing to ascertain the status of his clients’ case after he missed the trial.”). It is hard to

identify what, if anything, Respondent did to advance Hamed’s cause; indeed, he

jeopardized it materially. Respondent advised Hamed not to appear at the 9 September

2010 hearing, and failed to appear himself. He simply stopped responding to the Hameds

as they attempted to contact him to ascertain the status of Hamed’s case. He failed to

inform Hamed that he had been ordered removed. He accepted payment for work that he

did not do. These serious missteps constitute a violation of MLRPC 1.3.

C. MLRPC 1.4 (Communication)

MLRPC 1.4 provides:

(a) A lawyer shall:

(1) promptly inform the client of any decision or
circumstance with respect to which the client’s
informed consent, as defined in Rule 1.0(f), is
required by these Rules;
(2) keep the client reasonably informed about the
status of the matter;
(3) promptly comply with reasonable requests for
information; and
(4) consult with the client about any relevant limitation
on the lawyer’s conduct when the lawyer knows
that the client expects assistance not permitted by
the Maryland Lawyers’ Rules of Professional
Conduct or other law.

26
 (b) A lawyer shall explain a matter to the extent reasonably
necessary to permit the client to make informed decisions
regarding the representation.

Attorneys violate MLRPC 1.4 when they fail to communicate with their clients

and keep them informed of the status of their legal matters, especially when clients

attempt repeatedly to speak with them. Attorney Grievance Commission v. Kwarteng,

411 Md. 652, 658, 984 A.2d 865, 868–69 (2009). In De La Paz, respondent failed to

respond to his client’s numerous telephone messages and letters. 418 Md. at 554, 16

A.3d at 192–93. Respondent in that matter also failed to tell his client that his case had

been dismissed, which fact the client learned only after traveling to the courthouse to

inquire. Id. Similarly, in Attorney Grievance Commission v. Fox, we found that the

attorney violated MLRPC 1.4 when he did not know that the client’s case was dismissed

and accordingly did not communicate that fact to the client. 417 Md. 504, 517, 11 A.3d

762, 769 (2010). Like the attorneys in De La Paz and Fox, Respondent violated MLRPC

1.4 when he ceased communicating with the Hameds after the 9 September 2010 hearing.

Respondent told Hamed not to appear at his deportation hearing, and then failed to tell

Hamed that he had been ordered in abstentia removed.

D. MLRPC 8.1(b) (Bar Admission and Disciplinary Matters)

MLRPC 8.1(b) provides:

An applicant for admission or reinstatement to the bar, or a
lawyer in connection with a bar admission application or in
connection with a disciplinary matter, shall not:
* * *
(b) fail to disclose a fact necessary to correct a
misapprehension known by the person to have arisen
in the matter, or knowingly fail to respond to a lawful

27
 demand for information from an admissions or
disciplinary authority, except that this Rule does not
require disclosure of information otherwise protected
by Rule 1.6.

This Rule requires attorneys to answer timely requests from the Attorney

Grievance Commission regarding complaints in potential disciplinary matters. See

Brown, 426 Md. at 323, 44 A.3d at 359; Garrett, 427 Md. at 226, 46 A.3d at 1179. Here,

Respondent failed to respond to Petitioner’s repeated lawful demands for information on

February 21, March 20, April 19, and 3 May 2013, each of which requested information

about Respondent’s representation of Hamed.

E. MLRPC 8.4(c) and (d) (Misconduct)

MLRPC 8.4(c) and (d) provide:

It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:
* * *
(c) engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud,
deceit or misrepresentation; [or]
(d) engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the
administration of justice[.]

A “broad universe of misbehavior” is encompassed by MLRPC 8.4(c). Attorney

Grievance Commission v. McDonald, 437 Md. 1, 39, 85 A.3d 117, 140 (2014).

“Dishonesty” is “the broadest of the four terms, and encompasses, inter alia, ‘conduct

evincing a lack of honesty, probity or integrity of principle; [a] lack of fairness and

straightforwardness. . . . Thus, what may not legally be characterized as an act of fraud,

deceit or misrepresentation may still evince dishonesty.’” McDonald, 437 Md. at 39–40,

85 A.3d at 140 (quoting Attorney Grievance Commission v. Sheridan, 357 Md. 1, 25, 741

A.2d 1143, 1156 (1999)). Clients trust rightfully their attorneys with their most private

28
affairs, and accordingly attorneys must exercise “the utmost good faith, fairness, and

fidelity” towards them. Attorney Grievance Commission v. Potter, 380 Md. 128, 149,

844 A.2d 367, 379 (2004) (internal quotations omitted). Attorneys violate MLRPC 8.4(c)

when they misrepresent to their clients the status of their clients’ cases, or conceal

material information from their clients, even if they have not misrepresented explicitly

the information. Brown, 426 Md. at 324, 44 A.3d at 359–60. Respondent misrepresented

to Hamed the status of his case when he told him that he did not need to appear at the

9 September 2013 hearing and further failed to tell him that he had been ordered

removed.

Violations of MLRPC 8.4(d) may occur when attorneys fail to keep their clients

advised of the status of their representation or, more grievously, fail to represent

diligently their clients. In Park, the violations of MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, and 1.4 together

constituted a violation of MLRPC 8.4(d), as such behavior “constitute[d] conduct that

brings disrepute to the legal profession.” 427 Md. at 194, 46 A.3d at 1161; see Attorney

Grievance Commission v. Rose, 391 Md. 101, 111, 892 A.2d 469, 475 (2006) (describing

conduct that “tends to bring the legal profession into disrepute and is therefore prejudicial

to the administration of justice”). Conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice is

that which “reflects negatively on the legal profession and sets a bad example for the

public at large.” Attorney Grievance Commission v. Goff, 399 Md. 1, 22, 922 A.2d 554,

566 (2007). A failure by an attorney to appear in court at a hearing on behalf of his or

her client constitutes conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice because:

29
 [A]n attorney plays such an integral role in the judicial
process that without his presence the wheels of justice must,
necessarily, grind to a halt. The attorney’s absence from the
courtroom is immediately cognizable by the judge and
intrudes upon the operation and dignity of the court.

Walker-Turner, 428 Md. at 232, 51 A.3d at 564 (quoting Attorney Grievance Commission

v. Ficker, 319 Md. 305, 315, 572 A.2d 501, 506 (1990)). As in Park, Respondent’s

conduct here giving rise to violations of MLRPC 1.1, 1.3, and 1.4 constitutes a violation

of MLRPC 8.4(d) as well. By taking Hamed’s case, failing to appear at his 9 September

2010 hearing, taking payments from the Hameds, and then disappearing essentially,

Respondent brought disrepute upon the legal profession and caused prejudice to the

administration of justice in Hamed’s immigration matter.

V. SANCTION

When determining the appropriate sanction to impose on an errant attorney, we are

mindful that the chief purpose of the sanction is to protect the public. Attorney Grievance

Commission v. Culver, 371 Md. 265, 277, 808 A.2d 1251, 1258 (2002). Sanctions also

are “designed to effect general and specific deterrence.” Attorney Grievance Commission

v. Wallace, 368 Md. 277, 289, 793 A.2d 535, 543 (2002); see McDonald, 437 Md. at 45,

85 A.3d at 143 (“Our guiding principle in determining sanctions for ethical violations is

our interest in protecting the public and the public’s confidence in the legal profession.”

(internal quotations omitted)). We look not to the number of rules broken, but to the

lawyer’s conduct. See Attorney Grievance Commission v. Briscoe, 357 Md. 554, 568,

745 A.2d 1037, 1044 (2000).

30
 In determining the appropriate sanction, we consider the facts of the case, while

balancing any aggravating or mitigating factors. Kremer, 432 Md. at 339, 68 A.3d at

870. Mitigation “is not on the table, however, without the attorney providing supporting

evidence of the existence of such factors.” Id. As Respondent has not participated in any

way during these proceedings, there are no mitigating factors to consider. In weighing

possible aggravating factors, we turn, as we often do, to the suggested factors of the

American Bar Association:

(a) Prior disciplinary offenses;
(b) Dishonest or selfish motive;
(c) A pattern of misconduct;
(d) Multiple offenses;
(e) Bad faith obstruction of the disciplinary proceeding by
intentionally failing to comply with rules or orders of the
disciplinary agency;
(f) Submission of false evidence, false statements, or other
deceptive practices during the disciplinary process;
(g) Refusal to acknowledge the wrongful nature of conduct;
(h) Vulnerability of victim;
(i) Substantial experience in the practice of law;
(j) Indifference to making restitution;
(k) Illegal conduct, including that involving the use of
controlled substances.

American Bar Association, Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions, § 9.22,

Compendium of Professional Responsibility Rules and Standards (2012); see Attorney

Grievance Commission v. Coppock, 432 Md. 629, 648, 69 A.3d 1092, 1103 (2013). Of

the suggested list, factors (e), (g), (h), and (j) are implicated by the admitted facts in the

case at hand. Respondent failed intentionally to participate in the disciplinary

proceedings or comply with the information requests of the Commission. Absence from

the proceedings also indicates a refusal to acknowledge the wrongful nature of his

31
conduct and indifference to making restitution to Hamed for the circumstances in which

he was left in the lurch. Finally, we consider the vulnerable nature of Hamed’s status.

We have recognized previously the special vulnerability of immigrants as clients. See

Attorney Grievance Commission v. Brisbon, 422 Md. 625, 642, 31 A.3d 110, 120 (2011)

(describing the purposes of the Maryland Immigration Consultant Act, Maryland Code

(1975, 2013 Repl. Vol.) §§ 3301–3306, as “to offer simple protection to extremely

vulnerable people, largely unable or unwilling as a practical matter to defend themselves,

from being preyed on”).

Disbarment is warranted in cases involving flagrant neglect of client affairs,

including the failure to communicate with clients or respond to inquiries from Bar

Counsel. Kremer, 432 Md. 325, 68 A.3d 862 (determining that disbarment was

appropriate for an attorney’s neglect and abandonment of clients’ cases); Attorney

Grievance Commission v. Dunietz, 368 Md. 419, 431, 795 A.2d 706, 712 (2002)

(“Respondent’s continuing disregard for the Attorney Grievance Process, his apparent

indifference to the tenets of his chosen profession, the dereliction of his duties to his

client and his ostensible lack of remorse for his misconduct, warrant [disbarment].”).

The attorney in Attorney Grievance Commission v. Lara committed offenses

similar to those of Respondent in this matter. 418 Md. 355, 14 A.3d 650 (2011). In that

matter, Lara collected advance fees from two clients and abandoned his representation of

them, ceasing all communications. Because Lara did not keep his clients apprised of his

changed contact information, did not complete the legal work for which he was retained,

and did not issue a fee refund once he terminated his practice, we determined that

32
disbarment was the appropriate sanction. Lara also failed to cooperate with Bar Counsel

and demonstrated a lack of professionalism in that he never responded formally to any of

the complaints filed against him. Respondent in this matter also failed to communicate

with his client, failed to complete any of the work that he was retained to complete, and

failed to participate in these proceedings in any way.

Thomas’s misconduct warrants the sanction of disbarment.

IT IS SO ORDERED; RESPONDENT
SHALL PAY ALL COSTS AS TAXED BY
THE CLERK OF THE COURT,
INCLUDING COSTS OF ALL
TRANSCRIPTS, PURSUANT TO
MARYLAND RULE 16-761(b), FOR
WHICH SUM JUDGMENT IS ENTERED
IN FAVOR OF THE ATTORNEY
GRIEVANCE COMMISSION AGAINST
GAYTON JOSEPH THOMAS, JR.

33
Circuit Court for Baltimore County
Case No. 03-C-13-13179
Argued: 7 October 2014
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF
MARYLAND

Misc. Docket AG No. 63

September Term, 2013

ATTORNEY GRIEVANCE
COMMISSION OF MARYLAND

v.

GAYTON JOSEPH THOMAS, JR.

Barbera, C.J.,
Harrell,
Battaglia,
Greene,
Adkins,
McDonald,
Watts,

JJ.

Concurring Opinion by McDonald, J.

Filed: November 20, 2014
 This is one of those cases where no good deed goes unpunished. Bar Counsel

attempts to put a face on a cold record of default and the defaulter prevails. The hearing

judge conscientiously sifts the evidence provided, making the credibility determinations

on which we normally rely, and that effort is found unnecessary. I concur in the Court’s

disposition and write simply to make a suggestion.

The Majority opinion provides, in footnotes 17 and 26, some helpful advice to Bar

Counsel and hearing judges on how to deal with situations, not uncommon, in which an

attorney accused of misconduct fails to respond to the charges. Perhaps it is worth

incorporating some of that good advice in our rules or in the standard referral order to

hearing judges to make it more readily accessible than a Westlaw search.