Case: 14-30013 Document: 00512844964 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/21/2014
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
United States Court of Appeals
No. 14-30013
Fifth Circuit
FILED
Summary Calendar November 21, 2014
Lyle W. Cayce
CORDETTE MATHENY, Clerk
Plaintiff
v.
JOSE DELVALLE CHAVEZ; ET AL,
Defendants
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GRANDER WILLIAMS, JR.,
Plaintiff - Appellant
v.
TWIN TRANSFER CORPORATION; CANAL INSURANCE COMPANY;
JOSE DEL VALLE CHAVEZ,
Defendants - Appellees
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Louisiana
USDC No. 2:12-CV-280
USDC No. 2:12-CV-472
Before PRADO, OWEN, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
Case: 14-30013 Document: 00512844964 Page: 2 Date Filed: 11/21/2014
No. 14-30013
PER CURIAM:*
In this diversity action arising out of an automobile collision in
Louisiana, Plaintiff-Appellant Grander Williams, Jr. appeals the district
court’s denial of his motion to amend the judgment or, in the alternative, for a
new trial against Defendants-Appellees Twin Transfer Corporation, Canal
Insurance Company, and Jose Del Valle Chavez (collectively “Defendants”).
For the following reasons, we reverse the decision of the district court and
remand the case for a new trial on damages.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On March 2, 2011, Williams was injured in a vehicular collision when a
tractor-trailer driven by Chavez collided with a truck in which Williams was a
passenger. Williams, who was a member of a tandem truck driving operation,
was between shifts and asleep at the time of the collision. Williams testified
that he awoke dazed and covered in blood and believed that he had been
knocked unconscious. He was transported by ambulance from the scene of the
collision to a nearby hospital in New Orleans for medical treatment. A CT scan
taken at the hospital revealed a nasal fracture.
Williams felt pain in his neck and face directly after the accident. As a
result of his injuries, Williams was out of work for four months and received
nine weeks of therapy. He was subsequently seen by a doctor that was retained
by his employer, who released Williams to return to work with light duty
restrictions.
Williams testified that he experienced substantial pain in his back and
neck after returning to work, which interfered with his ability to drive a truck.
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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As a result, Williams sought further medical treatment from an orthopedic
surgeon, Dr. Roman Childress. Dr. Childress performed a number of surgical
procedures over a period of months in an effort to manage Williams’ symptoms.
Williams’ pain, however, became so extreme that he was unable to continue
driving and was ultimately forced to end his employment.
One of Defendants’ main arguments at trial was that Williams’ post-
collision symptoms were attributable to injuries he sustained prior to the
incident. In 2006, Williams sustained a lumbar spine injury, which resulted
in a herniated disc. In addition, Williams suffered from a degenerative cervical
spine condition called spondylosis, which also predated the 2011 incident.
When Defendants cross-examined Dr. Childress about these conditions, he
conceded that Williams’ symptoms could be attributed to these preexisting
conditions. He testified, however, that based on his review of the medical
evidence it was his opinion that Williams’ preexisting injuries had been
aggravated by the collision, resulting in the worsening of his symptoms and
his eventual inability to drive a truck.
The jury returned a verdict finding that Williams was injured as a result
of the 2011 collision and that Defendants were 100% at fault. It awarded
Williams $84,872 in damages consisting of $31,398 for past medical expenses
and $53,474 for past lost wages. The jury, however, did not award any amount
in damages for past, present, and future pain and suffering or for future lost
wages. 1
1 In response to a series of special interrogatories, the jury provided, in relevant part:
Question No. 3
Do you find by a preponderance of the evidence that plaintiff, Grander Williams, Jr.
was injured as a result of the tractor-trailer crash on or about March 2, 2011?
Answer “Yes” or “No.”
Yes
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After the jury returned its verdict, Williams filed a motion under Rule
59 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure seeking to amend the judgment, or
in the alternative, a new trial limited to the issue of damages. In his motion,
Williams argued that the jury’s verdict was inconsistent as a matter of
Louisiana state law because it was illogical for the jury to award him special
damages for past medical expenses and past lost wages but fail to award any
general damages for pain and suffering. Williams also argued that the jury’s
***
Question No. 4
What percentage of fault do you attribute to each party for causing Plaintiff’s injuries?
(If you found no fault on behalf of a party, the percentage of fault for that party must
be 0%. The total must equal 100%.)
Plaintiff and/or Matheny 0%
Defendants 100%
***
Question No. 5
What amount, if any, do you award to Grander Williams, Jr. related to the accident
which occurred on or about March 2, 2011? (DO NOT REDUCE FOR COMPARATIVE
FAULT PERCENTAGES FOUND AT QUESTION 4)
Physical and/or Mental pain and suffering
past, present, and future (including loss of
enjoyment of life if any) –0–
Past medical expenses $31,398.00
Future medical expenses –0–
Loss of Past Wages $53,474.00
Loss of Future Wages (including loss of
future earning capacity, physical impairment
and disability, if any) –0–
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failure to award Williams a larger sum in past lost wages and any sum in
future medical expenses was contrary to the evidence adduced at trial. The
district court denied Williams’ motion in its entirety. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Williams presses two issues on appeal. First, Williams argues that the
district court erred in failing to grant his motion to amend the judgment to
award additional damages for “permanent injury, pain and suffering, past
wage loss, future wage loss, and future medical expenses.” This contention,
may be readily dismissed.
It is well established that “the Seventh Amendment prohibits a federal
court from using additur to increase the damages awarded by the jury.” Jones
v. Bratton, 39 F.3d 320 (5th Cir. 1994) (per curiam); see also Gasperini v. Ctr.
for Humanities, 518 U.S. 415, 433 (1996); Dimick v. Schiedt, 293 U.S. 474, 486-
88 (1935); LeJeune v. Patrick, 149 F.3d 1174 (1998) (per curiam); Hawkes v.
Ayers, 537 F.2d 836, 837 (5th Cir. 1976). Courts have recognized a limited
exception to this prohibition, “where the jury has properly determined liability
and there is no valid dispute as to the amount of damages,” however, that
exception applies only where the amount of damages has been conclusively
established as a matter of law. See Roman Western Mfg., Inc., 691 F.3d 686,
702 (5th Cir. 2012). That exception does not apply in this case.
The damages Williams sought were dependent upon the jury’s
evaluation of the nature of his injuries directly after the collision and the
extent to which his post-collision symptoms were attributable to his past
conditions. Contrary to Williams’ contention, Defendants clearly disputed this
issue through vigorous cross-examination and the submission of contrary
evidence. As a result, the jury’s determination as to the quantum of damages
was a finding of fact based on its evaluation of the conflicting evidence adduced
at trial. Accordingly, Williams’ motion for additur was properly denied.
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Williams’ next argument regarding the district court’s denial of his
motion for a new trial on damages, however, is more persuasive. Williams
argues that the district court erred in denying his motion because the jury’s
determination that Defendants were 100% at fault for causing his injuries and
its award of damages for past medical expenses and past lost wages is
inconsistent with its failure to award damages for past and future pain and
suffering, future medical expenses, and future lost wages.
In a diversity action in which Louisiana law applies, a motion for a
new trial based on an excessive or inadequate jury award is governed by
Louisiana state law. See Fair v. Allen, 669 F.3d 601, 604 (5th Cir. 2012) (citing
Gasperini, 518 U.S. at 419). Under the Louisiana Civil Code, a party is entitled
to a new trial “when the verdict or judgment appears clearly contrary to the
law and the evidence.” Davis v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 774 So.2d 84, 92 (La.
2000) (citing La. Civ. Code. art. 1972). In construing such a motion “Louisiana
gives the jury high deference.” Fair, 669 F.3d at 605. This is because “[a]
motion for new trial solely on the basis of being contrary to the evidence is
directed squarely at the accuracy of the jury’s factual determinations and must
be viewed in that light.” Davis, 774 So.2d at 93 (internal quotations and italics
omitted). “[T]he jury’s verdict should not be set aside if it is supportable by
any fair interpretation of the evidence.” Id.
Nevertheless, “Louisiana jurisprudence has long held that where there
is a factual finding that a plaintiff was injured and incurred medical expenses
as a result of another’s fault, the failure to award general damages [for pain
and suffering] is legal error.” Leighow v. Crump, 960 So.2d 122, 128 (La. App.
1 Cir. 2007); see also Green v. K-Mart Corp., 874 So.2d 838, 844 (La. 2004);
Clement v. Citron, 115 So.3d 1260, 1264-65 (La. App. 3 Cir. 2013); Parker v.
Robinson, 925 So.2d 646, 652 (La. App. 4 Cir. 2006); Harper v. Boudreaux, 496
So.2d 439, 440-41 (La. App. 1 Cir. 1986). Thus, “a jury verdict awarding
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medical expenses but simultaneously denying damages for pain and suffering
will most often be inconsistent in light of the record.” Wainwright v. Fontenot,
774 So.2d 70, 75 (La. 2000); see also Green, 874 So.2d at 844. A jury’s “[f]ailure
. . . to grant general damages to a plaintiff with objective injuries” is an abuse
of discretion that justifies a new trial on damages. See Pagan v. Shoney’s Inc.,
931 F.2d 334, 337 (5th Cir. 1991); see also Green, 874 So.2d at 844
(distinguishing between a circumstance where a jury could have found that
“medical expenses were incurred only to determine whether injuries were, in
fact, sustained,” and a circumstance where a “jury determined that plaintiff
suffered injuries causally related to the accident which required medical
attention.”).
Defendants argue that the jury’s verdict can be justified by the fact that
Williams’ credibility was severely undermined at trial through cross-
examination about his past injuries. Whatever force Defendants’ argument
about these preexisting injuries may have had, the jury’s verdict demonstrates
that the issue was resolved against them. In response to a series of special
interrogatories, the jury specifically determined that Williams “was injured as
a result of [the] tractor-trailer crash” and that Defendants were 100% percent
at fault “for causing [these] injuries.” It then awarded Williams approximately
$30,000 for past medical expenses incurred as a result of the collision and
$53,000 for past lost wages. Thus, even if Defendants are correct that the jury
believed that Williams post-collision neck and back symptoms were
attributable to Williams’ preexisting injuries, it nevertheless determined that
the collision resulted in an objective injury that necessitated medical care and
time off from work. Under Louisiana law, the failure to award damages for
past pain and suffering in this circumstance constitutes an abuse of discretion.
See Robinson v. General Motors Corp., 328 So.2d 751, 752 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1976)
(“If a jury deems missing work or incurring certain medical expenses
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unjustified, it may disallow those items, but it may not refuse general damages
to plaintiffs with objective injuries.”). Accordingly, the district court erred in
failing to grant Williams’ motion for a new trial on damages and we reverse on
that basis. We therefore need not reach Williams’ remaining arguments
regarding the jury’s failure to award damages for future pain and suffering,
future medical expenses, and future lost wages. See Pagan, 931 F.2d at 337-
38.
CONCLUSION
We REVERSE the district court’s decision and REMAND for a new trial
on damages.
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