Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 1 of 12
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 14-11918
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 8:13-cr-00077-SDM-EAJ-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JOSE PRIMITIVO NUNEZ-SANDOVAL,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Florida
________________________
(November 25, 2014)
Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Jose Nunez-Sandoval pled guilty to possession and conspiracy to possess
with intent to distribute at least 50 grams of methamphetamine. For these offenses,
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 2 of 12
Nunez-Sandoval was sentenced to a total term of 151 months of imprisonment. On
appeal, Nunez-Sandoval challenges his sentence on two grounds: (1) the district
court clearly erred when it declined to grant him a minor-role reduction pursuant to
§ 3B1.2(b) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines; and (2) the district court
imposed an unreasonable sentence by giving unjustifiable weight to the Sentencing
Guidelines. After careful review, we affirm.
I.
The relevant facts are largely undisputed. Police obtained information
indicating that Luis Enrique Esquivel-Mendoza was possibly engaged in illegal
activity and was present at a truck stop in Georgia. They went to Esquivel-
Mendoza’s location and, with his consent, searched his car, finding 999.5 grams of
crystal methamphetamine and a .38-caliber revolver. According to Esquivel-
Mendoza, he had agreed to transport the methamphetamine from Atlanta, Georgia,
to Polk County, Florida, for a man known as “Coyote.” Coyote had told him that
he would be paid upon arrival.
Esquivel-Mendoza agreed to work with police by completing the shipment
in order to apprehend the person who was to receive the methamphetamine in
Florida. To that end, he called the phone number that Coyote had provided him.
The defendant, Nunez-Sandoval, answered the phone, identified himself as
Coyote’s brother-in-law, and made plans to meet Esquivel-Mendoza at a restaurant
2
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 3 of 12
in Florida. When they met at the restaurant, Esquivel-Mendoza instructed Nunez-
Sandoval to take the methamphetamine from the trunk of the car and put the
money in the passenger compartment. Police officers arrested Nunez-Sandoval
soon after he took control of the methamphetamine. Nunez-Sandoval later
admitted that he was supposed to receive the methamphetamine, pay Esquivel-
Mendoza, and store the drugs for Coyote. Esquivel-Mendoza had transported
drugs for Coyote several times but had never met Nunez-Sandoval.
II.
A federal grand jury returned a two-count indictment charging Nunez-
Sandoval with possession with intent to distribute at least 50 grams of
methamphetamine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(viii), and
conspiracy to do so, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Nunez-Sandoval pled guilty
to both counts without a plea agreement.
Before sentencing, the probation officer prepared Nunez-Sandoval’s
presentence investigation report (“PSR”). In the PSR, the probation officer
determined the base offense level to be 36 and then applied a three-level reduction
for acceptance of responsibility, for a total adjusted offense level of 33. With a
criminal history category of II, Nunez-Sandoval’s advisory guideline range was
151 to 188 months of imprisonment. The statutory minimum for both counts was
ten years, and the maximum was life.
3
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 4 of 12
At his sentencing, Nunez-Sandoval argued, consistent with arguments made
in a sentencing memorandum, that his role in the conspiracy was minor relative to
the other known participants, so he should have received a two-point reduction
pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2. He contended that, unlike “Coyote,” he played no
part in the planning or supervision of the conspiracy and, unlike Esquivel-
Mendoza, he did not transport the drugs across state lines and was not armed. The
court overruled this objection, finding that Nunez-Sandoval had not shown that he
was materially less culpable than the average participant or the specific
comparators.
Nunez-Sandoval then requested a variance down to the statutory minimum
of 120 months based on his history and characteristics—having grown up
impoverished in Mexico and having come to the United States to find work—as
well as the minimal deterrent effect of a marginally higher sentence. He also asked
the district court to consider a recent amendment to the Sentencing Guidelines,
which would go into effect in November 2014, that would change the drug-
quantity table and reduce by two levels the base offense levels for all drug
offenses. If that amendment applied in this case, Nunez-Sandoval asserted, his
guideline range would have been 121 to 151 months of incarceration.
The district judge acknowledged that he had the authority to vary downward
“in sympathy” with the United States Sentencing Commission’s decision to reduce
4
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 5 of 12
the offense levels for drug offenses. But the judge declined to vary downward
based on the Commission’s decision because doing so would infringe on the
Commission’s and Congress’s ability to uniformly and systematically address the
issue of whether the new drug-quantity table applies retroactively. The judge
heard from the government, which requested a sentence of 151 months, and then
imposed the low-end sentence of 151 months.
After announcing the sentence, the district judge noted that he had
considered the policies and guidelines of the Sentencing Commission, the advisory
guideline range, the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the sentencing
memorandum submitted by the defense, and the arguments of counsel. Regarding
the offense, the judge explained that Nunez-Sandoval was convicted of a “serious
offense for interstate transportation of a substantial quantity of methamphetamine”
and that he “was an operative playing a crucial role.” As for Nunez-Sandoval’s
history and characteristics, the judge noted that Nunez-Sandoval had a prior drug
conviction and also explained that while Nunez-Sandoval had grown up in poverty,
he also had had the opportunity in the United States to work but had chosen to
engage in serious criminal conduct at the behest of Coyote.
The district judge also discussed at length the difficulties in connecting the
§ 3553(a) factors to a specific sentence. Remarking that he had been critical of the
Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S. Ct. 738
5
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 6 of 12
(2005), on the basis that it presumes that there is some formula to the process of
applying the § 3553(a) factors, the judge found it “impossible to make distinctions
based upon these aspirational factors [in § 3553(a)].” Furthermore, the judge
stated, “It’s impossible to articulate how much sentence equals how much value in
any one or all of those factors.” Notwithstanding these concerns, the judge
concluded by stating that the 151-month sentence was his “best calculation” at
“accomplish[ing] the statutory purposes of sentencing” for this “mainstream
offense,” and that a sentence at the low end of the guideline range was appropriate
and would avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities that may result from
prematurely applying the amendment to the Sentencing Guidelines drug-quantity
table. Nevertheless, the judge indicated his willingness to entertain a motion to
reduce Nunez-Sandoval’s sentence in the future if the drug-offense amendment
were determined to be retroactive. Nunez-Sandoval now appeals his sentence.
III.
Nunez-Sandoval first contends that the district court clearly erred in refusing
to grant him a minor-role reduction because he had no supervisory role or equity
interest in the methamphetamine, and his role in the conspiracy was minor
compared to that of the other participants. The determination of a defendant’s role
in an offense is a question of fact, which we review for clear error. United States
6
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 7 of 12
v. Rodriguez De Varon (“De Varon”), 175 F.3d 930, 937-38 (11th Cir. 1999) (en
banc).
A two-level reduction to the offense level is appropriate if the defendant
functions as a “minor participant” in the criminal activity. U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b). A
minor participant is one “who is less culpable than most other participants, but
whose role could not be described as minimal.” Id. § 3B1.2(b), comment. (n.5).
The defendant bears the burden of showing, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that he is entitled to the minor-role reduction. United States v. Rodriguez, 751 F.3d
1244, 1258 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, (U.S. Oct. 6, 2014) (No. 14-5968).
In analyzing whether a minor-role reduction is warranted, a district court
must consider two principles: (1) the defendant’s role as measured against the
conduct for which he has been held accountable; and (2) the defendant’s role as
compared to other participants in the relevant conduct. Id. The first principle
recognizes that a minor-role reduction may be appropriate where the defendant is
held accountable for conduct more extensive than his specific actions. De Varon,
175 F.3d at 940-41. The second principle measures the relative culpability of the
defendant in comparison to that of other identifiable participants in the relevant
conduct. Id. at 944. Simply not being a supervisor or manager does not
automatically entitle a defendant to a minor-role reduction. Rodriguez, 751 F.3d at
1258. Nor is a defendant automatically entitled to a minor-role reduction for being
7
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 8 of 12
“somewhat less culpable” than other participants, “since it is possible that none are
minor or minimal participants.” De Varon, 175 F.3d at 944. Instead, the
determination is whether the defendant “was less culpable than most other
participants” in the relevant conduct. Id. (emphasis in original).
We conclude that the district court did not err by declining to apply a minor-
role reduction. With respect to the first principle, Nunez-Sandoval’s behavior was
coextensive with the relevant conduct attributed to him. Because of that, he cannot
prove that he is entitled to a minor-role reduction “simply by pointing to some
broader criminal scheme in which [he] was a minor participant but for which [he]
was not held accountable.” De Varon, 175 F.3d at 941. The defendant’s role as
that of a “traditional drug courier,” as he concedes in his brief, does not alter that
principle. Id. at 942. “[W]hen a drug courier’s relevant conduct is limited to [his]
own act of [distribution], a district court may legitimately conclude that the courier
played an important or essential role in the [distribution] of those drugs.” Id. at
942-43. Therefore, because the district court held him responsible only for the
“substantial quantity” of methamphetamine that he had agreed to distribute, his
relevant conduct was sufficient to support the court’s denial of the minor-role
reduction. See also id. at 943 (noting that the amount of drugs is a “material
consideration in assessing a defendant’s role” in the relevant conduct). This
8
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 9 of 12
analysis of Nunez-Sandoval’s role in the relevant conduct is dispositive of his
claim of error under § 3B1.2(b). See id. at 945.
In any case, Nunez-Sandoval also has not shown that he was less culpable
than most other participants in the crime. The record supports the district court’s
finding that Nunez-Sandoval’s culpability for the relevant conduct was similar to
that of Esquivel-Mendoza. Both were essential parties to the transportation and
distribution of the methamphetamine, and both were acting pursuant to the
directions of Coyote. While Nunez-Sandoval may have been somewhat less
culpable than Esquival-Mendoza, in that the defendant did not possess a weapon or
travel across state lines, that alone does not automatically entitle him to a minor-
role reduction or render the district court’s denial of the minor-role reduction clear
error. See id. at 944.
III.
Nunez-Sandoval next argues that the district court gave unjustifiable weight
to the Sentencing Guidelines, resulting in an unreasonable sentence. He contends
that the district judge’s comments on Booker indicate that the court failed to
adequately consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors and instead formulaically
applied the Sentencing Guidelines.
We review the reasonableness of a sentence for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Victor, 719 F.3d 1288, 1291 (11th Cir. 2013). We first ensure that
9
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 10 of 12
the district court committed no significant procedural error, such as treating the
guidelines as mandatory or failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors. Gall v. United
States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S. Ct. 586, 597 (2007). If a sentence is procedurally
reasonable, we then examine whether the sentence was substantively reasonable.
Id. The party challenging the sentence bears the burden of showing that it is
unreasonable in light of the record and the § 3553(a) factors. United States v.
Tome, 611 F.3d 1371, 1378 (11th Cir. 2010).
The district court must impose a sentence sufficient, but not greater than
necessary, to comply with the purposes of sentencing listed under § 3553(a)(2). In
determining the sentence to be imposed, the court must consider the nature and
circumstances of the offense, the history and characteristics of the defendant, and
the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among defendants with
similar records, among other factors. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (6). The weight to
be given any particular § 3553(a) factor is a matter left to the sound discretion of
the district court. United States v. Clay, 483 F.3d 739, 743 (11th Cir. 2007).
Therefore, we will vacate a sentence only if “we are left with the definite and firm
conviction that the district court committed a clear error of judgment in weighing
the § 3553(a) factors.” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1190 (11th Cir. 2010)
(en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted).
10
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 11 of 12
We conclude that the district court committed no procedural error and
imposed a substantively reasonable sentence. The court correctly calculated the
guideline range and did not treat the guidelines as mandatory. The district judge’s
statements regarding Booker reflect the manifest difficulty of determining how the
§ 3553(a) factors should affect the sentence. While these comments also reflect an
uneasiness with Booker and the advisory guideline system, the judge specifically
acknowledged that he had the authority to sentence outside the guideline range
based on the § 3553(a) factors.
Nor do we find that the judge placed unreasonable weight on the guideline
range and thereby imposed a substantively unreasonable sentence. Rather, the
transcript of the sentencing hearing reflects that the judge was particularly
concerned about the need to avoid unwarranted sentencing disparities among
defendants found guilty of similar conduct in light of the changes to the drug-
quantity table. As Gall explained, “avoidance of unwarranted disparities was
clearly considered” when setting the guideline ranges. 552 U.S. at 54, 128 S. Ct at
599. Thus, the court properly considered that factor, among others, by giving
careful consideration to the guideline range.
Moreover, the court explicitly noted that it had considered the required
sentencing factors and Nunez-Sandoval’s arguments at sentencing, and the court
discussed Nunez-Sandoval’s history and characteristics and the nature and
11
Case: 14-11918 Date Filed: 11/25/2014 Page: 12 of 12
circumstances of the crime. United States v. Scott, 426 F.3d 1324, 1329-30 (11th
Cir. 2005) (the district court’s explicit acknowledgement that it had considered the
§ 3553(a) factors and the defendant’s arguments is sufficient to establish that the
court did, in fact, consider them). After considering all of the relevant factors, the
court arrived at a sentence at the low end of the guideline range, which we
ordinarily expect to be reasonable. See United States v. Hunt, 526 F.3d 739, 746
(11th Cir. 2008). Under the circumstances, Nunez-Sandoval has not shown that
the sentence imposed in this case was substantively unreasonable.
IV.
In sum, the district court did not clearly err in finding that Nunez-Sandoval
was not a “minor participant” in the offenses under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.2(b), and the
151-month sentence imposed was both procedurally and substantively reasonable.
AFFIRMED.
12