FILED
FEB 08 2012
1 NOT FOR PUBLICATION SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
2 O F TH E N IN TH C IR C U IT
UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
3
OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
4
5
In re: ) BAP No. CC-11-1183-PaHPe
6 )
ADVANCED BEAUTY SOLUTIONS, LLC, ) Bk. No. SV 06-10076-GM
7 )
Debtor. ) Adv. No. SV 08-01363-GM
8 ___________________________________)
)
9 )
CIRTRAN CORPORATION, )
10 )
Appellant, ) M E M O R A N D U M1
11 )
v. )
12 )
ADVANCED BEAUTY SOLUTIONS, LLC, )
13 )
Appellee. )
14 ___________________________________)
15 Argued and submitted on November 16, 2011
at Pasadena, California
16
Filed - February 8, 2012
17
Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
18 for the Central District of California
19 Hon. Geraldine Mund, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
20
21 Appearances: Thomas J. Burns of Durham Jones & Pinegar,
P.C., argued for appellant CirTran Corporation;
22 Samuel Joel Romero of Shulman Hodges & Bastian LLP
argued for appellee Advanced Beauty Solutions, LLC.
23
24 Before: PAPPAS, HOLLOWELL and PERRIS,2 Bankruptcy Judges.
25
26
1
27 This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
28 have (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value.
See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
2
The Honorable Elizabeth L. Perris, United States
Bankruptcy Judge for the District of Oregon, sitting by
designation.
1 CirTran Corporation (“CirTran”) appeals the bankruptcy
2 court’s order denying its “Motion to Declare Judgment Fully
3 Satisfied or Alternatively to Recoup Mutual Debts” in its ongoing
4 litigation with chapter 113 debtor Advanced Beauty Solutions, LLC
5 (“ABS”). In addition to challenging the merits of the bankruptcy
6 court’s decision, CirTran also argues, for the first time in this
7 appeal, that the bankruptcy court lacked subject matter
8 jurisdiction to enter the underlying judgment in favor of ABS in
9 the adversary proceeding and, based upon the Supreme Court’s
10 recent ruling in Stern v. Marshall, 131 S.Ct 2594 (2011)
11 (“Stern”), that the Panel should vacate that judgment and order
12 the court to dismiss this adversary proceeding. We AFFIRM.
13 FACTS
14 While the appellate record is difficult to navigate,4 the
15
16 3
Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter, section and rule
references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
17 to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to as “Civil Rules.”
18
4
The Panel has been handicapped in its review of this
19 appeal by the cavalier approach taken by CirTran in its
preparation and submission of excerpts of the record required by
20 Rules 8009 and 8010. Those excerpts did not include numerous
critical documents, and the copy of the bankruptcy court’s
21 tentative ruling concerning CirTran’s Motion to Declare Judgment
Fully Satisfied was incomplete. As a result, we have exercised
22 our discretion to consult the bankruptcy court’s docket in the
bankruptcy case and adversary proceeding to obtain copies of these
23 important pleadings. O’Rourke v. Seaboard Surety Co. (In re E.R.
Fegert), 887 F.2d 955, 957-58 (9th Cir. 1988); Atwood v. Chase
24 Manhattan Mrtg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233, n.9 (9th
Cir. BAP 2003).
25 Instead of providing relevant documents in its excerpts, in
its briefs CirTran referred often to the bankruptcy docket in
26 support of its factual allegations. Even then, it usually
referred only to the docket number, with no indication of the
27 precise location of the information within the document so
identified. Several docket items referenced by CirTran spanned
28 voluminous pages. This practice is inappropriate; opposing
parties and the court are not obliged to search the entire record
(continued...)
-2-
1 following facts appear to be undisputed.
2 ABS developed a personal hair care product it called the True
3 Ceramic Pro™ Infra Red Ionic Styler (the “Product”), used
4 primarily for straightening or curling hair. ABS enlisted the
5 services of several manufacturers to produce the Product, but on
6 January 19, 2005, it contracted with CirTran to be its exclusive
7 manufacturer.
8 ABS marketed the Product via television “infomercials” which,
9 initially, were well-received. However, in its first year, the
10 Product was plagued by design flaws and defects.
11 ABS filed for protection under chapter 11 on January 24,
12 2006. Shortly thereafter, on January 26, 2006, ABS filed a motion
13 in the bankruptcy court for approval of the sale of substantially
14 all of its assets to a third party via an auction. After some
15 procedural wrangling with various creditors, the bankruptcy court
16 conducted a hearing concerning the proposed sale on February 24,
17 2006, at which time it approved the sale of ABS’s assets to
18 CirTran, the high bidder. The court directed ABS and CirTran to
19 formalize the terms of the sale in an Asset Purchase Agreement
20 (“APA”). They did so, and the APA was later approved by the court
21 in an order entered June 7, 2006. According to the order
22 approving the sale, the ABS assets to be sold included: “all the
23 copyrights to the True Ceramic Pro – Live Ops (TCPS) infomercial
24 and the master tapes relating to same and . . . all trademarks,
25 patents, patent applications and copyrights relating to the True
26 Ceramic Pro product and all advertising and marketing materials
27
4
28 (...continued)
unaided for error. Dela Rosa v. Scottsdale Mem. Health Sys.,
Inc., 136 F.3d 1241 (9th Cir. 1998); Syncom Cap. Corp. v. Wade,
924 F.2d 167, 169 (9th Cir. 1991).
-3-
1 related thereto.” Sale Order of June 7, 2006, at ¶ Q.
2 Under the terms of the APA, CirTran paid ABS $1.25 million in
3 cash, forgave $750,000 of ABS’s debt to CirTran, assumed certain
4 liabilities of ABS, and agreed to pay ABS royalties of $3 per unit
5 of the Product it sold (the “Profit Share Obligation”), up to a
6 maximum of $4,135,000. In exchange, ABS transferred the assets
7 described above to CirTran, and agreed that CirTran would have an
8 allowed unsecured claim in the bankruptcy case in the amount of
9 $1,600,000.
10 CirTran defaulted on making payments to ABS on the Profit
11 Share Obligation under the APA at least three times. The first
12 default occurred in August 2006, after only two payments had been
13 made in June and July 2006. A second default occurred in February
14 2007.
15 On March 9, 2007, ABS filed an adversary complaint against
16 CirTran in the bankruptcy court, alleging that CirTran had
17 breached the APA by failing to pay royalties to ABS on the
18 Products CirTran had sold. The parties then negotiated a
19 settlement agreement in which CirTran acknowledged that it owed
20 ABS $130,000 in royalties for the first quarter of 2007, and
21 agreed to pay ABS weekly payments of $12,500. The bankruptcy
22 court approved the parties’ stipulation to dismiss the adversary
23 proceeding on July 31, 2007.
24 ABS alleges that CirTran defaulted a third time on royalty
25 payments in December 2007. ABS filed a second adversary complaint
26 against CirTran on May 29, 2008, to recover for breach of the APA,
27 account stated, unjust enrichment, accounting and receivership,
28 seeking compensatory damages of $102,459, plus unspecified amounts
-4-
1 of consequential and punitive damages.
2 CirTran did not respond to the ABS complaint, and on
3 September 8, 2008, the clerk entered a default against CirTran.
4 ABS moved for entry of a default judgment on February 24, 2009.
5 To support its request for an award of damages, ABS submitted to
6 the bankruptcy court the declaration of Richard Nelson, an expert
7 witness retained to determine and testify about the net present
8 value to ABS of the expected stream of royalties under the Profit
9 Share Obligation terms of the APA. In the report attached to and
10 incorporated in Nelson’s declaration, he opined that,
11 Based on our analysis, as described in this valuation
report, the estimate of value of Net Present Value of
12 Expected Royalty Payments, Asset Purchase Agreement
between Advanced Beauty Solutions, LLC and CirTran
13 Corporation dated May 2006 (Royalties section 2.4) as of
June 30, 2006 was $1,975,235.
14
15 CirTran did not oppose the ABS motion for entry of default
16 judgment, and on March 17, 2009, the bankruptcy court entered a
17 default judgment in favor of ABS and against CirTran for
18 $1,812,321.61, including costs and attorneys fees (“ABS’s
19 Judgment”).
20 Several months later, on July 20, 2009, CirTran filed a
21 motion in the adversary proceeding under Civil Rule 60(b) to set
22 aside ABS’s Judgment, arguing, inter alia, that it had not
23 received notice of the ABS motion for default judgment, and that
24 the amount of damages awarded by the bankruptcy court in ABS’s
25 Judgment was not consistent with Cirtran’s accounting. CirTran
26 also asserted that any judgment entered against it should be
27 offset by its $1.6 million creditor’s claim against ABS that had
28 been allowed in the bankruptcy case.
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1 The bankruptcy court conducted a hearing on CirTran’s motion
2 to set aside ABS’s Judgment on August 19, 2009. After hearing
3 from counsel, the court denied the motion, finding clear evidence
4 that CirTran had indeed received notice of the ABS motion, and
5 because CirTran had offered no meritorious defense to the ABS
6 complaint. CirTran filed an appeal of the bankruptcy court’s
7 denial of its motion, but the district court dismissed that appeal
8 on November 17, 2009, for failure to prosecute.
9 On February 17, 2010, in an effort to enforce and collect the
10 default judgment, ABS filed an “Application for Turnover Order” in
11 the adversary proceeding, seeking an order from the bankruptcy
12 court directing CirTran to transfer to ABS the stock and
13 membership certificates of CirTran’s subsidiaries. CirTran filed
14 no opposition, and the bankruptcy court granted the application,
15 and entered a turnover order on March 17, 2010. On March 22,
16 2010, CirTran filed an objection and a motion for reconsideration
17 regarding the turnover order. CirTran’s primary objection to the
18 order was that it violated Cal. Code Civ. Proc. §§ 700.130 and
19 700.040, because it directed that the certificates be delivered to
20 ABS, rather than to a levy officer as required by state law. On
21 April 26, 2020, the bankruptcy court granted CirTran’s
22 reconsideration motion in part, modifying the turnover order to
23 direct that the certificates be delivered to a levy officer rather
24 than to ABS.
25 In its next attempt to collect on ABS’s Judgment, on June 15,
26 2010, ABS filed an Application for an Assignment Order and
27 Charging Order in the adversary proceeding. In this application,
28 ABS sought an order requiring that CirTran assign to ABS the
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1 copyrights, trademarks, and patents sold to CirTran via the APA.
2 CirTran filed an opposition to this application on June 23, 2010,
3 claiming that it was unable to comply because its creditor, YA
4 Global Investments, held a perfected security interest in all
5 CirTran’s assets, including those described in the application.
6 After a hearing on August 4, 2010, the bankruptcy court, on
7 August 13, 2010, entered an order granting the assignment motion
8 in part by directing that CirTran assign only the copyrights to
9 ABS, but not any trademarks or patent rights subject to the
10 security interest of YA Global. On September 9, 2010, CirTran
11 filed a notice in the adversary proceeding indicating that it had
12 complied with the bankruptcy court’s order, and attaching a copy
13 of an executed Assignment of Copyrights.
14 Concerning ABS’s request for an assignment of the trademarks
15 and patents subject to YA Global’s security interest, the
16 bankruptcy court ordered CirTran and YA Global to file
17 supplemental briefing detailing payments made by CirTran to YA
18 Global. The supplemental briefing showed that there were no
19 outstanding amounts due to YA Global from CirTran. On September
20 22, 2010, the bankruptcy court entered a second assignment order,
21 directing CirTran to transfer all revenue from its subsidiaries to
22 ABS.
23 On October 20, 2010, CirTran sent ABS a letter demanding
24 that, pursuant to Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 724.050, ABS acknowledge
25 that ABS’s Judgment had been satisfied by its assignment to ABS of
26 the copyrights. When discussions between the parties were not
27 fruitful, on February 23, 2011, CirTran filed the Motion to
28 Declare Judgment Fully Satisfied or Alternatively to Recoup Mutual
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1 Debts (the “Fully Satisfied/Recoupment Motion.”). In this motion,
2 CirTran argued that the value of the copyrights it had transferred
3 to ABS equaled the value the bankruptcy court had attributed to
4 them when it calculated and awarded damages to ABS against CirTran
5 in the Default Judgment. As a result, CirTran contended, the law
6 of the case doctrine required that the court deem the Default
7 Judgment satisfied. Alternatively, CirTran suggested that the
8 court apply the doctrine of recoupment and order that the amount
9 of CirTran’s allowed unsecured claim in the bankruptcy case be
10 offset against amounts owed by CirTran to ABS in ABS’s Judgment.
11 After several continuances, the bankruptcy court conducted a
12 hearing on CirTran’s Fully Satisfied/Recoupment Motion on April 6,
13 2011. Before that hearing, the court posted a sixteen-page
14 tentative ruling. In it, the court provided a summary of the
15 positions of the parties, and distilled the dispute to two issues:
16 (1) whether the law of the case doctrine applied in setting the
17 value of the copyrights transferred from to ABS from CirTran, and
18 (2) whether the doctrine of recoupment dictated that the Default
19 Judgment be deemed at least partially satisfied by offsetting
20 CirTran’s allowed unsecured claim in the bankruptcy case against
21 the amounts owed to ABS under the Default Judgment. The court
22 rejected CirTran’s arguments on both issues.
23 As to application of law of the case, the bankruptcy court
24 tentatively ruled that the court had never previously determined
25 the value of the copyrights; it had instead relied on the ABS
26 expert witness valuation report in determining the amount of
27 damages included in the Default Judgment, but that the report was
28 a valuation of damages related to the royalty stream as of 2006,
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1 and “did not value any particular asset.” Tentative Ruling at 12,
2 April 6, 2011. Because of this, the court determined that,
3 An evidentiary hearing is necessary to determine the
value of the copyright materials without the attendant
4 trademark and patents. An evidentiary hearing will
allow this court to determine the value of the copyright
5 materials and apply that value towards a satisfaction
(partial or total — depending on the outcome of the
6 valuation hearing) of the judgment held by ABS.
7 Id.
8 As to CirTran’s request for recoupment, the bankruptcy
9 court’s tentative ruling concluded that the respective claims of
10 ABS and CirTran were not “based on the same aggregate set of
11 operative facts to the degree necessary to establish a ‘logical
12 relationship’ between the two claims of the parties.” Id. at 16.
13 Further, the court noted four instances of inequitable conduct by
14 CirTran that would prevent application of the equitable recoupment
15 doctrine in its favor: Cirtran’s failures to meaningly participate
16 in the adversary proceeding, to make voluntary payments on the
17 Default Judgment, to comply with the bankruptcy court’s orders
18 regarding enforcement of the Default Judgment, and its delayed
19 filing of the Fully Satisfied/Recoupment Motion. Id.
20 In summary, the bankruptcy court indicated in its tentative
21 ruling its intent to deny the Fully Satisfied/Recoupment Motion,
22 but to set an evidentiary hearing to determine the value the
23 copyrights assigned by CirTran to ABS for credit against the
24 Default Judgment. Id.
25 At the hearing on April 6, 2011, after hearing from counsel
26 for ABS and CirTran, the bankruptcy court indicated that it would,
27 for the most part, adopt the conclusions stated in its tentative
28 rulings: “So the motion to declare the judgment fully satisfied
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1 is not denied, because I don’t know what the value is yet.” Hr’g
2 Tr. 47:11-13, April 6, 2011. “Recoupment does not apply.” Hr’g
3 Tr. 47:19.
4 At that point, the bankruptcy court engaged in a colloquy
5 with counsel for ABS. Counsel reminded the bankruptcy court that
6 CirTran’s motion was for a declaration that the transfer of the
7 copyrights was in “full satisfaction” of ABS’s Judgment regardless
8 of their value, or recoupment. The court acknowledged, “the
9 motion is for full satisfaction or recoupment.” Hr’g Tr. 51: 8-9,
10 April 6, 2011. The court had already ruled in its tentative
11 (incorporated in its final order) that the copyrights had value
12 and that the value would be a credit against ABS’s Judgment.
13 Tentative Ruling at 11. ABS’s counsel then argued successfully to
14 the court that CirTran’s motion seeking full satisfaction based on
15 the mere transfer of the copyrights could not be allowed without
16 some determination of the value of the copyrights. ABS’s counsel
17 then suggested that, although the Fully Satisfied/Recoupment
18 Motion must be denied, CirTran could bring a motion for partial
19 satisfaction of ABS’s Judgment. Hr’g Tr. 49:25–50:1. The court
20 agreed: “If you really want to go forward with what you ask, I
21 will deny the motion and they can bring another one for partial
22 satisfaction.” Hr’g Tr. 51:22-25. After some further
23 discussions, the bankruptcy court ruled: “[Fully
24 Satisfied/Recoupment] Motion is denied.” Hr’g Tr. 53:6. The
25 court then directed ABS to submit an order stating that the motion
26 is denied for the reasons stated in the tentative ruling and on
27 the record. Hr’g Tr. 53:11-13. The order was entered on April
28 28, 2011.
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1 CirTran filed this timely appeal.
2 JURISDICTION
3 As discussed below, CirTran challenges the bankruptcy court’s
4 subject matter jurisdiction over this dispute under 28 U.S.C.
5 § 1334 and § 157(b)(2). For the reasons that follow, we reject
6 CirTran’s challenge and conclude that the bankruptcy court did
7 indeed have subject matter jurisdiction and the constitutional
8 power to enter the judgment in the adversary proceeding and the
9 order on appeal. The Panel has jurisdiction in this appeal under
10 28 U.S.C. § 158.
11 ISSUES
12 Whether the bankruptcy court’s Default Judgment must be
13 vacated because the bankruptcy court lacked the constitutional
14 authority to enter the judgment under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2), as
15 construed by Stern.
16 Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in
17 declining to apply the doctrine of law of the case.
18 Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in
19 declining to hold that the APS had been rescinded.
20 Whether the bankruptcy court abused its discretion in
21 declining to apply the doctrine of recoupment.
22 STANDARDS OF REVIEW
23 We review de novo questions involving the subject matter
24 jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court. Cal. Franchise Tax Bd. v.
25 Wilshire Courtyard (In re Wilshire Courtyard), ___ B.R. ___, 2011
26 WL 5041700 *5 (9th Cir. BAP 2011). We review the
27 constitutionality of a federal statute de novo. United States v.
28 Vongxay, 594 F.3d 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 2010), cert. denied,
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1 131 S.Ct. 294 (2010).
2 A bankruptcy court’s decision regarding law of the case is
3 reviewed for abuse of discretion. S. Ore. Barter Fair v. Jackson
4 Cnty., Ore., 372 F.3d 1128, 1136 (9th Cir. 2004). A bankruptcy
5 court’s decision whether to apply recoupment is equitable in
6 nature and reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Aalfs v. Wirum
7 (In re Straightline Invests., Inc.), 525 F.3d 870, 882 (9th Cir.
8 2008). Likewise, the bankruptcy court’s decision to apply, or not
9 apply the equitable remedy of rescission is reviewed for abuse of
10 discretion. Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo v. Alliance Bond Fund,
11 527 U.S. 308, 324-25 (1999)(rescission is an equitable remedy);
12 Labor / Cmty. Strategy Ctr. v. Los Angeles County Metro. Transp.
13 Auth., 263 F.3d 1041, 1048 (9th Cir. 2001) (“A federal court
14 enjoys broad equitable powers; its choice of equitable remedies is
15 reviewed for an abuse of discretion.”).
16 A bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it bases a
17 decision on an erroneous view of the law, or if its application of
18 the law was illogical, implausible, or without support in
19 inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the record. United
20 States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009); Ellsworth
21 v. Lifescape Med. Assocs. (In re Ellsworth), 455 B.R. 904, 914
22 (9th Cir. BAP 2011).
23 DISCUSSION
24 I.
25 CirTran may not challenge the bankruptcy court’s
subject matter jurisdiction based upon Stern v. Marshall
26
27 In its Opening Brief in this appeal, filed shortly after the
28 Supreme Court decided Stern in June 2011, CirTran argues for the
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1 first time that, based upon the Supreme Court’s decision, the
2 bankruptcy court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the
3 adversary proceeding in which the Default Judgment and order were
4 entered, and from which this appeal arose. Ambitiously, CirTran
5 requests that “the ABS complaint and its default judgment must
6 thus be vacated and the ABS complaint dismissed.” CirTran Op. Br.
7 at 18.
8 ABS responds, arguing that, even after Stern, the bankruptcy
9 court indeed had proper subject matter jurisdiction to entertain
10 its action against CirTran because, among other reasons: the
11 action arose out of CirTran’s obligations under the APA; the
12 Default Judgment is final, and not subject to collateral attack,
13 even for lack of jurisdiction; and CirTran consented, and then
14 waived any objection, to the bankruptcy court’s power to
15 adjudicate the adversary proceeding. ABS Op. Br. at 1, 14, 18.
16 CirTran’s reply urges that a challenge to the subject matter
17 jurisdiction of a trial court may be raised at any time, even on
18 appeal, and that the parties could not create subject matter
19 jurisdiction in the bankruptcy court by consent. CirTran Reply
20 Br. at 4.
21 As explained below, we are skeptical whether, given the
22 limitations on its holding, Stern would help CirTran in this
23 appeal. More importantly, though, given the procedural posture of
24 this action, we need not decide whether the constitutional issue
25 addressed in Stern is implicated because CirTran’s challenge to
26 the bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction is made far too late in the
27 game.
28 In Stern, the Supreme Court held that a bankruptcy court
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1 “lacked the constitutional authority to enter a final judgment on
2 a state law counterclaim that is not resolved in the process of
3 ruling on a creditor’s proof of claim” in a bankruptcy case.
4 Stern, 131 S.Ct. at 2620. In deciding that, though 28 U.S.C.
5 § 157(b)(2)(C) authorized the bankruptcy court to decide the
6 merits of the bankruptcy estate’s counterclaim against a creditor,
7 such an exercise of judicial power by an Article I bankruptcy
8 judge violated the Constitution, because “Congress may not bypass
9 Article III simply because a proceeding may have some bearing on a
10 bankruptcy case; the question is whether the action at issue stems
11 from the bankruptcy itself or would necessarily be resolved in the
12 claims allowance process.” Id. at 2618.
13 However, in the Stern decision, the Court instructed that its
14 holding was a “narrow one,” id. at 2620, that the constitutional
15 infirmity in the bankruptcy court’s reliance upon 28 U.S.C.
16 § 157(b)(2)(C) was limited to “one isolated respect,” id., that
17 the Court doubted its decision would generate significant
18 practical consequences, and that the Court “[did] not think that
19 removal of counterclaims such as [the debtor’s] from core
20 bankruptcy jurisdiction meaningfully changes the division of labor
21 in the current statute . . . .” Id. And more importantly for our
22 purposes in addressing CirTran’s arguments in this appeal, Stern
23 also makes clear that 28 U.S.C. § 157, the statute considered by
24 the Court, merely “allocates the authority to enter final judgment
25 between the bankruptcy court and the district court,” and contrary
26 to CirTran’s position here, “[t]hat allocation does not implicate
27 questions of subject matter jurisdiction.” Id. at 2607.
28 Given the convoluted procedural status of the contest facing
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1 the Court in Stern, and the strictures expressed by the Court
2 concerning the breadth of its holding, we seriously doubt that
3 CirTran’s argument has any traction that the bankruptcy court in
4 this case “did not have subject matter jurisdiction over ABS’s
5 complaint” and that the Panel must “vacate the entry of the
6 default judgment entered against CirTran . . . .” CirTran Reply
7 Br. at 1. For one thing, if Stern did not restrict the bankruptcy
8 courts’ subject matter jurisdiction, but instead, dealt only with
9 a litigant’s constitutional right to have certain bankruptcy-
10 related disputes decided by an Article III court, CirTran’s
11 failure to raise its concerns until this appeal is a formidable
12 problem. As the Supreme Court noted, if CirTran really questioned
13 the authority of the bankruptcy court to enter a final judgment
14 under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b), “[it] should have said so – and said so
15 promptly. See United States v. Oloano, 507 U.S. 725, 731, 113
16 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed. 508(1993) (“‘No procedural principle is more
17 familiar to this Court than that a constitutional right,’ or a
18 right of any other sort, ‘may be forfeited . . . by the failure to
19 make timely assertion of the right before a tribunal having
20 jurisdiction to determine it.’”). Stern, 131 S.Ct. at 2608. Put
21 another way, even if the holding in Stern is somehow applicable to
22 this action, CirTran’s challenge to the bankruptcy court’s
23 authority in this case is hardly “prompt.”
24 Moreover, even if it was not waived, Cirtran’s Stern-type
25 attack on the bankruptcy court’s constitutional authority to
26 finally decide this dispute would be fraught with other
27 challenges. The bankruptcy court entered a judgment in an
28 adversary proceeding in which ABS, a chapter 11 debtor, sought to
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1 enforce an agreement effectuating a § 363 sale of assets by the
2 bankruptcy estate to CirTran, a major creditor, as part of the
3 ABS’s reorganization efforts, and where a significant portion of
4 the consideration for the CirTran purchase consisted of a
5 reduction in its creditor’s claim in the bankruptcy case. As
6 compared to the prebankruptcy tort claim examined in Stern, and
7 even though ABS sued CirTran for breach of contract, it is not at
8 all clear that the bankruptcy court lacked a constitutional basis
9 under 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2) to entertain the action as a core
10 proceeding, and therefore, to enter the Default Judgment. See 28
11 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(A), (N) and (O) (providing that core
12 proceedings include, but are not limited to, matters concerning
13 administration of a bankruptcy estate; orders approving sales of
14 estate property; and other proceedings affecting the liquidation
15 of the assets of the estate or the adjustment of the debtor-
16 creditor relationship).
17 But the Panel need not decide whether, even if timely
18 presented, Stern would constitute an impediment to enforcement of
19 the bankruptcy court’s Default Judgment in this appeal. We
20 therefore decline to address CirTran’s constitutional challenge.
21 To explain this conclusion, we again briefly recall the procedural
22 history of this action.
23 When CirTran defaulted under the APA and, eventually, ABS
24 sued CirTran in the bankruptcy court, CirTran failed to respond to
25 the ABS complaint, and ABS was awarded the Default Judgment for
26 nearly $2 million in money damages against CirTran. No appeal was
27 taken by CirTran from that judgment. However, CirTran later moved
28 to set aside the Default Judgment under Civil Rule 60(b), and when
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1 the bankruptcy court rejected that effort, CirTran appealed its
2 order to the district court. But that appeal was dismissed when
3 CirTran failed to prosecute it.
4 ABS then pursued various proceedings against CirTran in the
5 bankruptcy court to enforce and collect the Default Judgment. The
6 bankruptcy court entered several orders supporting ABS’s efforts
7 to get paid, culminating in an order directing CirTran to return
8 the copyrights it had purchased under the APA to ABS. After
9 return of the copyrights, and almost two years after entry of the
10 Default Judgment, CirTran filed a motion asking that the
11 bankruptcy court deem the Default Judgment satisfied. When the
12 court denied that motion, CirTran appealed to the Panel.
13 We recap the status of this action because, in our view, even
14 if we were inclined to credit CirTran’s argument that the
15 bankruptcy court somehow lacked the constitutional power or
16 jurisdiction to enter the Default Judgment, clearly, CirTran long
17 ago lost its right to challenge the bankruptcy court’s rulings.
18 While CirTran contends otherwise, a party does not have a timeless
19 right to challenge the subject matter jurisdiction of the trial
20 court that enters a final judgment against that party. Indeed,
21 the Supreme Court has held that, subject to narrow exceptions not
22 applicable here, a bankruptcy court’s final orders are not subject
23 to a subsequent collateral attack based upon a challenge to its
24 subject matter jurisdiction. Traveler’s Indem. Co. v. Bailey, 557
25 U.S. 137, ___, 129 S.Ct. 2195, 2205-06 (2009). So long as a party
26 to an action is given a fair chance to challenge the bankruptcy
27 court’s subject matter jurisdiction, it cannot attack it later by
28 resisting the enforceability of its orders. Id. at 2206, citing
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1 Ins. Corp. of Ireland v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée, 456
2 U.S. 694, 702 n.9 (1982) (“A party that has had an opportunity to
3 litigate the question of subject matter jurisdiction may not
4 . . . reopen that question in a collateral attack upon an adverse
5 judgment.”). The Ninth Circuit has amplified this rule in several
6 of its decisions. See, e.g., City of S. Pasadena v. Mineta,
7 284 F.3d 1154, 1157 (9th Cir. 2002); Trulis v. Barton, 107 F.3d
8 685, 691 (9th Cir. 1995).
9 In this case, CirTran allowed the Default Judgment to be
10 entered against it in the adversary proceeding without opposition.
11 That Default Judgment became final when no appeal was taken.
12 Moreover, CirTran then asked the bankruptcy court for relief under
13 Civil Rule 60(b), arguing that it did not receive notice of the
14 request for entry of the Default Judgment and that it had
15 meritorious defenses to ABS’s claims.5 The bankruptcy court
16 rejected both arguments and denied the motion. CirTran did appeal
17
18 5
Of course, CirTran could have sought relief, but did not,
19 by arguing that the Default Judgment was void for lack of the
bankruptcy court’s subject matter jurisdiction. Civil Rule
20 60(b)(4); CirTran’s motion was premised solely upon Civil Rule
60(b)(1). However, even the right to obtain relief from an
21 otherwise void bankruptcy court judgment under Civil Rule 60(b)(4)
has temporal limits. See, e.g., Central Vt. Pub. Serv. Corp. v.
22 Herbert, 341 F.3d 186, 189-190 (2d Cir. 2003) (in a case where the
movant argued that a bankruptcy court had impermissibly entered a
23 final judgment in a non-core proceeding with the parties’ consent,
that a motion for relief from the judgment should be denied
24 because Civil Rule 60(b)(4) may not be used as a substitute for a
timely appeal, and is only available when the bankruptcy court
25 plainly usurped jurisdiction or, put somewhat differently, where
there was a total want of jurisdiction and no arguable basis on
26 which the bankruptcy court could base subject matter
jurisdiction.)
27
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28
1 that order, but then allowed the appeal to be dismissed for lack
2 of prosecution of the appeal. In other words, the order denying
3 CirTran relief from the Default Judgment is also final.
4 Given this track record, we conclude that CirTran’s latest
5 attempt to avoid its obligations under the Default Judgment are
6 simply too little, too late. CirTran’s argument on appeal that
7 the bankruptcy court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enter
8 the Default Judgment amounts to a prohibited collateral attack on
9 that judgment. Even if CirTran’s argument had merit, which we
10 doubt, we decline to consider it under these circumstances.
11 II.
12 The bankruptcy court did not err in denying
the Motion to Declare Judgment Fully Satisfied
13 or Alternatively to Recoup Mutual Debts.
14 A. The bankruptcy court did not err in declining to apply law
of the case to consider the Default Judgment fully satisfied.
15
16 In the bankruptcy court, CirTran argued that the court relied
17 on the valuation of ABS’s expert witness of the intellectual
18 property assets transferred on which the Default Judgment was
19 based. According to CirTran, because the value of the copyrights
20 it transferred back to ABS equaled the value the bankruptcy court
21 attributed to them when awarding the Default Judgment to ABS, the
22 law of the case doctrine requires the bankruptcy court to consider
23 the Default Judgment fully satisfied. Like the bankruptcy court,
24 we disagree with CirTran’s position.
25 The law of the case doctrine precludes a court “from
26 reconsidering an issue previously decided by the same court, or a
27 higher court in the identical case.” United States v. Lummi
28 Indian Tribe, 235 F.3d 443, 452 (9th Cir. 2000). The doctrine is
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1 not a limitation on the court’s power, but a guide to the exercise
2 of its discretion. United States v. Alexander, 106 F.3d 874, 876
3 (9th Cir. 1996). For law of the case to apply, the issue in
4 question must have been decided explicitly or by necessary
5 implication by the court or a higher court. Hydrick v. Hunter,
6 500 F.3d 978, 986 (9th Cir. 2007). Even so, a court has
7 discretion to ignore law of the case under these conditions:
8 (1) the first decision was clearly erroneous; (2) there has been
9 an intervening change in the law; (3) the evidence on remand is
10 substantially different; (4) other changed circumstances exist; or
11 (5) a manifest injustice would otherwise result. United States v.
12 Renteria, 557 F.3d 1003, 1006 (9th Cir. 2009).
13 The bankruptcy court correctly applied this case law in
14 declining to apply law of the case, and in refusing to equate the
15 value it used in calculating the Default Judgment with the value
16 of the copyrights re-transferred by CirTran to ABS in 2010. The
17 bankruptcy court, examining its own Default Judgment, found that
18 the judgment was based on damages resulting from the breach of the
19 APA regarding payment of a royalty stream, not on the value of any
20 particular intellectual property. There is nothing in the record
21 to suggest the contrary. We owe “substantial deference” to a
22 court’s interpretation of its own orders. Marciano v. Fahs (In re
23 Marciano), ___ B.R. ___, 2011 WL 5041396 *25 (9th Cir BAP 2011).
24 We therefore conclude that the bankruptcy court did not abuse its
25 discretion in declining to apply law of the case.
26 B. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in
declining to apply the equitable doctrine of rescission to
27 deem the Default Judgment fully satisfied.
28 For the first time on appeal, CirTran argues that, “[in
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1 ordering CirTran to return all of the assets that it had purchased
2 from ABS through the APA, the [bankruptcy] court effected a
3 rescission of the APA, and in failing to grant CirTran’s request
4 for an order recognizing that the judgment was satisfied by this
5 judicially created rescission, the trial court erred.” CirTran
6 Op. Br. at 22. There are at least two critical infirmities in
7 this argument.
8 First, as noted, this argument was not made in the bankruptcy
9 court. We have discretion to review newly presented issues on
10 appeal if “(1) there are ‘exceptional circumstances’ why the issue
11 was not raised in the trial court, (2) the new issue arises while
12 the appeal is pending because of a change in the law, or (3) the
13 issue presented is purely one of law and the opposing party will
14 suffer no prejudice as a result of the failure to raise the issue
15 in the trial court.” Rhoades v. Henry, 598 F.3d 495, 501 n.7 (9th
16 Cir. 2010). CirTran has not argued that any of these exceptions
17 to the rule against allowing a new argument on appeal apply.
18 Instead, it asserts that the argument was raised in its Memorandum
19 in Support of Motion to Declare Judgment Satisfied, at dkt. 126.
20 For support, CirTran simply refers to a document filed in the
21 bankruptcy court by docket number, without additional citation to
22 the precise page in the document in which its rescission argument
23 is found. But this document, docket no. 126 in the adversary
24 docket, is a pleading containing 56 pages of text. We have
25 examined the pleading, but did not locate any reference to its
26 argument that the bankruptcy court’s order that it return the
27 copyrights to ABS effected a “rescission” of the APA. ABS
28 likewise indicates that it also examined dkt. no. 126, as well as
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1 dkt. no. 145 (CirTran’s Reply Memorandum), and failed to find any
2 reference to the bankruptcy court’s rescission of the APA.
3 Even if some oblique reference to something that could be
4 identified as a rescission argument is in the papers generally
5 cited by CirTran, that argument apparently failed to draw any
6 attention from the bankruptcy court or the other party to this
7 dispute. Under these circumstances, we conclude this argument was
8 not presented to the bankruptcy court, and we decline to consider
9 it anew on appeal.6
10 Second, even if we were to examine the issue, CirTran’s
11 argument lacks merit. The purpose of a rescission, according to
12 the case law cited by CirTran, is “to restore the parties as
13 nearly as possible to their former positions and to bring about
14 substantial justice by adjusting the equities between the parties
15 despite the fact that the status quo cannot be exactly
16
6
At oral argument before the Panel, counsel for CirTran
17 argued that it raised the rescission argument at the April 6, 2011
hearing. To support this claim, counsel referred us to Tab I of
18 the excerpts of record. Of course, Tab I consists of 73 pages and
CirTran, once again, has failed to provide us a workable citation
19 to the appropriate pages in the record. Even so, the Panel
examined Tab I, and while there are several passing references to
20 rescission, these references lack any sort of structured analysis,
nor do they include any citations to case or statutory authority.
21 Such “arguments,” raised in the bankruptcy court in passing
without citation to authority or thoughtful legal argument, do not
22 meet the requirements for preserving an argument for appeal. The
Ninth Circuit counsels that it will not consider arguments that
23 are not “properly raise[d]” in the trial courts.” Rothman v.
Hospital Serv. of S. Cal., 510 F.2d 956, 960 (9th Cir. 1975).
24 Although there is no bright-line rule to determine whether an
issue has been properly raised, the “workable standard” adopted by
25 the Panel is that the argument must be raised sufficiently for the
trial court to rule on it. Franchise Tax Bd. v. Roberts (In re
26 Roberts), 175 B.R. 339, 344 (9th Cir. BAP 1994) (citing Whittaker
Corp. v. Execuair Corp., 953 F.2d 510, 515 (9th Cir. 1992)). By
27 any standard, CirTran failed to properly raise a rescission
argument such that the bankruptcy court would be expected to have
28 addressed it.
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1 reproduced.” Sharabianolou v. Karp, 181 Cal. App.4th 1133, 1144
2 (Cal. Ct. App. 2010). There is nothing in the record to indicate
3 that the bankruptcy court was “adjusting the equities” by ordering
4 CirTran to turn over the copyrights in the first assignment order,
5 or that somehow, such a transfer was intended to completely
6 satisfy the Default Judgment. That the bankruptcy court did not
7 intend to engage in a balancing of the parties’ equities was
8 demonstrated by its second assignment order, entered shortly after
9 the first assignment order, where it directed CirTran to compel
10 its subsidiaries to make all future payments to ABS. In short,
11 there is no evidence here that the bankruptcy court, when it
12 ordered CirTran to transfer the copyrights to ABS, intended the
13 transfer to constitute a rescission of CirTran’s and ABS’s
14 obligations under the APA. In contrast to effecting a rescission,
15 the court’s orders were designed to enforce its judgment and
16 getting ABS paid.
17 Third, we find no support in the record that the bankruptcy
18 court ordered that all of the intellectual property originally
19 sold to CirTran must be returned to ABS. The first assignment
20 order was restricted to retransfer of the copyrights. It was
21 understood at the time of the first assignment order that CirTran
22 would have difficulty transferring the trademarks because
23 CirTran’s secured creditor, YA Global, held a security interest in
24 them. At the hearing on April 6, 2011, the attorney for YA Global
25 made an offer to resolve issues regarding the trademarks:
26 FRIEDMAN [YA Global Attorney]: I realize that we didn’t
file any papers on this specific motion, but I have a
27 contribution that I think might be useful for the
parties that do have an issue here.
28
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1 It’s true that YA Global currently asserts a
security interest in the trademarks]. My understanding
2 is that the [CirTran] is not currently utilizing those
trademark nor attempting to protect them.
3
My proposal would be that YA Global would be
4 willing to give a partial lien release, but only with
respect to those True Ceramic Pro flat iron trademarks,
5 so that hopefully CirTran and ABS would be able to
arrange for a transfer back to ABS so that they can then
6 hopefully resolve this matter.
7 I think that might contribute. Reading the Court’s
tentative ruling and also the papers filed by the
8 parties, I think that might contribute to the parties
being able to resolve the issue over the split of the
9 intellectual property, and possibly either partial or
full satisfaction of the judgment.
10
THE COURT: Okay. Thank you. I would love to get that
11 in writing. That would be good.
12 Hr’g Tr. 7:18–8:16, April 6, 2011.
13 There are implications in this colloquy. It shows that, as
14 of the hearing, the trademarks had not been transferred from
15 CirTran to ABS. The bankruptcy court had never directed their
16 transfer. Thus, CirTran’s rescission argument that the bankruptcy
17 court had ordered “CirTran to return all of the assets that it
18 had purchased from ABS through the APA” is contrary to the record.
19 There is also no evidence in the record regarding what the
20 bankruptcy court would do if, and when, YA Global released its
21 lien on the trademarks. It would appear from the comments of YA
22 Global’s attorney, an observer at the hearing whose client held a
23 vested interest in the settlement of the dispute between ABS and
24 its debtor, that counsel was expecting the parties to “resolve the
25 issue” of disposition of the trademarks.
26 In sum, the record does not support CirTran’s argument that
27 the bankruptcy court’s various turnover orders were intended to
28 effect a “rescission” of the APA.
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1 C. The bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion in
declining to apply the equitable doctrine of recoupment.
2
3 “The doctrine of recoupment is equitable in nature, and its
4 use is permissive and reviewed for abuse of discretion.” In re
5 Straightline Invs., 525 F.3d at 882 (quoting Oregon v. Harmon (In
6 re Harmon), 188 B.R. 421, 424 (9th Cir. BAP 1995) (citing Pieri v.
7 Lysenko (In re Pieri), 86 B.R. 208, 210 (9th Cir. BAP 1988)).
8 Recoupment may be applied in a bankruptcy case. Reiter v. Cooper,
9 507 U.S. 258, 265 n.2, (1993) (observing that courts have allowed
10 the use of recoupment in bankruptcy cases).
11 In recoupment, the parties’ respective claims may arise
12 either before or after the commencement of the bankruptcy case,
13 but they must arise out of the same transaction. Newbery Corp. v.
14 Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co., 95 F.3d 1392, 1399 (9th Cir. 19960. The
15 “same transaction” requirement essentially distinguishes
16 recoupment from “setoff” or “offset,” a similar equitable doctrine
17 of debt adjustment, governed by § 553, which requires the
18 existence of mutual, prepetition debts. Lee v. Schweiker, 739
19 F.2d 870, 875 (3rd Cir. 1984).
20 In this case, the bankruptcy court determined that CirTran’s
21 claim against ABS was based on ABS’s breach of its prebankruptcy
22 contract to pay CirTran to manufacture the Product. In contrast,
23 the bankruptcy court found that ABS’s Default Judgment was based
24 on CirTran’s post-bankruptcy breach of the APA, and its failure to
25 pay ABS royalty payments. Thus, the bankruptcy court concluded,
26 the respective claims of CirTran and ABS were not based on the
27 same “aggregate set of operative facts” to the degree necessary to
28 create a “logical relationship” between the claim and the Default
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1 Judgment.
2 The bankruptcy court properly concluded that, without the
3 logical relationship, there could be no recoupment. The court
4 based its decision on a correct interpretation of law, and its
5 application of the law was not illogical, implausible, or without
6 support in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the
7 record.
8 CONCLUSION
9 We reject CirTran’s argument, based upon Stern, that the
10 bankruptcy court’s Default Judgment must be vacated because it
11 lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enter that final order or
12 the order on appeal. Even if there were merit to CirTran’s
13 invocation of Stern under these facts, which we doubt, its
14 argument amounts to an inappropriate collateral attack on a final
15 judgment.
16 We also conclude that the bankruptcy court did not abuse its
17 discretion in its rulings concerning application of law of the
18 case and recoupment. CirTran’s rescission argument was never
19 properly raised in the bankruptcy court.
20 Finally, we affirm the decision of the bankruptcy court
21 insofar as it holds that denial of the motion does not preclude a
22 later motion by CirTran and an evidentiary hearing if necessary to
23 deem ABS’s judgment satisfied to the extent of the value of the
24 copyrights.
25 Accordingly, the order of the bankruptcy court is AFFIRMED.
26
27
28
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