Andrew Fialdini v. Eric Cote

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 13-2257

ANDREW FIALDINI; MARYANN FIALDINI,

Plaintiffs - Appellants,

ERIC COTE, Individually and Officially; JAIME SANFORD,
Individually and Officially; GARY GAITHER, Individually and
Officially; STEPHEN O. SIMPSON, Individually; JANE DOE ONE,
Individually and Officially; JOSIAH KENNEDY, Individually
and Officially,

Defendants - Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Virginia, at Alexandria. Leonie M. Brinkema,
District Judge. (1:12-cv-01056-LMB-TRJ)

Argued: October 28, 2014 Decided: December 5, 2014

Before TRAXLER, Chief Judge, DIAZ, Circuit Judge, and DAVIS,
Senior Circuit Judge.

Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Senior Judge Davis wrote the
opinion, in which Chief Judge Traxler and Judge Diaz joined.

ARGUED: Thomas Kenneth Plofchan, Jr., WESTLAKE LEGAL GROUP,
Potomac Falls, Virginia, for Appellants. Alexander Francuzenko,
COOK CRAIG & FRANCUZENKO, PLLC, Fairfax, Virginia, for
Appellees. ON BRIEF: Broderick C. Dunn, COOK CRAIG &
FRANCUZENKO, PLLC, Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellees.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.

2
DAVIS, Senior Circuit Judge:

This damages action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against several

local law enforcement officers arises from Appellants’ failed

effort to prevent the arrest of their teenaged son. The

district court granted summary judgment in favor of defendants

on all counts. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

The material facts relevant to this appeal are mostly

undisputed. On October 19, 2009, Deputy Sheriff Eric Cote of

the Loudoun County Sheriff’s Office arrived at the residence of

Andrew and Maryann Fialdini (“Appellants”), to execute an arrest

warrant for Nicholas Fialdini, Appellants’ then eighteen-year-

old son. Deputy Cote learned of Nicholas’s address through a

DMV records search. Upon arriving at the Fialdini residence,

Deputy Cote spoke directly to Mr. Fialdini and informed him that

he had a warrant for Nicholas’s arrest. 1 Mr. Fialdini told

Deputy Cote that Nicholas was a student at the University of

Alabama, and that Nicholas would not return to the residence

1
The arrest warrant for Nicholas Fialdini contained a
typographical error. It inverted the second digit of
Appellants’ address. The district court determined that the
inversion of the two numbers did not invalidate the warrant, and
the Appellants do not dispute that ruling on appeal. Supp. J.A.
134-139.

3
until Thanksgiving. Deputy Cote requested that Mr. Fialdini

bring Nicholas to the Sheriff’s Office when Nicholas returned so

that the warrant could be executed, and Mr. Fialdini agreed to

do so. In November, Nicholas visited his parents’ residence for

three days during Thanksgiving break, but on advice of counsel,

he did not contact the Loudoun County Sheriff’s Office.

On December 23, 2009, around 9:00 p.m., Deputy Cote made a

second attempt to execute the arrest warrant for Nicholas at the

Fialdini residence. Mr. Fialdini answered the door and stepped

outside, closing the screen door behind him. Deputy Cote

announced to Mr. Fialdini that he had a warrant for Nicholas’s

arrest. Mr. Fialdini asked Deputy Cote to produce a search

warrant, and when Deputy Cote did not produce the warrant, Mr.

Fialdini stated that he wanted to speak with his attorney. When

Deputy Cote asked whether Nicholas was home, Mr. Fialdini

purported to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege to remain

silent. Mr. Fialdini attempted to reenter his residence and

close the door behind him, but Deputy Cote’s hand and foot were

on the door, preventing Mr. Fialdini from closing it fully. Mr.

Fialdini contends that he tripped over a rug in the foyer, and

thereby made contact with Deputy Cote’s shoulder. Deputy Cote

placed Mr. Fialdini under arrest for assault, and escorted him

to the Sheriff’s cruiser where Mr. Fialdini remained until he

4
was transported to jail later that evening. At some point

during this encounter, Deputy Cote called for backup assistance.

Shortly after Mr. Fialdini’s arrest, Lieutenant Gaither and

Deputy Sanford arrived at the Fialdini residence. Mrs.

Fialdini, who was grocery shopping at the time of the above

events, arrived at the residence and met the officers inside.

Deputy Cote informed Mrs. Fialdini that Mr. Fialdini had been

placed under arrest, and that he had an arrest warrant for

Nicholas. Mrs. Fialdini did not believe that Nicholas was home

at the time and declined to consent to a search of the premises.

Lieutenant Gaither called the on-call state attorney to

determine whether, in the absence of consent, the officers had

authority to search the residence for Nicholas. The attorney

advised the officers that they could search, but only spaces

large enough for a person to hide.

Lieutenant Gaither stayed in the hallway while Deputies

Cote and Sanford began searching the residence for Nicholas.

Deputies Cote and Sanford proceeded downstairs to the basement

and Mrs. Fialdini followed. The deputies instructed Mrs.

Fialdini to keep her distance. Upon hearing the officers issue

verbal commands to someone in the basement, Mrs. Fialdini began

to approach Deputy Sanford. Deputy Sanford ordered Mrs.

Fialdini to go to the floor. She complied and Deputy Sanford

5
placed her in handcuffs. The deputies ultimately found Nicholas

hiding behind dry wall in a basement closet.

Appellants were taken to the Loudoun County Adult Detention

Facility where they were placed in separate holding cells.

While in lockup, Mrs. Fialdini informed Deputy Cote that she

needed to use the restroom. An unidentified female officer

escorted Mrs. Fialdini to the restroom area. Mrs. Fialdini

alleges that, on the order of one or more of the defendants, the

female officer ordered her to remove her clothing and then

performed a strip search with a manual cavity check.

Mr. Fialdini was later charged with felony assault and

battery of a law enforcement officer and obstruction of justice.

The commonwealth did not prosecute the obstruction of justice

charge. A preliminary hearing was held on the assault charge,

and a Virginia grand jury later issued an indictment. On

October 6, 2010, the prosecutor dismissed the assault charge

with prejudice in exchange for Mr. Fialdini’s performance of

community service. Mrs. Fialdini was charged with violating a

Loudoun County ordinance prohibiting hindering, a misdemeanor.

The prosecutor dismissed that charge with prejudice on February

25, 2010.

Mr. and Mrs. Fialdini filed separate lawsuits in the United

States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. The

6
district court consolidated the cases. Appellants alleged that

the defendants violated their constitutional rights when they

entered and searched Appellants’ home, arrested Appellants

without probable cause, and maliciously prosecuted claims

against them. Mrs. Fialdini also alleged that she was subjected

to an unconstitutional strip search while detained at the

Loudoun County Adult Detention Facility. Appellants also

asserted Virginia tort law claims, violations of the Virginia

Constitution, and violations of Virginia common law. 2

In an oral ruling from the bench, the district court

granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment. The district

court made four principal determinations: (1) the officers’

entry into Appellants’ home was lawful; (2) Appellants’ arrests

were supported by probable cause; (3) the malicious prosecution

claims failed as a matter of law; and (4) Mrs. Fialdini failed

to adduce sufficient evidence to survive summary judgment on the

illegal strip search claim. The district court found no

material facts relevant to these issues in dispute, and

concluded that all of the officers were entitled to qualified

immunity, leaving no basis for imposing liability on defendant

Sheriff Simpson. Appellants now appeal.

2
Appellants have briefed only the claims asserted under §
1983. We therefore do not address the merits of Appellants’
various state law claims.

7
II.

We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1291. We review an award of summary judgment on the basis of

qualified immunity de novo. Durham v. Horner, 690 F.3d 183, 188

(4th Cir. 2012). Summary judgment is proper if taking the

evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences therefrom in the

light most favorable to the nonmoving party, “‘no material facts

are disputed and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.’” Henry v. Purnell, 652 F.3d 524, 531 (4th Cir.

2011) (en banc) (quoting Ausherman v. Bank of Am. Corp., 352

F.3d 896, 899 (4th Cir. 2003)).

“A government official sued under § 1983 is entitled to

qualified immunity unless the official violated a statutory or

constitutional right that was clearly established at the time of

the challenged conduct.” Carroll v. Carman, 135 S. Ct. 348, 350

(2014) (per curiam). “A right is clearly established only if

its contours are sufficiently clear that ‘a reasonable official

would understand that what he is doing violates that right.’”

Id. (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987)).

“[I]f a plaintiff fails to allege that an official has violated

any right, the official ‘is hardly in need of any immunity and

the analysis ends right then and there.’” Evans v. Chalmers,

703 F.3d 636, 646 (4th Cir. 2012) (quoting Abney v. Coe, 493

F.3d 412, 415 (4th Cir. 2007)). While we are not required to

8
analyze a qualified immunity claim by first determining whether

the plaintiffs have demonstrated a violation of a constitutional

right, see Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009), we

nevertheless begin our discussion with whether defendants Cote,

Sanford, and Gaither violated Appellants’ Fourth Amendment

rights when they entered their residence armed only with an

arrest warrant for Appellants’ son.

III.

An arrest warrant supported by probable cause provides

officers with “the limited authority to enter a dwelling in

which the suspect lives when there is reason to believe the

suspect is within.” Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 603

(1980). Absent consent or exigent circumstances, police may

not, however, enter the home of a third-person to execute an

arrest warrant for a suspect named therein without first

obtaining a search warrant. Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S.

204, 205-06 (1981). In order to determine whether police entry

into a home to execute an arrest warrant is lawful, courts

consider “(1) whether there is reason to believe that the

location is the defendant’s residence, and (2) whether or not

there was a ‘reasonable belief’ that he would be home.” United

States v. Hill, 649 F.3d 258, 262 (4th Cir. 2011).

The Supreme Court did not define the “reason to believe”

standard articulated in Payton. In the absence of this

9
guidance, our sister circuits have formulated their own

definitions. 3 In keeping with our Hill decision, we need not

enter into the midst of this debate because, even if we assume

that the “reason to believe” standard requires a showing

equivalent to probable cause, that standard is met here.

To properly assess whether probable cause existed, we look

to the “totality of the circumstances” known to Deputy Cote at

the time of the entry. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 230

(1983). Probable cause “is a fluid concept - turning on the

assessment of probabilities in particular factual contexts - not

readily, or even usefully, reduced to a neat set of legal

rules.” Id. at 232. “Under this pragmatic, common sense

approach, we defer to the expertise and experience of law

enforcement officers at the scene.” United States v. Dickey-

Bey, 393 F.3d 449, 453 (4th Cir. 2004).

3
Many circuits have concluded that the “reason to believe”
standard requires a showing less exacting than probable cause.
See, e.g., United States v. Werra, 638 F.3d 326, 337 (1st Cir.
2011); United States v. Barrera, 464 F.3d 496, 501 n.5 (5th Cir.
2006); United States v. Thomas, 429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C. Cir.
2005); Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1227 n.5 (10th Cir.
1999); United States v. Lauter, 57 F.3d 212, 215 (2d Cir.
1995). The Ninth Circuit equates reasonable belief to probable
cause, see United States v. Gorman, 314 F.3d 1105, 1114 (9th
Cir. 2002), and other circuits have declined to precisely define
the “reason to believe” standard. See, e.g., United States v.
Powell, 379 F.3d 520, 523 (8th Cir. 2004); United States v.
Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1535 (11th Cir. 1995).

10
Under this standard, we conclude that Deputy Cote had

reason to believe that Nicholas Fialdini both resided at the

Fialdini home and was on the premises at the time he attempted

to execute the arrest warrant. The undisputed facts bearing on

residence, and known to Deputy Cote at the time of entry, are as

follows: (1) an October 2009 DMV records inquiry showed

Nicholas’s address as the Fialdini residence; (2) Nicholas

attended college in Alabama, but was expected to return to the

Fialdini residence during Thanksgiving break; and (3) the

Fialdinis are Nicholas’s parents.

Appellants dispute a key fact, namely, whether Deputy Cote

conducted a second license inquiry before his December attempt

to execute the arrest warrant. Cote says he did so, and the

results showed Nicholas’s address as the Fialdini residence.

Appellants theorized at oral argument that once Nicholas

acquired his Alabama driver’s license in the fall, any future

DMV records search in Virginia would have reflected his Alabama

address. Because Nicholas received a permanent Alabama driver’s

license on October 20, 2009, Appellants contend that the second

DMV records search should have revealed a competing Alabama

address. Appellants have set forth no evidence in support of

this theory, however, and it stands in direct contrast to Deputy

Cote’s sworn statements that he did, in fact, conduct a second

license inquiry. Because “[m]ere speculation by the non-moving

11
party cannot create a genuine issue of material fact[,]” we

decline to find this factual dispute genuine. Cox v. Cnty. of

Prince William, 249 F.3d 295, 299 (4th Cir. 2001).

Probable cause for a search, to which we equate the reason

to believe standard for purposes of this one case today,

requires only a “fair probability” that evidence (or, as here, a

person) will be discovered, not certainty. Gates, 462 U.S. at

238. Deputy Cote was not required to know Nicholas’s actual

residence. “[R]equiring actual knowledge of the suspect’s true

residence would effectively make Payton a dead letter . . .

since [officers] could never be certain that the suspect had not

moved out the previous day and that a Bivens or a 42 U.S.C. §

1983 claim would then be made against them by another resident.”

Valdez v. McPheters, 172 F.3d 1220, 1225 (10th Cir. 1999).

Furthermore, determining a suspect’s actual residence, where as

here, the suspect is a college student, would be especially

difficult given that many college students maintain a residence

on or near campus, in addition to a residence at their parents’

home. Cf. United States v. Bervaldi, 226 F.3d 1256, 1263 (11th

Cir. 2000) (reasoning, in the context of the Payton “reason to

believe” standard, that it is not unusual for 27-year-old adults

to use their parents’ address for records such as driver’s

licenses “because in a sense it may be a more permanent or fixed

address than the address of their own residence”). Viewing the

12
totality of the circumstances, we hold that Deputy Cote had

reason to believe that Nicholas was a resident of his parents’

home, in spite of the fact that Nicholas attended college out of

state.

Appellants assert that our decision in Wallace v. King, 626

F.2d 1157 (4th Cir. 1980), establishes that a parent’s home

cannot automatically be considered the shared residence of a

child who is the subject of an arrest warrant. We never

addressed that issue in Wallace. Wallace involved the subject

of an arrest warrant who was known to stay with her parents

occasionally when problems arose with her husband. Wallace, 626

F.2d at 1159. Officers searched the suspect’s parents’ home,

and the home of another married couple after the suspect’s

husband informed officers that he observed his wife enter both

residences. We concluded that the officers violated the Fourth

Amendment when they searched the two residences without the

homeowners’ consent, exigent circumstances, or a search warrant.

Significantly, we did not discuss whether officers had “reason

to believe” that the subject of the arrest warrant lived at

either residence. We held – in advance of the Supreme Court’s

Steagald decision - that the arrest warrant was not sufficient

for officers to enter the third-party premises, because “[a]n

arrest warrant indicates only that there is probable cause to

believe the suspect committed a crime; it affords no basis to

13
believe that the suspect is in a stranger’s house.” Id. at

1161. Given our silence in Wallace on the issue at hand,

whether the officers had “reason to believe” that the suspect

resided in the homes searched, we decline to attach the

significance to the case that Appellants urge.

Turning to prong two of the Payton analysis, we also

conclude that Deputy Cote had reason to believe that Nicholas

Fialdini was on the premises at the time Deputy Cote attempted

to execute the arrest warrant. We have “sanctioned entry only

where multiple facts support a reason to believe that the

subject of the arrest warrant is present at the time of entry.”

Hill, 649 F.3d at 264.

Multiple facts support Cote’s nonconsensual entry here.

First, Deputy Cote arrived at the Fialdini residence around 9:00

p.m., an hour late enough to reasonably conclude that a person

would be home. Courts can look to the time of day as a factor

in determining whether officers possess a reasonable belief that

the subject of an arrest warrant is at home. See, e.g., United

States v. Magluta, 44 F.3d 1530, 1535 (11th Cir. 1995)

(“[O]fficers may presume that a person is at home at certain

times of the day . . . .”); Bervaldi, 226 F.3d at 1267 (noting

that it was reasonable for officers to conclude that suspect

would be home at 6:00 in the morning); United States v. Thomas,

429 F.3d 282, 286 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (noting that “the early

14
morning hour” was reason enough for the officers to believe that

the suspect would be home). Second, and importantly to our

analysis, Deputy Cote observed Mr. Fialdini behave evasively.

While Mr. Fialdini disputes any suspicious behavior on his part,

he does not deny that when asked of his son’s whereabouts, he

stated that he wanted to speak with his lawyer and he purported

to invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-

incrimination. Third, Deputy Cote visited the Fialdini

residence two days before Christmas, a period when college

students are presumably on academic break. Moreover, Mr.

Fialdini previously told Deputy Cote that Nicholas had planned

to visit the residence during Thanksgiving break, leading to the

reasonable conclusion that Nicholas would return during the

Christmas holiday school break, as well.

“[A] police officer may draw inferences based on his own

experience in deciding whether probable cause exists.” Ornelas

v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996). Deputy Cote

inferred from the facts described that Nicholas was present in

the residence at the time he attempted to execute the arrest

warrant, and we find those inferences reasonable. Accordingly,

we reject Appellants’ claim of unlawful entry as to Deputy Cote,

rendering the subsequent entry by Lieutenant Gaither and Deputy

Sanford to provide assistance to Cote proper.

15
Finding no Fourth Amendment violation, we need not proceed

to an analysis of whether the alleged violation was clearly

established. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001) (“If no

constitutional right would have been violated were the

allegations established, there is no necessity for further

inquires concerning qualified immunity.”). We agree with the

district court that defendants Cote, Sanford, and Gaither are

entitled to qualified immunity on Appellants’ unlawful entry

claims.

IV.

We next turn to Appellants’ argument that the district

court improperly granted summary judgment in favor of defendants

on their claims of false arrest and malicious prosecution.

Appellants contend that their arrests were made without probable

cause, rendering the ensuing prosecution against them unlawful.

Given that the malicious prosecution claims are “wholly

derivative of the false arrest claim[s] for qualified immunity

purposes[,]” we do not analyze them separately. Rogers v.

Pendleton, 249 F.3d 279, 294 (4th Cir. 2001).

The Fourth Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to

be secure in their persons . . . against unreasonable seizures.”

U.S. Const. amend. IV. To establish an unreasonable seizure

under the Fourth Amendment, a claimant must demonstrate that he

16
was arrested without probable cause. Brown v. Gilmore, 278 F.3d

362, 367 (4th Cir. 2002). “Probable cause to justify an arrest

arises when facts and circumstances within the officer’s

knowledge are sufficient to warrant a prudent person, or one of

reasonable caution, in believing, in the circumstances shown,

that the suspect has committed, is committing, or is about to

commit an offense.” Porterfield v. Lott, 156 F.3d 563, 569 (4th

Cir. 1998). “For probable cause to exist, . . . evidence

sufficient to convict is not required.” Brown, 278 F.3d at 367.

A malicious prosecution claim grounded in § 1983, “is

simply a claim founded on a Fourth Amendment seizure that

incorporates the elements of the analogous common law tort of

malicious prosecution.” Durham, 690 F.3d at 188 (quoting Snider

v. Seung Lee, 584 F.3d 193, 199 (4th Cir. 2009)). In order to

prevail on a claim of malicious prosecution, the plaintiff must

demonstrate that “the defendant (1) caused (2) a seizure of the

plaintiff pursuant to legal process unsupported by probable

cause, and (3) criminal proceedings terminated in plaintiff’s

favor.” Evans, 703 F.3d at 647.

We conclude as a matter of law that the officers acted with

the “objective reasonableness necessary to entitle [them] to

qualified immunity.” Torchinsky v. Siwinski, 942 F.2d 257, 260

(4th Cir. 1991). We base our conclusion on the findings of

probable cause for Appellants’ arrests by judicial officers in

17
separate proceedings, and the fact that reasonable officers in

defendants’ positions would have believed that probable cause

for Appellants’ arrests existed. See id.

We turn first to Mr. Fialdini’s claims of false arrest and

malicious prosecution against Deputy Cote.

Mr. Fialdini was charged under Virginia law with felony

assault and battery of a law enforcement officer. The district

court pointed to three tiers of probable cause as justifying Mr.

Fialdini’s arrest. First, the magistrate judge determined that

probable cause existed, causing the arrest warrant to issue.

Second, a Loudon County district judge presiding over Mr.

Fialdini’s preliminary hearing determined that probable cause

existed and certified the case to Virginia Circuit Court, noting

that Mr. Fialdini’s description of the events leading up to his

arrest “did not seem particularly credible.” J.A. 200. Third,

a Virginia grand jury returned an indictment against Mr.

Fialdini. Appellants contend, however, that none of the

probable cause findings is dispositive of Mr. Fialdini’s claims

of false arrest and malicious prosecution.

Appellants’ argument fails for several reasons. First, the

fact that three judicial officers – the federal district judge,

the Loudoun County district judge, and the magistrate judge all

18
found that probable cause existed is “plainly relevant to a

showing that [Deputy Cote] met the lower standard of objective

reasonableness required for qualified immunity.” Torchinsky,

942 F.2d at 261. Second, we have held that, “an indictment,

‘fair upon its face,’ returned by a ‘properly constituted grand

jury,’ conclusively determines the existence of probable cause.”

Durham, 690 F.3d at 189 (quoting Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103,

117 n.19 (1975)). Appellants argue that the indictment cannot

support a finding of probable cause because Mr. Fialdini was not

permitted to present evidence before the grand jury, cf. Va.

Code Ann. § 19.2-191 (describing the functions of a grand jury);

Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(d), suggesting thereby that had he been

allowed to do so, he would have defeated the prosecutor’s

showing that there was probable cause for his arrest. We reject

this contention.

Appellants argue that Deputy Cote omitted material

information from the arrest warrant affidavit completed after

his warrantless arrest, namely that Deputy Cote prevented Mr.

Fialdini from closing the door of his residence, and that Deputy

Cote had no reason to believe that Nicholas resided in the home

or was on the premises when he attempted to execute the warrant.

We do not find that Deputy Cote omitted these facts “with the

intent to make, or with reckless disregard of whether they

thereby made, the affidavit misleading.” Miller v. Prince

19
George’s Cnty., Md., 475 F.3d 621, 627 (4th Cir. 2007). As we

have explained, Deputy Cote had reason to believe that Nicholas

Fialdini both resided at his parents’ home and was present in

the residence at the time he attempted to execute the warrant.

Therefore, Deputy Cote had the “limited authority” to enter

Appellants’ dwelling, Payton, 445 U.S. at 603, and the omission

of the fact that Deputy Cote prevented Mr. Fialdini from closing

the door to his residence would not have negated the

magistrate’s finding of probable cause for Mr. Fialdini’s

arrest.

Finally, a reasonable officer “could have believed that

arresting [Mr. Fialdini] . . . was lawful, in light of clearly

established law and the information the officers possessed.”

Rogers, 249 F.3d at 290.

In Virginia, “assault occurs when an assailant engages in

an overt act intended to inflict bodily harm and has the present

ability to inflict such harm or engages in an overt act intended

to place the victim in fear or apprehension of bodily harm and

creates such reasonable fear or apprehension in the victim.”

Clark v. Commonwealth, 691 S.E.2d 786, 789 (Va. 2010). “To

sustain a conviction for battery, the Commonwealth must prove a

willful or unlawful touching of another.” Parish v.

Commonwealth, 693 S.E.2d 315, 318 (Va. Ct. App. 2010).

20
Despite the differing accounts of how Mr. Fialdini came

into contact with Deputy Cote, it is undisputed that Mr.

Fialdini’s palms hit Deputy Cote’s left shoulder area, giving

Deputy Cote “sort of a jolt.” J.A. 163. From this fact alone,

we conclude that a reasonable officer could believe, “in light

of the contours of the offense at issue,” that probable cause

existed for Mr. Fialdini’s arrest. Rogers, 249 F.3d at 290.

Accordingly, we hold that Mr. Fialdini failed to produce

substantial evidence that Deputy Cote lacked probable cause for

his arrest. Consequently, as we hold that the arrest of Mr.

Fialdini was constitutionally valid, it follows that his claim

of malicious prosecution must fail. Durham, 690 F.3d at 190

(holding that state law malicious prosecution claim failed

because probable cause existed for plaintiff’s arrest and

detention) (citing Lewis v. Kei, 708 S.E.2d 884, 889-90 (Va.

2011)).

As to Mrs. Fialdini’s claims of false arrest and malicious

prosecution against defendants Cote and Sanford, we similarly

affirm the district court. Mrs. Fialdini was charged with

violating a Loudoun County ordinance, which prohibits an

individual from “resist[ing] hinder[ing] or obstruct[ing] any

Deputy Sheriff in making an arrest, in serving a warrant, order,

notice or process or in the performance or discharge of any of

21
his or her duties.” J.A. 269.2. Mrs. Fialdini argues that

several facts relevant to a finding of probable cause are in

dispute, and that there is insufficient evidence that she was

attempting to resist, hinder, or obstruct Deputies Sanford and

Cote.

We first note that both the magistrate judge who issued

the warrant and the district court agreed that the evidence was

sufficient to establish probable cause for Mrs. Fialdini’s

arrest. Second, a reasonable officer would have concluded that

probable cause existed for Mrs. Fialdini’s arrest. Mrs.

Fialdini testified during her deposition that she followed

Deputies Cote and Sanford downstairs as they were searching the

basement, because it was possible that her son would be in that

part of the house. She also admitted that the deputies

instructed her to “back up” because she was “too close.” J.A.

218. Appellants concede that Mrs. Fialdini was moving toward

the basement bedroom door where Deputy Sanford was standing when

she was ordered to go to the floor.

Appellants devote much argument to the fact that Deputy

Cote caused the arrest warrant to issue, but testified during

his deposition that he did not fully observe the events leading

up to Mrs. Fialdini’s arrest. However, both Deputy Cote and

Deputy Sanford were present in the same room at the time of the

events leading to Mrs. Fialdini’s arrest, and both testified

22
that Mrs. Fialdini was approaching Deputy Sanford after having

received explicit orders to stay back. On the facts presented

in the record, we find no error in the district court’s

determination that, even viewing the facts in the light most

favorably to Mrs. Fialdini, there was probable cause to effect

her arrest. Accordingly, we conclude that Deputies Cote and

Sanford are entitled to qualified immunity.

Finally, we hold that Mrs. Fialdini’s Fourth Amendment

claim based on the ordering of a strip search while she was

detained at the Loudoun County jail also fails. We agree with

the district court that this claim fails because Mrs. Fialdini

has not produced sufficient evidence to survive summary

judgment.

Mrs. Fialdini submits that defendants Cote and Kennedy

violated the Fourth Amendment when they ordered defendant Jane

Doe to strip search her. The sole support for Mrs. Fialdini’s

unlawful strip search claim is Mr. Fialdini’s statement that he

overheard Deputy Cote order Deputy Kennedy, to “take care of”

Mrs. Fialdini, and that Mr. Fialdini interpreted this order to

mean that a strip search and body cavity check were to be

performed. J.A. 339. Neither Deputy Cote nor Deputy Kennedy

admitted to ordering a strip search of Mrs. Fialdini. Indeed,

23
Appellants stated in their depositions that they never heard

anyone explicitly order a strip search.

“Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a

rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there

is no genuine issue for trial.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.,

Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986).

“Conclusory or speculative allegations do not suffice, nor does

a mere scintilla of evidence in support of” the nonmoving

party’s case. Thompson v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 312 F.3d

645, 649 (4th Cir. 2002). On the facts in the record, Mrs.

Fialdini has not produced evidence sufficient to survive summary

judgment with respect to their illegal strip search claim. We

thus affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment.

VI.

For the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the

district court is

AFFIRMED.