TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-14-00396-CV
Texas Board of Chiropractic Examiners and Yvette Yarbrough, Executive Director,
Appellants
v.
Texas Medical Association, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 353RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-GN-11-000326, HONORABLE RHONDA HURLEY, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
The Texas Medical Association (TMA) filed suit in Travis County district court
challenging the validity of certain provisions of a scope-of-practice rule adopted by the Texas Board
of Chiropractic Examiners (the Board). See Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.038 (permitting challenge
to validity or applicability of agency rules). After the district court denied the Board’s plea to the
jurisdiction, the Board perfected this appeal. The Board asserts in two issues that the district court
lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the TMA’s suit because it is an impermissible collateral
attack and because the TMA sought to relitigate issues that had been resolved in prior litigation. We
will affirm.
BACKGROUND
The practice of medicine in Texas is regulated by the Texas Medical Board, and the
legislature has mandated that a person cannot lawfully “practice medicine” in the state without a
license issued by the Texas Medical Board. See Tex. Occ. Code §§ 151.001-.056 (Medical Practice
Act). The Medical Practice Act defines “practicing medicine” as “the diagnosis, treatment, or offer
to treat a mental or physical disease or disorder or a physical deformity or injury by any system
or method, or the attempt to effect cures of those conditions” by a person who either “directly
or indirectly charges money or other compensation for those services” or publicly professes to be
a physician or surgeon. See id. § 151.002(a)(13). Carved out of the definition of “practicing
medicine” are a variety of other health-related fields, practitioners of which are subject to their own
regulations but are exempted from the Medical Practice Act’s education, training, and licensing
standards and from the Texas Medical Board’s regulatory authority. See id. § 151.052. Among the
exempted fields is “a licensed chiropractor engaged strictly in the practice of chiropractic as defined
by law.” See id. § 151.052(a)(3). Texas Occupations Code chapter 201 regulates the practice of
chiropractic. See id. §§ 201.001-.606. This chapter defines the permissible scope of chiropractic
practice, imposes educational and licensing requirements on chiropractors, and delegates regulatory
authority over the chiropractic field to the Board.
Occupations Code section 201.002(b) provides:
A person practices chiropractic under this chapter if the person:
(1) uses objective or subjective means to analyze, examine, or evaluate the
biomechanical condition of the spine and musculoskeletal system of the human body;
2
(2) performs nonsurgical, nonincisive procedures, including adjustment and
manipulation, to improve the subluxation complex or the biomechanics of the
musculoskeletal system;
(3) represents to the public that the person is a chiropractor; or
(4) uses the term “chiropractor,” “chiropractic,” “doctor of chiropractic,” “D.C.,” or
any derivative of those terms or initials in connection with the person’s name.
Id. § 201.002(b). In 2005 the Texas Legislature mandated that the Board “adopt rules clarifying
what activities are included within the scope of the practice of chiropractic and what activities are
outside of that scope,” including “clearly specify[ing] the procedures that chiropractors may
perform” and “any equipment and the use of that equipment that is prohibited.” See Act of May 27,
2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 1020, § 8, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 3464, 3466-67 (codified at Tex. Occ.
Code §§ 201.1525-.1526). In response, the Board promulgated the “Scope of Practice” rule, certain
provisions of which the TMA has challenged in the proceedings underlying this appeal. See 22 Tex.
Admin. Code § 75.17 (2014) (Tex. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam’rs, Scope of Practice).
In its petition, the TMA asserts that certain specific provisions of the scope-of-
practice rule are invalid because they impermissibly expand the scope of chiropractic practice beyond
its statutory limits by (1) authorizing chiropractors to “diagnose” diseases; (2) improperly defining
the “musculoskeletal system” to include “nerves”; (3) authorizing certain licensed chiropractors
to perform “Technological Instrumented Vestibular-Ocular-Nystagmus” testing, which the
TMA argues is unrelated to the biomechanical condition of the musculoskeletal system or the
spine; and (4) defining “subluxation complex” as a “neuromusculoskeletal system.” See, e.g.,
Texas Orthopaedic Ass’n v. Texas State Bd. of Podiatric Med. Exam’rs, 254 S.W.3d 714, 722
3
(Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied) (rule that expanded practice of podiatry beyond statutory
scope was invalid); Office of Pub. Util. Counsel v. Public Util. Comm’n, 131 S.W.3d 314, 321
(Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied) (agency’s rules must comport with agency’s authorizing
statute).
The Board filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting that the TMA was “barred by
collateral estoppel” from arguing that the challenged provisions of the scope-of-practice rule
are invalid because they authorize chiropractors to diagnose diseases. The Board asserted that this
“claim had been litigated to a final judgment in a previous lawsuit between the same parties and
determined adversely to the TMA.” The Board argued that, because another court had made a
final ruling on that issue in previous litigation, it was moot and therefore the district court in the
present case did not have subject-matter jurisdiction to consider the Board’s argument that the
challenged provisions were invalid because they permitted chiropractors to make a “diagnosis.” The
district court denied the plea to the jurisdiction, and this appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea by which a party challenges the
court’s authority to determine the subject matter of the action. Harris Cnty. v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d
635, 638 (Tex. 2004); Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). The
propriety of the district court’s denial of the Board’s plea to the jurisdiction depends, then, on
whether it has subject-matter jurisdiction over the TMA’s rule challenge. Whether a trial court has
subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo. Texas Dep’t of Parks &
Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004).
4
It is incontrovertible that a Travis County district court has subject-matter jurisdiction
over a challenge to an administrative rule. Government Code section 2001.038 expressly provides,
in pertinent part:
(a) The validity or applicability of a rule . . . may be determined in an action for
declaratory judgment if it is alleged that the rule or its threatened application
interferes with or impairs, or threatens to impair, a legal right or privilege of the
plaintiff.
(b) The action may be brought only in a Travis County district court.
(c) The state agency must be made a party to the action.
Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.038. The Board, however, asserted in its plea to the jurisdiction that the
district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over one of the TMA’s arguments for invalidating
the challenged provisions of the scope-of-practice rule because that argument had been addressed
and adjudicated in previous litigation and was therefore moot. According to the Board, the question
of whether a provision in the scope-of-practice rule is invalid for using the term “diagnosis”
has already been litigated in a prior case involving the TMA and the Board. See Texas Bd. of
Chiropractic Exam’rs v. Texas Med. Ass’n, 375 S.W.3d 464, 488-92 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012,
pet. denied) (TMA I). We disagree. Even if one of the arguments the TMA now advances in support
of its claim has already been decided against it (which we do not decide), that would not deprive the
district court of subject-matter jurisdiction over a challenge to provisions of the scope-of-practice
rule that were not at issue in the previous litigation.
The TMA’s petition in the present case requests a declaration that certain provisions
of the scope-of-practice rule are invalid, specifically sections 75.17(b)(5) (defining “musculoskeletal
5
system”), 75.17(b)(9) (defining “subluxation complex”), and 75.17(c)(3)(C) (permitting certain
chiropractors to perform Technological Instrumented Vestibular-Ocular Nystagmus Testing). Thus,
the controversy between the parties is only moot if the prior litigation resulted in a judgment
regarding the validity of these provisions. An examination of the record and this Court’s opinion in
TMA I reveals that the validity of the rules the TMA challenges in this proceeding were not at issue
in the previous litigation. TMA I involved challenges to rules concerning needle electromyography
and manipulation under anesthesia. Also challenged in that litigation was rule 75.17(d), which
permits chiropractors to “render an analysis, diagnosis, or other opinion regarding the findings of
examinations and evaluations.” It is evident that the prior litigation did not adjudicate the validity
of the rule provisions challenged by the TMA in this litigation. Consequently, even if the TMA’s
argument regarding use of the term “diagnosis” had already been decided, this rule challenge has not
been. Therefore, this case is not moot.
On appeal the Board argues that in TMA I the TMA litigated the issue of whether
use of the term “diagnosis” rendered rule 71.17(d) invalid. The Board contends that the trial court
refused to declare the challenged rule invalid on that basis and the TMA failed to perfect an appeal
from that ruling. In the Board’s view, this precludes the TMA from arguing that the rules challenged
in this appeal are invalid for the reason that they permit a chiropractor to make a “diagnosis.” The
fallacy in the Board’s argument is that it conflates the basis for the trial court’s judgment regarding
the validity of the rules at issue in TMA I with the judgment itself. The trial court’s judgment in
TMA I dealt solely with the validity of certain provisions of the scope-of-practice rule that are not
at issue in the present litigation. The most that might be said is that the TMA could be barred by
6
collateral estoppel from contending that the use of the word “diagnosis” in the rule provisions
challenged in this case renders them invalid.1 Collateral estoppel, however, is an affirmative
defense that does not implicate the trial court’s jurisdiction. See, e.g., Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 224
(comparing immunity from liability, which is affirmative defense, to immunity from suit, which
deprives court of subject-matter jurisdiction); Borders v. KRLB, Inc., 727 S.W.2d 357, 360
(Tex. App.—Amarillo 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (affirmative defenses assert reasons claimant cannot
recover even if his claims are true because of some other fact that bars recovery); see also Tex. R.
Civ. P. 94 (identifying affirmative defenses including collateral etoppel). Even if the Board were
correct that the TMA is estopped from making the argument that the rule is invalid because it uses
the word “diagnosis,” the district court would not be deprived of subject-matter jurisdiction over the
merits of the rule challenge or precluded from considering TMA’s other arguments for invalidating
the rule. Thus, as noted above, the TMA I judgment does not moot the current controversy.
The Board argues for the first time on appeal that the district court does not have
subject-matter jurisdiction over the proceeding because the TMA’s rule challenge is a “collateral
attack” on the final judgment in TMA I. “A collateral attack is an attempt to avoid the binding force
of a judgment in a proceeding not instituted for the purpose of correcting, modifying, or vacating the
judgment, but in order to obtain some specific relief which the judgment currently stands as a bar
against.” Browning v. Prostok, 165 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2005). Thus, if this rule challenge seeks
to obtain specific relief that the judgment in TMA I currently stands as a bar against, it would be an
impermissible collateral attack on that judgment, and the district court would not have subject-matter
1
We express no opinion regarding the merits of such an argument.
7
jurisdiction. As we noted above, in the present case the TMA challenges different provisions of the
scope-of-practice rule from those at issue in TMA I. The TMA’s present rule challenge does not seek
to alter the trial court’s rulings regarding the validity of the rules at issue in TMA I. Moreover,
merely attempting to relitigate an issue does not necessarily constitute seeking to obtain specific
relief that the existing judgment stands as a bar against. If it did, res judicata would not be an
affirmative defense but would always be a jurisdictional matter. The TMA does not challenge the
court’s judgment in TMA I, but rather seeks to obtain a ruling that provisions in the scope-of-practice
rule that were not addressed in TMA I are invalid. Therefore this proceeding is not a collateral attack
on the prior judgment. The district court did not err in denying the Board’s plea to the jurisdiction.
We overrule the Board’s two appellate issues.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s order denying the plea to the jurisdiction.
_____________________________________________
J. Woodfin Jones, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Rose and Goodwin
Affirmed
Filed: December 8, 2014
8