13-2627-cr (L)
United States v. Romero
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
"SUMMARY ORDER"). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 11th day of December, two thousand fourteen.
PRESENT: DENNY CHIN,
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
Circuit Judges,
ROBERT W. SWEET,
District Judge.*
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
v. 13-2627-cr (L)
13-2652-cr(con)
VIRGILIO MANUEL ROMERO, AKA Pedro,
AKA Big, AKA Pedrocito,
Defendant-Appellant,
* The Honorable Robert W. Sweet, of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
NELSON VERAS, AKA Tio, RAFAEL VERAS,
AKA Rafelito, ERIBERTO TAVARES, AKA Banana,
Defendants.
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FOR APPELLEE: PETER M. SKINNER, Assistant United States
Attorney (Karl Metzner, Assistant United
States Attorney, on the brief), for Preet Bharara,
United States Attorney for the Southern
District of New York, New York,
New York.
FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: HARRY SANDICK (Shekar Krishnan, on the
brief), Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP,
New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Buchwald, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND
DECREED that the judgments of the district court are AFFIRMED.
Defendant-appellant Virgilio Manuel Romero ("Romero") appeals from
two judgments of conviction entered on July 3, 2013 following his guilty pleas to two
unrelated drug offenses. On November 8, 2000, Romero pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
distribute and possess cocaine base and cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 812,
841(a)(1), and 841(b)(1)(A). On January 3, 2013, Romero pleaded guilty to conspiracy to
distribute and possess methylenedioxy-methamphetamine ("MDMA"), in violation of 21
U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 841(b)(1)(C). On June 27, 2013, Romero was sentenced in both
cases, in a single proceeding, to concurrent terms of 161 months' imprisonment. On
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appeal, Romero argues that the government breached the parties' plea agreement at
sentencing by opposing his application for a three-level adjustment for acceptance of
responsibility. We assume the parties' familiarity with the facts, procedural history, and
issues on appeal, which we reference only as necessary to explain our decision.
"We review interpretations of plea agreements de novo and in accordance
with principles of contract law." United States v. Riera, 298 F.3d 128, 133 (2d Cir. 2002).
In determining whether the government has breached a plea agreement, we "look to
what the parties reasonably understood to be the terms of the agreement," United States
v. Vaval, 404 F.3d 144, 152 (2d Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted), and "any
ambiguities in the agreement must be resolved in favor of the defendant." Riera, 298
F.3d at 133.
After his guilty plea in the first case, Romero fled the United States and
failed to appear for sentencing. He was extradited back to the United States pursuant to
the new charges involving MDMA. The second case was assigned to Judge Gardephe,
and initially the two cases proceeded on different tracks. At the request of both sides,
however, eventually the cases were heard together and proceeded to a single
sentencing. Romero pleaded guilty in the second case, and Judge Buchwald sentenced
him in both cases in a single proceeding on June 27, 2013. The court accepted the
Probation Office's Guidelines calculation of a range of 188 to 235 months' imprisonment,
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based on a Criminal History Category of I and a Total Offense Level of 36, which did
not include a three-level reduction for acceptance of responsibility.
Romero asserts that, during the sentencing, the government breached
their plea agreement by opposing a three-level downward adjustment in his offense
level for acceptance of responsibility. Romero's principal argument is that the
government was aware that the charges would proceed in a single sentencing at the
time the December 7, 2012 plea agreement was drafted and that, in effect, the
acceptance of responsibility credit should apply to both cases rather than just the
second one. We disagree, and hold that the district court correctly concluded that the
government did not breach the plea agreement.
In the December 7, 2012 plea agreement, the parties agreed to a three-level
reduction in offense level, for acceptance of responsibility. The parties, however, clearly
intended this agreement to apply only to the second case. The agreement bore only the
docket number for the second case, it specified that Romero would plead guilty to the
MDMA charge, and the offense level was determined based on the amount of the
MDMA present in that case. The agreement did not refer to the cocaine at issue in the
first case, nor did it include an upward adjustment for obstruction of justice, based on
Romero's bail-jumping and fleeing the country after his guilty plea to the cocaine
offense. The agreement also calculated Romero's criminal history category in two ways,
depending on whether Romero was sentenced first in the cocaine case. Finally,
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Romero's plea in the first case was covered by a separate plea agreement, dated October
23, 2000, which Romero breached by fleeing.
Hence, it is apparent that the parties did not intend for the December 7,
2012 plea agreement to cover both cases. During sentencing, the government
acknowledged that "there is no dispute that if [Romero had] been sentenced solely in
connection with the [MDMA], the three-point reduction would apply." App. at 119-20.
Instead, the government only argued that in a combined proceeding the defendant
should not receive an adjustment for acceptance of responsibility because of his prior
acts associated with the cocaine charge. Thus, the district court properly concluded that
the government did not breach the plea agreement.
With respect to Romero's ineffective assistance of counsel claim, we may
"(1) decline to hear the claim, permitting the appellant to raise the issue as part of a
subsequent 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion; (2) remand the claim to the district court for
necessary fact-finding; or (3) decide the claim on the record before us." United States v.
Doe, 365 F.3d 150, 152 (2d Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted).
We conclude that the record before us is insufficiently developed to permit us to decide
Romero's ineffective assistance of counsel claim, and thus we leave it for Romero to
pursue in a motion brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 before the district court.
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We have considered Romero's remaining arguments and conclude they
are without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgments of the district
court.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O'Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
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