Pennsylvania National Mutual Casualty Insurance v. St. John

[J-37-2013]
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA
MIDDLE DISTRICT

CASTILLE, C.J., SAYLOR, EAKIN, BAER, TODD, McCAFFERY, JJ.

PENNSYLVANIA NATIONAL MUTUAL : No. 86 MAP 2012
CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANY :
: Appeal from the order of Superior Court at
: No. 277 EDA 2011 dated November 28,
v. : 2011 Affirming the order of the Chester
: County Court of Common Pleas, Civil
: Division, at No. 09-6388 dated December
JOHN D. ST. JOHN AND KATHY M. ST. : 20, 2010.
JOHN, INDIVIDUALLY AND D/B/A :
THUNDER VALLEY FARM AND LPH : ARGUED: May 7, 2013
PLUMBING AND HEATING, LLC AND :
STOLTZFUS WELDING AND REPAIR :
:
:
APPEAL OF: JOHN D. ST. JOHN AND :
KATHY M. ST. JOHN :

OPINION

MR. JUSTICE BAER DECIDED: December 15, 2014

In this matter, Appellants John D. St. John and Kathy M. St. John (“Appellants”)

challenge the Superior Court’s decision affirming the declaratory judgment order issued

by the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County, finding Pennsylvania National Mutual

Casualty Insurance Company (“Penn National”) liable for a judgment against its insured

LPH Plumbing and Heating (“LPH Plumbing”) under a policy of commercial general

liability (CGL) insurance in effect from July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004. We granted review to

determine whether, pursuant to the facts of this case and the policy language at issue,

Penn National is instead liable for the judgment against its insured under a separate
policy of CGL insurance as well as a companion umbrella policy in effect from July 1,

2005 to July 1, 2006. We also consider whether the multiple trigger theory of liability

insurance coverage adopted by this Court in J.H. France Refractories Co. v. Allstate Ins.

Co., 626 A.2d 502 (Pa. 1993), within the context of asbestos bodily injury claims applies in

this case, where property damage was continuous and progressive, to trigger coverage

under all policies in effect from exposure to the harmful condition to manifestation of the

injury. For the reasons that follow, we affirm all aspects of the lower court’s decision

finding that coverage was triggered under the policy in effect from July 1, 2003 to July 1,

2004, when property damage became reasonably apparent, and declining to apply the

multiple trigger theory of liability insurance coverage.

I.

In 2002, Appellants, co-owners of a dairy farm in Chester County, called Thunder

Valley Farm, elected to expand the size of their dairy herd and milking facility. As part of

their expansion project, Appellants hired LPH Plumbing to install a new plumbing system,

which would include a wastewater drainage system and a separate freshwater drinking

system for the expanded dairy operation. LPH Plumbing, in turn, subcontracted with

Stoltzfus Welding (“Stoltzfus”) to assist with welding metal pipes leading to a holding tank

for the new freshwater drinking system. Construction on the expanded milking facility

with the newly installed plumbing system was completed by July 1, 2003, at which time

Appellants began full dairy operations in the expanded milking facility.

Unknown to Appellants, the plumbing system installed by LPH Plumbing was

defective when dairy operations began. PVC piping used by LPH Plumbing for the

wastewater was cracked which allowed “gray water,” containing natural and chemical

[J-37-2013] - 2
waste byproducts produced during milking operations, to escape. Further, Stoltzfus

failed to properly weld an intake pipe leading to a holding tank that formed a part of the

freshwater drinking system for the dairy herd. Within a few months after the

commencement of operations, gray water that escaped the PVC pipe migrated under the

new milking facility and infiltrated the freshwater holding tank through the defective weld.

As a result, Appellants’ dairy herd was exposed to contaminated drinking water shortly

after dairy operations began in July 2003. See Stipulation of Facts at Reproduced

Record (“R.R.”) 166a.

The gray water contamination caused various health and reproductive problems

with the dairy herd, beginning as early as April 2004, and progressing with greater

frequency, though intermittently, over the next few years. During this time, Appellants,

unaware of the gray water contamination, consulted numerous veterinarians and

nutritionists to help diagnose and remedy the dairy herd’s various maladies, some of

which were commonplace to dairy farming, like reduced milk production, ketosis, and

metabolic disorders, and others rarer, such as laminitis, salmonella poisoning, and birth

defects.1 Appellants tested their water supply on a regular basis in compliance with

farming regulations, but they did not discover the gray water contamination, as their

testing was conducted at the wellhead rather than the holding tank. Appellants say they

finally began to suspect that the dairy herd’s drinking supply was the cause of their

difficulties when, in March 2006, Appellants noticed the cows thrashing their heads in

1 Laminitis is a foot disease that affects hooved animals, usually found in horses and
cattle. R.R. 274a, 334a. Ketosis is a metabolic ailment that affects cattle usually during
the first few weeks after giving birth to a calf. R.R. 335a.

[J-37-2013] - 3
their drinking troughs and refusing to drink the water. After investigating further,

Appellants discovered the aforementioned plumbing defects and the ongoing seepage of

gray water into the dairy herd’s drinking supply.

In 2007, Appellants brought suit in the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County

against LPH Plumbing and Stoltzfus for the negligent installation of the plumbing system.

LPH Plumbing was defended in this action by its liability insurer, Penn National, which

covered LPH Plumbing under four policies of CGL insurance in effect, in aggregate, from

July 1, 2003 through July 1, 2006 (hereinafter “Penn National policies”). The jury

returned a verdict in favor of Appellants, finding LPH Plumbing and its subcontractor

Stoltzfus jointly and severally liable for $3.5 million in damages with an additional

$277,505.36 in delay damages.

LPH Plumbing appealed the verdict, and the Superior Court assigned the case to

its appellate mediation program. Appellants, LPH Plumbing, and Penn National entered

a memorandum of understanding, whereby LPH Plumbing agreed to discontinue its

appeal and Penn National agreed to pay $1.2 million to Appellants in exchange for their

waiver of all claims against its insured, LPH Plumbing. The $1.2 million represented the

limit of liability under one of the Penn National policies in addition to a portion of the delay

damages awarded by the trial court. Appellants retained the right to seek the remainder

of the $3.5 million judgment directly from Penn National pursuant to the aforementioned

CGL policies.

Meanwhile, Penn National filed a declaratory judgment action in the Court of

Common Pleas of Chester County to determine its rights and responsibilities under the

four Penn National policies in effect during the relevant time periods. Three of these

[J-37-2013] - 4
policies were year-long CGL policies, with the first covering the period July 1, 2003 to July

1, 2004; the second covering the period July 1, 2004 to July 1, 2005; and the third

covering the period July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006.2 The fourth policy provided umbrella

coverage for the period July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006. Each policy carried a $1 million

coverage limit. In its declaratory judgment action, Penn National sought a determination

regarding which policies were triggered by LPH Plumbing’s negligent installation of the

plumbing system on Appellants’ dairy farm. Penn National contended that it was

answerable for LPH Plumbing’s liabilities only under the policy of insurance in effect from

July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004, when injuries first manifested. Appellants counterclaimed,

seeking a declaration that the liability imposed on LPH Plumbing in the underlying dairy

farm litigation triggered the two policies in effect for the period July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006,

when they discovered the gray water contamination. In the alternative, Appellants

sought a declaration that LPH Plumbing’s liability triggered each of the four CGL policies

pursuant to a multiple trigger theory of liability insurance coverage.

Under the terms of the CGL policies at issue, Penn National agreed to indemnify

LPH Plumbing for its liabilities arising from either bodily injury or property damage that

occurred during the respective policy periods, making these “occurrence” policies.3 The

insuring agreements for the CGL policies provided in relevant part:

2 It appears that each annual policy period begins at 12:01 a.m. on July 1 of the first
year and ends at 12:01 a.m. on July 1 of the second year, the moment the next policy year
begins.

3 An occurrence policy is defined as “[a]n agreement to indemnify for any loss from
an event that occurs within the policy period, regardless of when the claim is made.”
Black’s Law Dictionary 810 (7th ed. 2009). In contrast, a claims-made policy is “[a]n
(continuedL)

[J-37-2013] - 5
 (a) [Penn National] will pay those sums that the insured [LPH Plumbing]
becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of “bodily injury” or
“property damage” to which this insurance applies . . . .

***
(b) This insurance applies to “bodily injury” and “property damage” only if:

(1) The “bodily injury” or “property damage” is caused by an
“occurrence” that takes place in the “coverage territory”;

(2) The “bodily injury” or “property damage” occurs during the policy
period; and

(3) Prior to the policy period, no insured listed under Paragraph 1. of
Section II - Who is An Insured and no “employee” authorized by [LPH
Plumbing] to give or receive notice of an “occurrence” or claim, knew
that the “bodily injury” or “property damage” had occurred, in whole
or in part.

CGL policy at Section I, Subsection (1)(b)(1-3); R.R. 387a.4 The CGL policies defined

an “occurrence” as “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to

substantially the same general harmful conditions.” Id. at Section V, Subsection (13);

R.R. 400a. They defined “property damage” in relevant part as “[p]hysical injury to

tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property”; while “[a]ll such loss

(Lcontinued)
agreement to indemnify against all claims made during a specified period, regardless of
when the incidents that gave rise to the claims occurred.” Id. at 809; see also Kvaerner
Metals Div. of Kvaerner U.S., Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 908 A.2d 888, 892 n.1
(Pa. 2006) (observing that “[a]n ‘occurrence’ policy protects the policyholder from liability
for any act done while the policy is in effect, whereas a ‘claims made’ policy protects the
holder only against claims made during the life of the policy.”) (internal citation omitted).

4 The relevant language in each of the primary CGL policies issued by Penn
National to LPH is identical, while the language in the umbrella CGL policy follows the
form and the language of the other primary CGL policies.

[J-37-2013] - 6
of use [was] deemed to occur at the time of the ‘occurrence’ that caused it.” Id. at

Section V, Subsection (17); R.R. 401a.5

Penn National and Appellants stipulated to the following facts regarding their

opposing declaratory judgment actions: (1) the damage that LPH Plumbing’s negligence

caused Appellants’ dairy herd constituted “property damage” as that term was defined

under each of the policies; (2) the property damage to Appellants’ dairy herd “took place

during the policy period of each of the Penn National policies of liability insurance at

issue”; and (3) no exclusions from coverage under the policies of liability insurance

applied. Stipulation of Facts at R.R. 165a-168a. Notably, the stipulations did not

specify which event or events constituted an occurrence under the CGL policies. Neither

did the stipulations identify a precise point in time when the occurrence or occurrences

causing injury to the dairy herd first arose such that coverage was triggered.

At a non-jury trial held on June 10, 2010, Appellants offered testimony regarding

the nature of the injuries sustained by the dairy herd and the timing in which these injuries

first manifested themselves. Appellants explained that they first encountered problems

with the dairy herd in April 2004, when they experienced a significant drop in milk

production. Appellants described a drop in milk production as an unwanted occurrence,

5 The CGL policies issued by Penn National further provided that:

“Bodily injury” or “property damage” which occurs during the policy period
and was not, prior to the policy period, known to have occurred by any
insured . . . includes any continuation, change or resumption of that “bodily
injury” or “property damage” after the end of the policy period.

CGL policy at Section I, Subsection (1)(c); R.R. 387a.

[J-37-2013] - 7
but also as a circumstance common to dairy farming that is attributable to a wide range of

possible causes. Accordingly, when milk production dropped in April 2004, and

continued to fluctuate over the next few years, Appellants did not suspect that the dairy

herd’s water supply was contaminated with gray water. Notes of Testimony (“N.T.”),

6/10/2010, at R.R. 302a-06a.

Appellants further testified that as of April 2004, the dairy herd began experiencing

other health problems, including metabolic disorders, laminitis, ketosis, salmonella

poisoning, and birth defects. According to Appellants, the levels at which these health

issues initially manifested themselves were not unusual to dairy farming. Rather, the

various health problems increased in frequency over time until eventually they were

occurring at rates higher than expected for normal dairy farm operations. 6

6 On direct examination, Appellants testified:

Q. Now, when you first had the drop in milk production in 2004, did you
have increased [health problems] occurring at that point in time or was it
later in time that you experienced that on the farm?
A. It was progressively from that point, you know, as we look back over the
records, it was from that point forward that it gradually started getting more
and more a higher percentage of . . . metabolical disorders, more fevers,
ketosis and things like that.
Q. And did that happen in a gradual increase?
A. Yes, over time, a gradual increase, yes.
Q. And did it become a circumstance where those percentages were
higher than anticipated in a run-of-the-mill dairy operation?
A. That’s right, yes.
Q. But they didn’t start out that way, right?
A. No. It was a gradual process.

R.R. 307a-08a. On cross-examination, Appellants testified further:

(continuedL)

[J-37-2013] - 8
Notwithstanding the health problems affecting their dairy herd, Appellants avowed they

did not suspect that their dairy herd’s water supply was contaminated until March 2006,

when they noticed the cows thrashing their heads in their drinking troughs and refusing to

drink.

On August 31, 2010, the trial court entered an order declaring Penn National liable

for paying the judgment against LPH Plumbing only under the CGL policy in effect for the

period July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004. The trial court concluded that the underlying events

constituted a single occurrence, which happened when the effects of LPH Plumbing’s

negligence first manifested in April 2004 with the drop in milk production. Appellants

filed a motion for post-trial relief, and the trial court denied the motion without opinion.

Thereafter, Appellants appealed to the Superior Court.

(Lcontinued)
Q. And, obviously, with remarkable or rare events you were experiencing
those where in the past you had little or perhaps no experience with these
remarkable or rare events, they were happening in April of 2004, correct?
A. That characterization is not correct. I mean, in the old facility there
was times where we would find something that would be similar to what we
were experiencing in the new facility and we would take appropriate
management things to correct them, yes.
Q. But what was truly remarkable about April, 2004 was that never before
had you experienced milk fever, drop in milk production, deformed calves,
calves that wouldn’t eat, calves that you had to force feed, use IV’s,
conception problems, salmonella, laminits, metabolic disorders, DA’s,
ketosis, and mycoplasmas all at the same time, that is not something you
had any experience with, correct?
A. The time period that you’re saying, 2004, we hadn’t experienced all the
things you had mentioned. The things that you just mentioned was over
the time period to when we discovered [the contaminated drinking water in
March 2006], that’s what my recollection is.

R.R. 345a-46a.

[J-37-2013] - 9
 In their statement of errors complained of on appeal, filed pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.

1925(b), Appellants raised the same two issues they argued in their motion for post-trial

relief. First, Appellants argued that the initial manifestation of injury, and thus the only

occurrence, happened no earlier than March 31, 2006, when Appellants discovered the

contaminated drinking water. In so arguing, Appellants sought coverage under both the

CGL policy and the umbrella policy in effect from July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006. Second,

Appellants argued, in the alternative, that the gradual progression of various diseases

and disorders affecting the dairy herd between April 2004 and March 2006 constituted

multiple or continuous occurrences, thus triggering each policy at issue pursuant to the

multiple trigger theory of liability insurance coverage adopted by this Court in J.H. France

Refractories v. Allstate Ins. Co., as applied to asbestos-related disease claims. 626 A.2d

502 (Pa. 1993).

In a Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court explained that an occurrence triggers

coverage under one of the CGL policies when the effect of a negligent act first manifests

itself in a manner that would put a reasonable person on notice of damage to personal

property, the so-called “first manifestation rule.” See Consulting Engineers, Inc. v. Ins.

Co. of North Amer., 710 A.2d 82 (Pa.Super. 1998), affirmed on the basis of the opinion of

the Superior Court, 743 A.2d 911 (Pa. 2000), citing D’Auria v. Zurich Ins., 507 A.2d 857

(Pa.Super. 1986). The trial court concluded that the effects of LPH Plumbing’s negligent

installation of the plumbing system were obvious to Appellants in April 2004, or, in any

event, no later than June 30, 2004. The trial court observed:

The illnesses and ailments being suffered by the cows were numerous and
obvious, including a decrease in milk production, increase in general health
problems, increase in deformed calves, and salmonella, laminitis and

[J-37-2013] - 10
 metabolic disorders. [Appellants] [do] not dispute observing these
conditions during the term of the policy period of the first policy set forth
above [in effect from July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004].

Tr. Ct. Op. at 4 (Apr. 22, 2011). The fact that Appellants did not discover the reason for

the dairy herd’s ailments until March 2006 was of no moment to the trial court, as long as

Appellants were clearly aware of the problems caused by LPH Plumbing’s negligence in

April 2004. Accordingly, the trial court concluded that an occurrence happened during

the period July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004, triggering the policy in effect during that period

only.

The trial court further rejected Appellants’ contention that the facts of the case

warranted application of the multiple trigger theory of liability such that the continuous and

progressive damage sustained by the dairy herd as a result of the negligent installation of

the plumbing system gave rise to multiple occurrences during each of the applicable

periods, and thereby triggered all four CGL policies at issue. The trial court deemed the

“multiple trigger” theory of liability inapplicable given that, at least to date, Pennsylvania

appellate courts have declined to apply the “multiple trigger” theory outside of latent

disease cases, like asbestosis or mesothelioma. See Consulting Engineers, 710 A.2d at

87; see also J.H. France, 626 A.2d 502. Quoting language from Consulting Engineers,

the trial court reasoned that “[t]he overriding concern in latent disease cases is that the

application of the D’Auria ‘first manifestation’ rule would allow insurance companies to

terminate coverage during the long latency period (of asbestosis).” Consulting

Engineers, 710 A.2d at 87 (internal citations omitted). Because the damage sustained

by the dairy herd did not lay dormant for an extended period of time, the trial court

[J-37-2013] - 11
defended its decision to utilize the D’Auria first manifestation rule as opposed to the

multiple trigger theory for determining the trigger of coverage in this case.

The trial court found additional support in Donegal Mutual Ins. Co. v.

Baumhammers, 938 A.2d 286 (Pa. 2007), where this Court adopted the “cause of loss”

approach for determining the number of occurrences for the purpose of triggering

coverage under a policy of liability insurance. Pursuant to the “cause of loss” approach,

the number of occurrences under a policy of liability insurance is determined by looking to

the insured’s underlying negligence that gave rise to the injury or damage. In

Baumhammers, this Court held that the negligence of two parents in supervising their

child gave rise to a single occurrence, even though as a result of their negligence the child

went on a shooting spree, killing five people and seriously injuring a sixth person.

Applying the same analysis to this case, the trial court concluded that the damage

sustained by Appellants’ dairy herd constituted a single occurrence, as it stemmed from a

single negligent act when LPH Plumbing improperly installed the plumbing system on the

dairy farm.

In a memorandum opinion, a divided Superior Court panel affirmed the trial court

decision, finding Penn National liable only under the policy of CGL insurance in effect

from July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004. The Superior Court agreed that the “first

manifestation” rule adopted in D’Auria and followed in Consulting Engineers served as

the appropriate test for determining when an occurrence happens pursuant to a policy of

commercial general liability insurance, like the Penn National policies. See Consulting

Engineers, 710 A.2d at 87 (explaining that “[a]n occurrence [for purposes of determining

insurance coverage] happens when the injurious effects of the negligent act first manifest

[J-37-2013] - 12
themselves in a way that would put a reasonable person on notice of injury.”) (quoting

D’Auria, 507 A.2d at 861) (emphasis in original). Treating the timing of manifestation as

a question of fact that must be reviewed for abuse of discretion, the Superior Court

concluded that the record contained sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding

that the damage to the dairy herd was manifest in 2004, when there was a significant

decline in milk production, followed by a variety of other health problems. Thus, the

Superior Court rejected Appellants’ argument that the damage to the dairy herd did not

manifest until Appellants apprehended the cause of the damage in March 2006,

concluding that adoption of that theory would involve an impermissible re-weighing of the

evidence.

Like the trial court, the Superior Court also declined to apply the multiple trigger

theory of insurer liability and find that the continuous and progressive damage sustained

by the dairy herd between 2003 and 2006 constituted a series of multiple occurrences,

which triggered each of the four CGL policies at issue. The Superior Court read

Consulting Engineers, which this Court affirmed on the basis of that court’s opinion, as an

express refusal to extend the multiple trigger theory of liability adopted in J.H. France

beyond asbestos or other toxic tort scenarios. See Consulting Engineers, 710 A.2d at

87-88 (declining to apply the multiple trigger theory to determine trigger of coverage

under various CGL policies for injuries arising from the tort of wrongful use of civil

proceedings). Accordingly, the Superior Court refused to follow caselaw from other

jurisdictions that would support extending the multiple trigger theory to this case.

Following the “cause of loss” test and the “first manifestation” rule articulated in

Baumhammers and D’Auria, respectively, the Superior Court held that the negligent

[J-37-2013] - 13
installation of the plumbing system gave rise to only one occurrence of compensable loss

in 2004.

Judge Bowes dissented, contending that the certified record lacked competent

evidence to support the trial court’s finding that the effects of LPH Plumbing’s negligent

installation of the plumbing system first manifested in April 2004. She disagreed with the

trial court’s findings that the “illnesses and ailments being suffered by the cows [during the

first policy period] were numerous and obvious” and that “[Appellants] did not dispute

observing these conditions during the term of the . . . first policy set forth above.” Tr. Ct.

Op. at 4. Judge Bowes pointed to testimony offered by Appellant at trial indicating that,

apart from fluctuations in milk production, the health issues with the dairy herd did not

suddenly appear in 2004, but developed gradually and inconsistently over the various

policy periods. See supra, note 6. Judge Bowes further emphasized testimony

indicating that milk fluctuations were an expected occurrence within the dairy industry, as

were most of the other health complications encountered between April 2004 and March

2006. Judge Bowes thus concluded that the effects of LPH Plumbing’s negligence were

not apparent prior to the end of the policy period of the first CGL policy in effect from July

1, 2003 to July 1, 2004.

Judge Bowes did not specify when she thought the property damage first

manifested. Rather, she opined that she would have accepted Appellants’ alternative

argument that the injuries sustained by the dairy herd constituted continuous and

progressive property damage warranting application of the multiple trigger theory of

liability adopted by this Court in J.H. France, and, therefore, would have granted

Appellants’ demand for coverage under each of the four CGL policies. While

[J-37-2013] - 14
recognizing that Pennsylvania courts generally follow the “cause of loss” test articulated

in Baumhammers when construing insurance coverage under commercial general

liability policies, Judge Bowes advocated adopting the multiple trigger theory of liability in

property damage cases, like this one, where there is indivisible, progressive harm that

manifests after a prolonged period of latency. Judge Bowes argued that Consulting

Engineers, far from restricting application of the multiple trigger theory of liability

exclusively to toxic torts and latent disease cases, recognized the applicability of the

formulation to cases, like J.H. France, where the injuries do not manifest until after the

injury-causing event occurs. Finally, Judge Bowes maintained that application of the

multiple trigger theory of liability in this case would best effectuate the reasonable

expectations of the parties pursuant to the underlying CGL policies.

Appellants timely appealed the Superior Court’s memorandum decision, raising

the following three issues:7

(1) Did “manifestation” of the “property damage” to [Appellants’] dairy herd
take place in late March 2006 when the cows were concurrently observed
thrashing their heads about in their water bowls, refusing to drink, and
giving dramatically less milk; rather than, as held by the trial court, in April

7 For the first time in its brief to this Court, Penn National contends that Appellants
failed to preserve the first two issues that Appellants raised in their Petition for Allowance
of Appeal. Penn National identifies various discrepancies between the wording of these
issues in Appellants’ Petition for Allowance of Appeal and the wording Appellants used in
the phrasing of their issues in their Rule 1925(b) statement. Penn National’s contention
is meritless. While Appellants rephrase the first two issues raised in their Rule 1925(b)
statement and consolidate the second two, the substance of their claims are preserved.
Appellants raise the same issues on appeal to this Court as they presented to the
Superior Court - namely, whether property damage to Appellants’ dairy herd first
manifested in March 2006 as opposed to April 2004, and whether the “multiple trigger”
theory of liability insurance coverage as adopted in J.H. France applies to cases like this
one involving continuous, progressive property damage.

[J-37-2013] - 15
 2004 based on a mere economic downturn from a decrease in milk
production?

(2) Does “manifestation” of “property damage” for purposes of triggering a
commercial general liability insurance policy take place only after the
injured party has the ability to ascertain the source of injury or damage is
traceable to something out of the ordinary and usual course of events for
which another may bear responsibility?

(3) Does the “multiple trigger” theory of liability insurance coverage
adopted by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in J.H. France Refractories
Co. v. Allstate Ins., 626 A.2d 502, 507 (Pa. 1993), apply to cases presenting
continuous, progressive “property damage,” so that all policies on the risk
from exposure to the harmful condition through “manifestation” of the injury
are triggered?

Brief of Appellant at 2. Appellants’ first and second issues are substantially related, and

can be addressed together, as they both concern manifestation of property damage

under the Penn National policies. Following our discussion of Appellants’ first two

issues, we will turn to Appellants’ third issue regarding the applicability of the multiple

trigger theory.

II.

Applicable to the first two issues only, Appellants proceed under the assumption

that this Court will apply the “cause of loss” test to identify the number of occurrences

under the Penn National policies, see Baumhammers, 938 A.2d 286, and will utilize the

“first manifestation” rule to determine when an occurrence manifests triggering insurance

coverage, see D’Auria, 507 A.2d 857. For purposes of their argument, Appellants agree

with the trial court and Superior Court that there was only one occurrence as defined by

the Penn National policies, namely LPH Plumbing’s negligent installation of the plumbing

system in 2003. Appellants, further concur that in accordance with the first manifestation

rule, coverage under the Penn National policies is not triggered until the effects of the

[J-37-2013] - 16
occurrence, here the negligent installation of the plumbing system, manifest in a manner

that would put a reasonable person on notice of injury. However, Appellants disagree

with the trial court’s determination that the effects of LPH Plumbing’s negligent installation

of the plumbing system first manifested in April 2004, when there was a substantial drop

in milk production and instead argue that the effects of LPH Plumbing’s negligence first

manifested in March 2006, when they discovered the gray water contamination.

Appellants acknowledge that the dispositive language for applying the first

manifestation rule, otherwise known as the “effects” test, is found in D’Auria, the first

Pennsylvania case to apply the rule. In articulating the rule, derived from the Third

Circuit’s decision in Appalachian Ins. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 676 F.2d 56 (3d Cir.

1982), the Superior Court held that a policy of commercial general liability insurance is

triggered “when the injurious effects of the negligent act first manifest themselves in a way

that would put a reasonable person on notice of injury.” D’Auria, 507 A.2d at 861

(emphasis in original). The Superior Court further observed that “an ‘occurrence’

happens when injury becomes reasonably apparent, not at the time the cause of the

injury occurs.” Id. at 862 (emphasis in original). Accordingly, the Superior Court in

D’Auria held that physical injury caused by a doctor’s failure to diagnose his patient’s

ongoing renal deterioration manifested for purposes of determining coverage under a

policy of medical malpractice insurance when the condition was diagnosed, as opposed

to when the patient later suffered complete renal failure. Id.

Appellants contend that the trial court and Superior Court adopted too low a

threshold for determining when property damage manifests for liability insurance

coverage purposes. Appellants argue that, consistent with a proper understanding of

[J-37-2013] - 17
D’Auria, manifestation for liability insurance coverage purposes happens only once there

are facts and circumstances sufficient to permit association of the injury or damage with

something out of the ordinary course of events for which another party may bear

responsibility. In other words, for an injury to be manifest, the cause of injury must be

sufficiently ascertainable.

Appellants find support in J.H. France for their argument that application of the first

manifestation rule requires (a) recognition of injury, and (b) recognition that the injury is

attributable to an outside causative force or agency. Appellants rely on language in J.H.

France where this Court concluded that for purposes of the multiple trigger theory of

liability insurance coverage in the context of asbestos bodily injury claims, manifestation,

which serves as the final triggering event and cuts off further coverage, requires

incapacitation amounting to a “recognizable disease.” J.H. France, 626 A.2d at 507.

Appellants reason that just as this Court in J.H. France declined to find manifestation of

the plaintiff’s injuries until asbestosis was diagnosed, we should find that the current Penn

National policies were not triggered until the cause of the property damage became

apparent.

Appellants further and alternatively contend that the trial court erred in treating the

decline in milk production in April 2004, as a manifestation of injury because, according to

Appellants, a decline in milk production does not constitute a “physical injury to tangible

property,” under the definition of property damage in the Penn National policies. Rather,

Appellants argue that the decline in milk production constituted a purely economic injury,

[J-37-2013] - 18
and therefore could not have triggered the first Penn National policy in effect from July 1,

2003 to July 1, 2004.8

Finally, consistent with Judge Bowes’ dissent, Appellants dispute the trial court’s

finding that the “illnesses and ailments being suffered by the cows [during the first policy

period] were numerous and obvious.” Tr. Ct. Op. at 4. Specifically, Appellants argue

there is an “abject lack of record support for the trial court’s factual finding” that during the

first policy period their dairy herd suffered from a dramatic increase in general health

problems, including salmonella, laminitis and various metabolic disorders. Reply Brief of

Appellants at 9. Appellants maintain that the record only supports the trial court’s finding

that milk production fluctuated in 2004, and that the other health problems identified by

the trial court occurred gradually after April 2004. In any event, Appellants argue that

even if the trial court is correct in its characterization of the maladies experienced by the

dairy herd during the first policy period, we should still find that property damage

manifested in March 2006, consistent with their explication of the first manifestation rule,

supra.

Accordingly, Appellants urge this Court to “clarify that neither bodily injury nor

property damage manifests until the injured party is able, in the exercise of reasonable

diligence, to ascertain that the injury or damage is fairly traceable to some outside

8 To the extent that Appellants argue that the decline in milk production was not
property damage, we find their argument waived, as Appellants failed to argue this point
previously. See Pa.R.A.P. 302 (“Issues not raised in the lower court are waived and
cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”). In any event, as we explain infra,
Appellants’ argument is meritless given that the definition of property damage under the
Penn National policies encompasses the loss of use of tangible property.

[J-37-2013] - 19
causative force or agency.” Brief of Appellants at 25. Consistent with this construct of

the first manifestation rule, Appellants contend that none of the various health problems

the dairy herd experienced between 2004 and 2006 – all of which Appellants assert were

common to dairy operations – constituted manifestation of property damage. Rather,

Appellants argue that the effects of LPH Plumbing’s negligent installation of the plumbing

system first manifested in March 2006, when Appellants noticed the cows thrashing their

heads in the water troughs which alerted them to the existence of an “outside force or

agency” as the reason for the dairy herd’s various maladies. Brief of Appellant at 18.

As such, Appellants seek coverage under the two Penn National policies in effect from

July 1, 2005 to July 1, 2006.

In response, Penn National argues that Appellants lack legal and factual support

for their contention that property damage resulting from LPH Plumbing’s negligent

installation of the plumbing system did not manifest until March 2006. Penn National

maintains that pursuant to relevant case law, an “occurrence” under a policy of general

liability insurance takes place when the injury, not the cause, manifests in a way that can

be ascertained by reasonable diligence. D’Auria, 507 A.2d at 86162 (citing Appalachian

Ins. Co., 676 F.2d 56). Penn National, therefore, would have us affirm the trial court’s

holding that physical damage resulting from LPH Plumbing’s negligence manifested in

2004 when, as Penn National describes it, the dairy herd suffered from laminitis,

salmonella poisoning, metabolic disorders, birth defects, increased health problems, and

fluctuations in milk production.

To discern the proper application of the first manifestation rule, Penn National

directs us to the Third Circuit’s decision in Appalachian Ins. Co., which served as the

[J-37-2013] - 20
basis for the Superior Court’s holding in D’Auria.9 The Third Circuit explained that an

occurrence manifests for purposes of triggering coverage when “the ‘result’ [takes place],

that is, the time when the accident or injurious exposure produces personal injury.”

Appalachian Ins. Co., 676 F.2d at 61-62 (citations omitted). In Appalachian Ins. Co., the

insured, Liberty Mutual, adopted discriminatory employment policies in 1965 which

harmed various female employees. The Third Circuit concluded that the injuries to the

female employees first manifested for purposes of determining coverage under a policy of

liability insurance when Liberty Mutual promulgated the discriminatory insurance policies

in 1965. Id. at 63. By extension, Penn National argues that the effects of LPH

Plumbing’s negligence first manifested as early as April 2004, when physical damage

from the gray water contamination was first detectable.

Penn National challenges Appellants’ contention that in D’Auria the Superior Court

linked the manifestation of injury to actual knowledge of the cause of harm. Penn

National avers that “[k]nowledge of the cause of the harm was neither required, nor

relevant, nor even mentioned in D’Auria.” Brief of Appellee at 20. To the extent that

Appellants associate manifestation with knowledge of legal causation or a valid cause of

action, Penn National asserts that Appellants fail to cite a single Pennsylvania case that

required either knowledge of legal causation or a cause of action before an injury

manifests and coverage under a policy of general liability insurance is triggered. Penn

National maintains that an injured party’s discovery of a tort action is irrelevant to an

insurance contract trigger of coverage analysis.

9 In Appalachian Ins. Co., the Third Circuit refers to the first manifestation rule as the
“effects” test. Appalachian Ins. Co., 676 F.2d at 62.

[J-37-2013] - 21
 Finally, Penn National argues that Appellants’ reliance on J.H. France for the

proposition that manifestation of injury requires a diagnosis of injury or identification of the

cause of damage is misplaced. Reading J.H. France as creating a narrow rule

applicable only to asbestos bodily injury claims, Penn National contends that associating

manifestation of asbestos-related injuries with diagnosis of the related diseases is unique

to asbestos bodily injury claims, and should not be broadened to apply to other forms of

injury. Moreover, Penn National contends that even if this Court finds that this aspect of

J.H. France applies, and accepts Appellants’ argument that the first manifestation rule

requires an identification of the cause of the property damage, the evidentiary record still

supports the trial court’s determination of when manifestation took place. According to

Penn National, the fact that the dairy herd was diagnosed with salmonella poisoning,

laminitis, and ketosis during the first policy period was sufficient to place Appellants on

notice that their difficulties were the result of the dairy herd’s contaminated drinking water.

Appellants’ first two issues regarding whether property damage to the dairy herd

initially manifested in 2004 or 2006 for purposes of triggering coverage under the Penn

National policies in effect during those respective time periods present mixed questions of

law and fact. While identifying the timing and nature of physical injury requires fact

finding by the trial court, determining whether these physical injuries trigger coverage by

manifesting themselves in a manner that would put a reasonable person on notice of

injury is a question of law. Baumhammers, 938 A.2d at 290. When reviewing such

mixed questions,

to the extent that factual findings and credibility determinations are at issue,
we will accept the trial court’s conclusions insofar as they are supported by
the record. To the extent that a legal question is at issue, a determination

[J-37-2013] - 22
 by the trial court will be given no deference and will instead be reviewed de
novo.

Messina v. E. Penn Twp., 62 A.3d 363, 366 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted); see also Pocono

Manor Investors, LP v. Pa. Gaming Control Bd., 927 A.2d 209, 229 n.14 (Pa. 2007).

Given the parties’ stipulation that property damage took place during each of the policy

periods at issue, our inquiry focuses on the proper interpretation and application of the

language contained in the four CGL policies, which presents a question of law over which

our scope of review is plenary and standard of review de novo. Baumhammers, 938

A.2d at 290; Am. & Foreign Ins. Co. v. Jerry’s Sport Ctr., Inc., 2 A.3d 526, 532-33 (Pa.

2010).

Appellants’ first two issues address the trigger of coverage under the Penn

National policies. The expression “trigger of coverage” is used to describe the event

that must take place during a policy period for coverage under a policy of insurance to

take effect. A.W. Chesterton Co. v. Mass. Ins. Insolvency Fund, 838 N.E.2d 1237, 1250

(Mass. 2005); 45 C.J.S Insurance § 640 (2012). Courts have generally applied one of

five theories for determining which event triggers coverage under a policy of third party

liability insurance. See 14 A.L.R. 5th 695. These theories include: wrongful act

(coverage triggered when wrongful act is committed); exposure (coverage triggered when

injured person or damaged property is first exposed to harm); first manifestation

(coverage triggered when harm is first manifested); continuous or multiple trigger

(coverage triggered under every policy between time of exposure until manifestation of

harm); and injury in fact (coverage triggered when claimant suffers injury). Id.

Identifying the appropriate trigger of coverage under a policy of insurance turns upon the

[J-37-2013] - 23
language of the respective policy, and requires a careful investigation of the factual

circumstances comprising the claim. See Madison Const. Co. v. Harleysville Mut. Ins.

Co., 735 A.2d 100, 106 (Pa. 1999) (characterizing the plain language of the insurance

policy at issue as the polestar of the Court’s analysis).

The goal in construing and applying the language of an insurance contract is to

effectuate the intent of the parties as manifested by the language of the specific policy.

401 Fourth St. Inc. v. Investors Ins. Grp., 879 A.2d 166, 171 (Pa. 2005); Lititz Mut. Ins. Co.

v. Steely, 785 A.2d 975, 978 (Pa. 2001). When the language of an insurance policy is

plain and unambiguous, a court is bound by that language. 401 Fourth St. Inc., 879 A.2d

at 171. Alternatively, if an insurance policy contains an ambiguous term, “the policy is to

be construed in favor of the insured to further the contract’s prime purpose of

indemnification and against the insurer, as the insurer drafts the policy, and controls

coverage.” Id. Contract language is ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible to more

than one construction and meaning. Lititz Mut. Ins., 785 A.2d at 978. Finally, the

language of the policy must be construed in its plain and ordinary sense, and the policy

must be read in its entirety. Riccio v. Am. Republic Ins. Co., 705 A.2d 422, 426 (Pa.

1997).

Pertinent to the first two issues only, Appellants and Penn National agree, that the

first manifestation rule is the appropriate theory for determining coverage under the Penn

National policies; however, they differ on its precise meaning and application to the facts

of this case. Penn National contends that manifestation happens when the injury, not

the cause of injury, manifests in a way that can be ascertained by reasonable diligence.

Meanwhile, Appellants maintain that manifestation happens when the injured party is

[J-37-2013] - 24
able, through the exercise of reasonable diligence, to ascertain that the injury or damage

is fairly traceable to an outside causative force or agency. For the reasons that follow,

we reject Appellants’ contention that application of the first manifestation rule for

determining trigger of coverage under a third party liability insurance policy requires the

cause of injury to be known or reasonably discoverable.

First, Appellants’ explication of the first manifestation rule is misguided to the

extent it conflates a trigger of coverage analysis with the discovery rule used by

Pennsylvania courts to toll the statute of limitations in cases involving latent injuries. See

Wilson v. El-Daief, 964 A.2d 354, 361-62 (Pa. 2009) (explaining that, per application of

the discovery rule, the statute of limitations is tolled until an injured party discovers or

reasonably should discover, (1) that she has been injured and (2) that her injury has been

caused by another party’s conduct). While knowledge of the cause of injury is pertinent

to determining the date on which the statute of limitations begins to run, it has no special

relevance to determining the date an insurance policy is triggered, unless specifically

required by the language of the applicable policy of insurance. Compare Wilson, 964

A.2d at 362 n.3 (explaining that tolling the statute of limitations until the cause of injury is

reasonably discoverable is necessary to protect the litigation rights of persons who suffer

latent injuries) with Kvaerner Metals Div., 908 A.2d at 897 (holding that the primary goal

when interpreting an insurance contract is to ascertain the intent of the parties as

manifested by the language of the specific insurance policy).10

10 Indeed, the date on which the statute of limitations is triggered and the date on
which coverage under a policy of insurance is triggered will often differ, as the two events
serve distinct functions and reflect different policy considerations. The former serves to
(continuedL)

[J-37-2013] - 25
 Here, the language of the Penn National policies does not support Appellants’

contention that coverage is triggered under the policies when both injury and its cause are

reasonably ascertainable. The policy language plainly states that coverage is triggered

when “‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ occurs during the policy period[.]” CGL policy

at Section I; Subsection (1)(b)(2); R.R. 387a. Property damage is defined as either

“[p]hysical injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property” or

“[l]oss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured.” Id. at Section V,

Subsection (17); R.R. 401a. Bodily injury is defined as “injury, sickness or disease

sustained by a person.” Id. at Section V, Subsection (3); R.R. 399a. Accordingly,

coverage is triggered under one of the Penn National policies when any of the following

are reasonably ascertainable: physical injury to tangible property, loss of use of tangible

property, bodily injury, sickness, or disease. The Penn National policies contain no

language requiring the cause of injury to be identifiable before coverage is triggered.

Our interpretation of the Penn National policies is confirmed by comparable cases

applying the first manifestation rule to determine trigger of coverage under third party

liability insurance policies. These cases consistently identify the initial manifestation of

injury as the trigger of coverage. See D’Auria 507 A.2d at 862 (“[A]n ‘occurrence’

happens when injury is reasonably apparent, not at the time the cause of injury occurs.”)

(emphasis in original); Appalachian Ins. Co., 676 F.2d at 61 (“in this type of case the

occurrence takes place when the injuries first manifest themselves”); see also Consulting

(Lcontinued)
expedite litigation and preclude stale claims, while the latter seeks to effectuate the
reasonable expectations of the parties to the insurance contract. Consulting Engineers,
710 A.2d at 86; City of Erie v. Guaranty Nat. Ins. Co., 109 F.3d 156, 161 (3d Cir. 1997).

[J-37-2013] - 26
Engineers, 710 A.2d 82 (applying the first manifestation rule as articulated in D’Auria);

Keystone Automated Equipment Co., Inc. v. Reliance Ins. Co., 535 A.2d 648 (Pa.Super.

1988) (same); Guaranty Nat. Ins. Co., 109 F.3d 156 (same); Fletcher v. Pennsylvania

Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass’n, 27 A.3d 299 (Pa.Commw. 2011) (same). The cases

Appellants rely on where the first manifestation of injury coincides with the identification of

the cause of injury are distinguishable, as the correlation in these cases between

manifestation of injury and identification of its cause is merely incidental. See D’Auria,

507 A.2d 857 (holding that the effects of injury caused by a doctor’s failure to diagnose

manifested no later than the date renal failure was discovered by an alternative

physician); Consulting Engineers, 710 A.2d 82 (holding that the effects of an injury

caused by the tort of wrongful use of civil proceedings first manifested when the wrongful

suit was filed); Appalachian Ins. Co., 676 F.2d 56 (holding that the effects of injury

caused by discriminatory employment policies first manifested when the policies were

implemented). In these cases, there was no potential for an injury to occur prior to the

revelation of the cause.

Notably, Appellants’ reliance on J.H. France is misplaced. Aside from the fact

that J.H. France involves a different trigger of coverage theory, which will be discussed in

Part III, the case does not stand for the proposition that manifestation takes place when

both the existence of injury and its cause are reasonably ascertainable. In J.H. France,

this Court held that manifestation for purposes of the multiple trigger theory of liability

insurance coverage in the context of asbestos-related injury claims does not take place

“until the time that increasing incapacitation results in manifestation as a recognizable

disease.” J.H. France, 626 A.2d at 507. To the extent J.H. France is relevant to a case

[J-37-2013] - 27
involving application of the first manifestation rule, it better supports Penn National’s

contention that manifestation happens when the injury, not the cause of injury, manifests

in a way that can be ascertained by reasonable diligence. In J.H. France, manifestation

of injury occurred when evidence of asbestos-related disease first surfaced, not when the

injured party was capable of tracing his or her injury to its probable cause.

Finally, extending coverage under a policy of general liability insurance when the

effects of injury first manifest, without requiring the cause of injury to be discoverable,

poses three modest advantages. First, it better protects against injured parties insuring

themselves for events which have already taken place. See Consulting Engineers, 710

A.2d at 88 (noting “the well-established rule that a person may not insure against an injury

that has already occurred”). Delaying trigger of coverage until the cause of an injury is

reasonably ascertainable would allow a tortfeasor with knowledge of his or her potential

liability to shift this burden to an unwary insurance company. Second, it adds certainty

and predictability to a trigger of coverage analysis. Identifying the effects of actual injury

is simpler and less involved than tracing injury to its probable cause. Finally, in the event

the insurer eventually becomes insolvent, the insured is more likely to obtain coverage as

the policy will be triggered at an earlier date, when injury first manifests.11

11 Moreover, implicit concerns of fairness and equity do not require that the injured
party first discover both the injury and its cause before an injury is deemed to have
manifested for purposes of triggering coverage under a policy of third party liability
insurance. Whether coverage is triggered when injury manifests or when both injury and
its cause becomes reasonably apparent should make little or no difference to the insured
or the third party injured by the insured’s conduct, except in the incidental case, like this
one, when the insured happens to carry better coverage at a later date when the cause of
injury becomes apparent. Although timing of discovery is critical to a plaintiff pursuing a
tort claim due to the statute of limitations, in most cases timing of insurance coverage will
(continuedL)

[J-37-2013] - 28
 Thus, we hold, consistent with the first manifestation rule articulated in D’Auria,

that coverage is triggered under one of the Penn National policies when either bodily

injury or property damage becomes reasonably apparent. See D’Auria, 507 A.2d at 861

(holding “[a]n occurrence happens when the injurious effects of the negligent act first

manifest themselves in a way that would put a reasonable person on notice of injury”)

(emphasis in original). Application of the first manifestation rule herein appropriates the

reasonable expectations of Penn National and LPH Plumbing at the time of their

contracting. It ensures that LPH Plumbing, as insured, will receive coverage for liabilities

arising from bodily injury and property damage that become reasonably apparent during

the applicable policy period; and it ensures that Penn National, as insurer, will not answer

for bodily injury or property damage that LPH Plumbing was aware of prior to the start of

the policy period.

Turning to the facts of this case, we conclude that the record supports the trial

court’s finding that property damage, defined by the Penn National policies as physical

injury to tangible property or loss of use of tangible property, first became reasonably

apparent in April 2004. While Appellants dispute the exact array of maladies that

manifested during the first policy period, the record is clear that as a result of the gray

water contamination the dairy herd in April 2004 experienced a dramatic drop in milk

production, and began suffering higher incidents of various dairy farm maladies such as

(Lcontinued)
not be relevant to the injured party so long as the insured maintains coverage, given that
the injured party has no way of knowing which year the insured carried greater coverage.

[J-37-2013] - 29
metabolic disorders, fevers, and ketosis. R.R. 305a, 345a-46a.12 The significant drop

in milk production in April 2004, which no party disputes, constitutes property damage

under the Penn National policies, as it indicates the loss of use of tangible property.

Moreover, if we assume that the drop in milk production does not fit the definition of

property damage but consists of purely economic injury, as Appellants argue, the higher

incidents of various metabolic disorders starting in April 2004, certainly constitute

property damage in the form of physical injury to the dairy herd.

We therefore affirm the trial court’s holding that the injurious effects of LPH

Plumbing’s negligent installation of the plumbing system first manifested in April 2004,

when the dairy herd experienced a significant drop in milk production, in addition to higher

incidents of various illnesses such as metabolic disorders, milk fevers, and ketosis. The

fact that Appellants did not discover the cause of the dairy herd’s various maladies until

March 2006, or that Appellants initially dismissed the maladies manifesting in April 2004

as incidental to normal dairy farm operations, has no bearing on our determination of

which Penn National policy applies. Relevant to our inquiry, the trial court found that

property damage to Appellants’ dairy herd became reasonably apparent in April 2004,

which, in retrospect, we know was caused by LPH Plumbing’s negligent installation of the

plumbing system and the subsequent seepage of gray water into the dairy herd’s

12 Appellants’ own testimony at trial confirms that they experienced various health
problems with the dairy herd in 2004, in addition to the unusual fluctuations in milk
production which Appellants do not dispute. See supra note 6. We therefore accept the
trial court’s findings concerning the timing and nature of the property damage sustained
by the dairy herd. As the Superior Court admirably noted, it is not the role of an appellate
court to reweigh the evidence.

[J-37-2013] - 30
freshwater drinking system. Coverage is therefore triggered under the Penn National

policy in effect from July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004, only.

III.

In the alternative, Appellants argue that the multiple trigger theory of liability

insurance coverage adopted by this Court in J.H. France in the context of asbestos bodily

injury claims applies to continuous, progressive property damage as occurred here, and

thus triggers all of the Penn National policies at issue. We disagree. As our disposition

of the first two issues establishes, the first manifestation rule serves as the appropriate

trigger of coverage theory under the Penn National policies, triggering coverage under

the Penn National policy in effect from July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004, only.

Notwithstanding, we will summarize and respond to Appellants’ posited argument.

Appellants argue that this Court’s holding and rationale in J.H. France controls for

purposes of our interpretation and application of the Penn National policies. In J.H.

France, this Court applied the multiple trigger theory of liability to determine whether

bodily injuries caused by asbestos exposure triggered coverage under various

occurrence-based general liability policies. J.H. France, 626 A.2d 502. Our decision to

apply the multiple trigger theory of liability in J.H. France was predicated on the language

of the policies at issue and the nature of the injuries giving rise to the insured’s liability.

Specifically, the policies defined “bodily injury” as “bodily injury, sickness or disease which

occurs during the policy period,” and defined an occurrence as “an accident, including

continuous or repeated exposure to conditions, which result in bodily injury . . . neither

expected nor intended” by the insured. Id. at 505. We observed that medical evidence

concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of asbestos-related disease showed that bodily

[J-37-2013] - 31
injury occurred from the moment of exposure until the manifestation of a recognizable

disease. Accordingly, we held that each insurer was jointly and severally liable for the

insured’s injuries if any of the following occurred while the insurer was at risk: exposure to

asbestos, development of the pathology, or manifestation of the disease. Id. at 506.

Appellants note the similarities between the language of the Penn National policies

and the policies at issue in J.H. France. Under both sets of policies, “bodily injury” is

described in part as “bodily injury sickness or disease . . .” and an “occurrence” is defined

as “an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to [conditions] . . . .”

Appellants further liken the property damage sustained by the dairy herd to the

continuous, progressive bodily injury caused by exposure to asbestos fibers or other toxic

tort scenarios. Just as this Court in J.H. France found that bodily injury, as defined by the

relevant policies, occurred during exposure to asbestos, development of the pathology,

and manifestation of disease, with each constituting separate triggers of coverage,

Appellants would have us find that the continuous and progressive property damage

sustained by the dairy herd triggered coverage under each Penn National policy in effect

from the time the dairy herd first sustained harm in 2003 until their injuries manifested in

2006.

Appellants maintain that the Superior Court below erred in construing Consulting

Engineers, which this Court affirmed on the basis of the opinion of the Superior Court, as

an express refusal by this Court to extend the multiple trigger theory of liability adopted in

J.H. France beyond asbestos or other toxic tort scenarios. First, Appellants dismiss as

non-binding dicta the language and reasoning from the Superior Court’s opinion in

Consulting Engineers regarding the applicability to J.H. France. Moreover, echoing the

[J-37-2013] - 32
argument of Judge Bowes from her dissenting opinion in the case below, Appellants

contend that Consulting Engineers merely stands for the proposition that the multiple

trigger theory of liability does not apply to single-occurrence torts such as wrongful use of

civil proceedings, which was at issue in that case. Finally, to the extent we agree that

Consulting Engineers does hold that the multiple trigger theory never applies to instances

of continuous, progressive property damage, Appellants maintain that this Court should

disavow the holding as an incorrect statement of law.

Thus, Appellants urge this Court to announce the applicability of the multiple

trigger theory of liability insurance coverage to cases involving “continuous, progressive

property damage over successive policy periods,” contending that this will align

Pennsylvania jurisprudence with the weight of authority from other jurisdictions. Brief of

Appellant at 30. Appellants cite cases from jurisdictions that applied the multiple trigger

theory to coverage disputes involving continuous, progressive property damage. See

e.g. Wisconsin Electric Power Co. v. California Union Ins. Co., 419 N.W.2d 255 (Wis.

App. 1987) (holding that continuous property damage sustained by a dairy herd over a

twelve year period, caused by a negligently installed power supply emitting stray voltage,

warranted application of the continuous/multiple trigger principle of liability whereby each

insurer on the risk during the twelve-year period was required to respond on a joint and

several basis); Montrose Chemical Corp. v. Admiral Ins. Co., 913 P.2d 878 (Cal. 1995)

(en banc) (applying the continuous/multiple trigger theory of liability insurance coverage

within the context of continuous and progressive environmental damage claims);

Spaulding Composites Co., Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 819 A.2d 410, 415 (N.J. 2005)

(same). Appellants further assert that in Koppers Co., Inc. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 98

[J-37-2013] - 33
F.3d 1440 (3d Cir. 1996), the Third Circuit extended the multiple trigger theory to

continuous, progressive property damage, predicting that this Court would do likewise.

In response, Penn National contends that the trial court and Superior Court below

properly rejected Appellants’ argument that the multiple trigger theory from J.H. France

should be extended to progressive, continuous property damage claims. According to

Penn National, our holding in J.H. France constitutes a narrow exception to the general

rule announced in D’Auria that an occurrence policy is triggered when damage first

becomes reasonably apparent. Penn National maintains that we adopted the multiple

trigger approach in J.H. France because of the unique etiology and pathogenesis of

asbestos-related disease, noting our concern that insurance companies, facing countless

future asbestos-related disease claims, would terminate coverage of manufacturers

working with asbestos products during the decades-long latency period of

asbestos-related disease, leaving claimants without coverage when the injuries

eventually manifest. Because the property damage to Appellants’ dairy herd was not

concealed and undiscoverable for decades, Penn National contends that neither the

science, reasoning, nor the public policy considerations that informed our decision in J.H.

France apply to Appellants’ claims against LPH Plumbing, and thus, this case does not

warrant application of the multiple trigger theory for determining coverage under the Penn

National policies.

Penn National further contends that if this Court were to extend application of the

J.H. France multiple trigger theory to continuous, progressive property damage, it would

be departing from established precedent on the issue. Penn National maintains in this

regard that when this Court affirmed Consulting Engineers on the basis of the opinion of

[J-37-2013] - 34
the Superior Court, it adopted the reasoning of that court therein. Thus, Penn National

would have us follow the Superior Court’s analysis in Consulting Engineers, and refuse to

apply the multiple trigger theory outside of latent bodily injury disease cases, like

asbestosis or mesothelioma.

Penn National further asserts that Appellants’ reliance on the Third Circuit’s

decision in Koppers, and caselaw from other jurisdictions applying the

continuous/multiple trigger theory to either asbestos or environmental damage claims

lacks persuasive merit. Penn National maintains that in Koppers, the applicability of the

multiple trigger theory was not at issue, but rather, the case related to a different question

involving joint and several liability for insurers whose policies were triggered by an

indivisible loss caused by environmental property damage. Moreover, Penn National

contends that the caselaw from other jurisdictions applying the multiple trigger theory to

continuous, progressive property damage claims fails to demonstrate, as Appellants

assert, a growing weight of authority in favor of expanding its applicability outside the

context of asbestos-related bodily injury claims. Penn National professes that the

caselaw cited by Appellants is distinguishable based upon differing policy language,

factual dissimilarities, and state-specific methods for resolving insurance coverage trigger

disputes.

Finally, Penn National maintains that even if we adopted and applied the multiple

trigger theory of insurer liability to this case, Appellants are not entitled to relief. If, as the

trial court found, both exposure and manifestation of harm occurred within the first policy

period, then only the first Penn National policy in effect from July 1, 2003 to July 1, 2004

[J-37-2013] - 35
would be triggered, regardless of whether we apply the first manifestation or multiple

trigger theory of liability.

Whether the multiple trigger theory of liability insurance coverage adopted by this

Court in J.H. France in the context of asbestos bodily injury claims applies to determine

coverage under the Penn National policies for the continuous, progressive property

damage sustained by the dairy herd is a question of law. As such, our standard or

review is de novo and scope of review is plenary. Baumhammers, 938 A.2d at 290; Am.

& Foreign Ins. Co., 2 A.3d at 532-33. For the reasons that follow, we decline to apply the

multiple trigger theory of insurer liability to determine coverage under the Penn National

policies.

A close reading of the language contained in the Penn National policies reveals

that, consistent with the first manifestation approach, only the policy in effect when an

occurrence first arises is answerable for the ensuing bodily injury or property damage.

The Penn National policies provide coverage when an “occurrence,” defined as “an

accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general

harmful conditions,” causes either “bodily injury” or “property damage” during the

respective policy period. CGL policy at Section V, Subsection (13); R.R. 400a. Fairly

read, this language can be given one of two meanings. First, apropos of the multiple

trigger theory, it can be construed to mean that continuous, progressive property damage

caused by a single occurrence but spanning multiple policy periods triggers coverage

under each policy. Or, consistent with the first manifestation rule, it can be construed to

mean that continuous, progressive property damage caused by a single occurrence only

triggers coverage under the policy in effect when the occurrence first arises,

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notwithstanding that the property damage continues or resumes after the end of the

respective policy period. As we explain below, the latter interpretation better reflects the

intent and effectuates the reasonable expectations of Penn National and its insured at the

time of contracting.

When Section I, Subsection (1)(b) of the Penn National policies – stipulating that

the respective policy applies when an “occurrence” causes “bodily injury” or “property

damage” during the policy period – is read in pari materia with Section I, Subsection (1)(c)

of the policy, it is evident that the first manifestation approach for determining coverage is

the better construction. Section I, Subsection (1)(c) clarifies that “bodily injury” and

“property damage” which occurs during the policy period “includes any continuation,

change or resumption of that ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property damage’ after the end of the policy

period,” provided the insured has not received notice of the same. See supra note 5. If,

as Appellants argue, a single “occurrence” could trigger coverage under multiple policy

periods based on continuous, progressive bodily injury or property damage, then

Subsection (1)(c) would be rendered largely irrelevant. By extending coverage under a

policy triggered by an occurrence for any continuation, change or resumption of bodily

injury or property damage after the end of the respective policy period, Section I,

Subsection(1)(c) lends support to the interpretation that only the policy in effect when an

occurrence first arises is answerable for the ensuing bodily injury or property damage.

Our analysis is further informed by the fact that since 1986, in Pennsylvania the

first manifestation rule has served as the test for determining coverage under commercial

general liability policies, with the lone exception of asbestos bodily injury claims. See

See D’Auria 507 A.2d 857; Consulting Engineers, 710 A.2d 82; Guaranty Nat. Ins. Co.,

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109 F.3d 156 (applying Pennsylvania law and following the first manifestation rule from

D’Auria). When LPH Plumbing and Penn National drafted the Penn National policies, it

is reasonable to believe that they intended to invoke the prevailing first manifestation rule

with the requirement that property damage “[occur] during the policy period.” It is

unlikely that the parties would have intended or expected a single occurrence, albeit with

property damage continuing past the end of the respective policy period, to trigger

coverage under multiple consecutive policies. At the very least, they should have

anticipated its application to the Penn National policies, and drafted around the first

manifestation rule if they preferred a different trigger of coverage. Accordingly, the

better position is to construe the Penn National policies as providing for coverage only

under the policy or policies in effect at the time an occurrence first arises. As we

explained supra, an occurrence first arises when bodily injury or property damage first

manifests in a way that becomes reasonably apparent. See D’Auria, 507 A.2d at 861.

Appellants’ argument that our holding and rationale for applying the multiple trigger

theory in J.H. France should control for purposes of determining trigger of coverage under

the Penn National policies is unavailing. Our decision in J.H. France to apply the

multiple trigger theory within the context of asbestos bodily injury claims was predicated in

large part on the special “etiology and pathogenesis of asbestos-related disease.” J.H.

France, 626 A.2d at 506. There we held that the various stages in the pathogenesis of

asbestos and silica related diseases – namely, the exposure to asbestos or silica, the

progression of the disease, and its eventual manifestation – each constituted “bodily

injury” as defined by the insurance policies at issue in J.H. France. Id. Applying the

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multiple trigger theory of liability, we “regard[ed] all stages of the disease process as

bodily injury sufficient to trigger the insurers’ obligation to indemnifyL.” Id. at 507.

In choosing to apply the multiple trigger theory of liability in J.H. France, we cited

with approval the seminal decision Keene Corp. v. Ins. Co. of North America, 667 F.2d

1034 (D.C. Cir. 1981), which presents the prevailing rationale for utilizing the multiple

trigger theory when confronted with asbestos bodily injury claims. In Keene Corp., the

D.C. Circuit reasoned that because the existence and eventual manifestation of latent

injury among those who had worked with or been exposed to asbestos/silica could be

predicted with near certainty, application of the first manifestation rule for determining

trigger of coverage would engender en masse cancellation of occurrence-based liability

insurance policies by insurers seeking to limit their liability for asbestos bodily injury

claims. Accordingly, to better effectuate the insured’s reasonable expectations and to

preserve the proper allocation of rights and obligations between insurer and insured, the

D.C. Circuit in Keene Corp. held, per application of the multiple trigger theory, that both

exposure to asbestos/silica and manifestation of the disease served as triggers of

coverage. Id. at 1047.

The Superior Court’s decision in Consulting Engineers, which this Court affirmed

on the basis of the Superior Court’s opinion, endorses the rationale set forth in Keene

Corp. for utilizing the multiple trigger theory within the context of asbestos bodily injury

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claims.13 Borrowing from the reasoning presented in Keene Corp. the Superior Court

explained:

The “multiple trigger” theory is applied in latent disease cases, like
asbestosis or mesothelioma, because such injuries may not manifest
themselves until a considerable time after the initial exposure causing injury
occurs. The overriding concern in latent disease cases is that application
of the D’Auria “first manifestation” rule would allow insurance companies to
terminate coverage during the long latency period (of asbestosis);
effectively shifting the burden of future claims away from the insurer to the
insured (manufacturers of asbestos), even though the exposure causing
injury occurred during periods of insurance coverage.

Keene Corp., 667 F.2d at 87. Based upon this reasoning, the Superior Court declined to

apply the multiple trigger theory to determine coverage under various policies of CGL

insurance for injuries arising from the wrongful use of civil proceedings, as these injuries

did not lie dormant for extended periods prior to manifesting. Id. 87-88.

The justification advanced in Keene Corp. and Consulting Engineers for utilizing

the multiple trigger theory is absent with respect to Appellants’ action seeking coverage

under the Penn National policies. Here, the damage sustained by Appellants’ dairy

herd, occasioned by LPH Plumbing’s negligent installation of the plumbing system, did

not lay dormant for an extended period. The record indicates that damage to Appellants’

dairy herd first manifested in April 2004, less than a year after the dairy herd first began

13 The Superior Court’s discussion of the multiple trigger theory of liability in
Consulting Engineers was central to its trigger of coverage analysis in that case, and
therefore carries precedential value given this Court’s adoption of that court’s opinion.
See Commonwealth v. Tilghman, 673 A.2d 898, 904 (Pa. 1996) (holding that when this
Court per curiam affirms on the basis of the lower court’s opinion, it not only signals
agreement with the result but also with the rationale employed in reaching its final
disposition on matters essential to its holding).

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ingesting the contaminated drinking water.14 Moreover, unlike asbestos bodily injury

claims which insurers could predict with near certainty, there was no indication of

probable injury to Appellants’ dairy herd prior to manifestation that would cause Penn

National to anticipate a future claim. Accordingly, this case does not present the

problematic scenario where a risk averse insurer takes steps to limit or terminate

coverage, in anticipation of future claims that have not yet materialized but can be

predicted with near certainty.

Thus, while the multiple trigger theory of liability appropriated the reasonable

expectations of the insured in J.H. France, the circumstances of the damage to

Appellants’ dairy herd, coupled with the language of the Penn National policies does not

warrant its application herein. Our holding in J.H. France remains an exception to the

general rule under Pennsylvania jurisprudence that the first manifestation rule governs a

trigger of coverage analysis for policies containing standard CGL language. We

therefore find J.H. France distinguishable and decline to apply the multiple trigger theory

of liability to determine coverage under the Penn National policies for the damages

sustained by Appellants’ dairy herd.

We further decline Appellants’ invitation to align Pennsylvania jurisprudence with

the Third Circuit and with what Appellants describe as the weight of authority from other

jurisdictions by announcing the general applicability of the multiple trigger theory of

liability insurance coverage to all cases involving “continuous, progressive property

damage over successive policy periods.” Brief of Appellant at 30. First, contrary to

14 Even if we agree with Appellants that the damage to their dairy herd manifested in
2006, then these injuries were latent, at the very most, for a three year period.

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Appellants’ assertion, the Third Circuit did not predict in Koppers Co., Inc. that this Court

would extend upon our holding in J.H. France and apply the multiple trigger theory to

continuous, progressive property damage cases. Koppers Co., Inc. addressed a

different issue regarding joint and several liability of insurers whose policies were

triggered by an indivisible loss. Id. at 1449-50. Moreover, when faced with the task of

construing and applying insurance contract language, caselaw from other jurisdictions is

generally inapposite, especially when there is Pennsylvania caselaw directly on point.

As we have intimated above, the role that Pennsylvania caselaw plays in shaping the

reasonable expectations of the parties to an insurance contract formed in Pennsylvania

cannot be lightly disregarded.

Consistent with our analysis set forth above, we hold that only the Penn National

policy in effect when damage to Appellants’ dairy herd first manifested in April 2004 is

answerable for the ensuing property damage. The judgment of the Superior Court is

therefore affirmed.

Former Justice McCaffery did not participate in the decision of this case.

Mr. Chief Justice Castille and Mr. Justice Eakin join the opinion.

Mr. Justice Saylor files a dissenting opinion.

Madame Justice Todd dissents as she would dismiss the appeal as

improvidently granted.

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