IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
DEGEORGE V. DEGEORGE
NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).
JOHN DEGEORGE AND DIGIORGIO’S SPORTSWEAR, INC., APPELLANTS,
V.
TIMOTHY DEGEORGE ET AL., APPELLEES.
Filed December 16, 2012. No. A-13-1071.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: J. MICHAEL COFFEY, Judge.
Affirmed.
Brett Ryan, of Watson & Ryan, P.L.C., for appellants.
Scott D. Jochim and Steven Ranum, of Croker, Huck, Kasher, DeWitt, Anderson &
Gonderinger, L.L.C., for appelees.
IRWIN, INBODY, and PIRTLE, Judges.
IRWIN, Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
John DeGeorge and Digiorgio’s Sportswear, Inc. (Digiorgio’s), appeal an order of the
district court for Douglas County granting a motion to dismiss filed by the appellees, Timothy
DeGeorge, Anthony DeGeorge, and Christopher Tribulato Christopher). John alleged to bring
this action both individually and derivatively, as a minority shareholder of Digiorgio’s, against
the other shareholders and officers of the company. The district court dismissed the complaint on
the basis of finding that John had failed to make a sufficient demand upon the defendants
detailing the causes of action to be pursued and specifying the facts upon which the charges were
based. John appeals from the court’s ruling. We find no merit to John’s assertions on appeal, and
we affirm.
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II. BACKGROUND
This case was resolved on a motion to dismiss. As a result, the record on appeal
comprises only the pleadings of the parties, as well as attachments thereto, and a transcription of
the very brief hearing on the motion.
John is the owner of 34 percent of the outstanding shares of stock in Digiorgio’s, a
Nebraska corporation. Timothy and Anthony are each owners of 27 percent of the outstanding
shares of stock in Digiorgio’s, while Christopher is the owner of 12 percent of the outstanding
shares of stock in Digiorgio’s. Timothy, Anthony, and Christopher are all employees and officers
in Digiorgio’s.
John alleges that since 2008, the defendants have “frozen” him out from participation in
the operation or management of Digiorgio’s. He alleges that he made “repeated verbal and
written requests,” but that they “have failed and refused to provide [him] access to the books and
corporate records from 2010 to the present.”
John alleges the defendants have engaged in a variety of misconduct, including not
maintaining proper and accurate books, not providing notice of meetings and actions, failing to
provide an accounting, wasting assets and diverting them to personal use, and fraud.
In October 2012, John’s counsel sent a letter to Digiorgio’s and addressing “Mr.
DeGeorge.” In that letter, John asserted that he had been “frozen out of the company” and that
“the other owners are violating the fiduciary duty that they owe to Mr. DeGeorge.” John asserted
that there had been “misappropriations and waste of company funds to the detriment of its
shareholders.”
In the October 2012 letter, John indicated that it was to “serve as a formal demand
pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 2[1]-2072 for all financial information relevant to Digiorgio’s . . .
from January 1, 2009 to the present.” He specified that he was requesting “income and expense
statements; balance sheets; federal and state tax returns; a list of company assets and liabilities;
depreciation schedules;” and Internal Revenue Service forms, as well as “any business valuations
or other documents that attempt to value the company.” John gave the letter’s recipient a
deadline of October 19 and indicated that if he had not received a response by that date, he
would “proceed with a lawsuit to force [the recipient] to do so.”
John apparently did not receive a response to his October 2012 letter, and in June 2013,
he filed an “Amended and Substituted Complaint.” In the complaint, he made the assertions set
forth above and alleged causes of action for declaratory judgment, conversion, accounting,
dissolution of the corporation, fraud, money had and received, breach of fiduciary duty, and
appointment of a receiver.
The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. The defendants alleged
that John had failed to make a sufficient demand pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 21-2072 (Reissue
2012) in order to properly plead a derivative claim on behalf of Digiorgio’s. The defendants also
alleged that the complaint lacked sufficient specificity to set forth a proper claim for fraud.
The district court entered an order granting the motion to dismiss. Relying on Kubik v.
Kubik, 268 Neb. 337, 683 N.W.2d 330 (2004), the court held that the October 2012 letter “does
not comport with the requirements [for a sufficient demand letter] in that while it identifies a Mr.
DeGeorge as the individual to be sued it provides no detail regarding the causes of action alleged
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and fails to state specific facts upon which the charges are based.” The court noted that the
defendants had “previously been given an opportunity to file an amended complaint” and
dismissed the complaint, this time, with prejudice. This appeal followed.
III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
John has assigned four errors allegedly committed by the district court. First, John asserts
that the court erred in not finding that no demand was required for an action for accounting.
Second, he asserts that the court erred in not finding that demand is excused because demand
would have been futile. Third, he asserts that the court erred in ruling that he did not make a
sufficient demand. Finally, he asserts that the court erred in dismissing individual claims.
IV. ANALYSIS
The lower court’s dismissal of this action was based upon John’s failure to send a proper
demand pursuant to § 21-2072 and the Nebraska Supreme Court’s holding in Kubik v. Kubik,
supra.
Section 21-2072 specifies that “[n]o shareholder may commence a derivative proceeding
until . . . [a] written demand has been made upon the corporation to take suitable action.” In
Kubik v. Kubik, supra, the Nebraska Supreme Court adopted the principle that, to be legally
sufficient, this demand notice and request should set forth the persons to be sued and should
describe all the causes of action which it is intended to assert. In addition, the demand must
clearly state the corporate wrongs complained of and should state any facts upon which its
charges were based. Id.
1. NECESSITY OF DEMAND FOR ACCOUNTING
John first asserts that the district court should have found that, with respect to his action
for accounting, there was no need for him to send a demand pursuant to § 21-2072. John points
this court to Anderson v. Clemens Mobile Homes, 214 Neb. 283, 333 N.W.2d 900 (1983), as the
sole support for his contention that he, as a minority shareholder, is not required to send a
demand when he is bringing an action for accounting. John asserts that the district court’s failure
to accept his argument in this regard is “[o]ne of the more baffling rulings by the District Court.”
Brief for appellant at 8. We disagree and conclude that John misinterprets the sole authority upon
which he relies for this assertion.
In Anderson v. Clemens Mobile Homes, supra, the minority shareholder in a
two-shareholder corporation brought an accounting action against the majority shareholder. The
Supreme Court rejected the majority shareholder’s assertion that the minority shareholder could
not maintain an action for accounting without proceeding as a derivative action and first seeking
to persuade the officers and directors of the corporation to bring the action. The court’s holding,
however, was premised on the notion that there were only two shareholders and that the minority
shareholder was excused from the general rule’s requirement that he first demand action by the
officers and directors because he was “not required to make such an effort if it would have been
unavailing.” Id. at 287, 333 N.W.2d at 904. Because there were only two shareholders, the court
concluded that “[o]ne cannot seriously contend that [the majority shareholder] would have
caused an action to be brought requiring that he account to the corporation.” Id.
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Although John is correct that the court held in Anderson v. Clemens Mobile Homes,
supra, that the minority shareholder in that case was not required to send a demand before
maintaining an accounting action, the holding was not that such a demand is not required for
accounting actions. Rather, the holding was that on the specific facts of that case the demand was
excused because it would have been futile. We also note that Anderson v. Clemens Mobile
Homes, supra, was decided in 1983, 12 years before § 21-2072 became effective.
We conclude that John’s assertion that demand in this case was excused simply because
he sought an accounting is meritless.
2. FUTILITY
John next asserts that the district court erred in not finding that demand was excused in
this case because it would have been futile. He argues that the appellees’ actions and the
circumstances of the case demonstrate that demanding the appellees to act would have been
futile. We find no error.
In Kubik v. Kubik, 268 Neb. 337, 683 N.W.2d 330 (2004), the Nebraska Supreme Court
recognized that a shareholder is not required to make a demand if it would be unavailing.
Similarly, in Association of Commonwealth Claimants v. Hake, 2 Neb. App. 123, 507 N.W.2d
665 (1993), this court recognized that a derivative action can be brought without satisfying the
demand requirement if it would have been futile to make demand. In such a situation, the petition
must state with particularity the facts which excuse demand. Id.
In Association of Commonwealth Claimants v. Hake, supra, we also recognized other
authority supporting the notion that demand may be excused where shareholders seek to bring a
derivative claim alleging wrongdoing by the board of directors. See, Nussbacher v. Continental
Ill. Nat. B. & T. Co., Chicago, 518 F.2d 873 (7th Cir. 1975), overruled by Kamen v. Kemper
Financial Services, Inc., 908 F.2d 1338 (7th Cir. 1990), reversed 500 U.S. 90, 111. S. Ct. 1711,
114 L. Ed. 2d 152 (1991); In re Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R. Co. Sec. & Antitr. Lit., 392 F. Supp.
492 (E.D. Pa. 1975). Such a notion applies the generally accepted rule of corporate law which
states that it is futile to request directors who are accused of wrongdoing to sue themselves.
Association of Commonwealth Claimants v. Hake, supra.
On appeal, the appellees rely primarily on the notion that for a shareholder to properly
plead a derivative action without a demand, the shareholder must allege that such demand would
be futile. See Kubik v. Kubik, supra. As noted, the complaint must allege with particularity the
facts which would excuse such a demand. Id.
In this case, John’s complaint includes assertions that each of the appellees is an
employee and officer of the corporation and that each owns a percentage of the outstanding
shares of stock in the corporation. John asserted that each of the appellees had engaged in a
variety of misconduct. John made one assertion in his complaint that specifically referenced
futility, asserting that
[g]iven the defendant’s [sic] failure to permit John to have any information or access to
[the corporation], plus the defendant’s [sic] failure to provide any documents or access
thereto as requested by the letter of October 15, the exercise of bringing any further
demand pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 21-207[2] et seq. would be futile.
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We agree with the appellees that John failed to plead with particularity the facts which
would demonstrate that proper demand is excused in this case. Although John has asserted that
the appellees, as officers of the corporation and as the majority shareholders, engaged in a
variety of misconduct, he did not plead sufficient facts to demonstrate that this is a situation
where a proper demand on the corporation to act would have resulted in a request for the
appellees to sue themselves. John did not allege any facts to establish that the appellees are the
only officers of the corporation, what offices they hold, or whether they would have been the
decisionmakers to act upon a demand for action. John has not established that a proper demand
on the corporation would not or could not logically have resulted in the corporation’s taking
action against the appellees for their alleged misconduct.
Although John alleged that each of the appellees is an officer and that each had engaged
in wrongdoing, he did not allege any facts with particularity that would demonstrate that the
appellees were the officers who would have been asked to take action upon a proper demand; he
did not plead sufficient facts to demonstrate that a proper demand would have amounted to
asking the appellees to sue themselves. We find no merit to John’s assertion that the court erred
in not finding that he established that demand would be futile.
3. SUFFICIENCY OF DEMAND
Having found that demand is not categorically excused for accounting actions and that
John failed to properly plead sufficient facts to demonstrate that demand was excused as being
futile, we turn to John’s assertion that the October letter was sufficient to constitute a proper
demand. John asserts that the district court erred in finding that the demand was insufficient. We
find no error by the district court.
In Kubik v. Kubik, 268 Neb. 337, 683 N.W.2d 330 (2004), the Nebraska Supreme Court
addressed the requisite specificity of the demand required by § 21-2072. In that case, the
shareholder seeking to bring a derivative action had served a written demand upon the
corporation to take a variety of actions, including removal of certain people from the
corporation’s board of directors, accounting, and bringing legal action against certain board
members for alleged misconduct. The demand alleged that certain board members had been
negligent in the administration of the corporation, had disbursed corporate funds to themselves
without appropriate corporate action, and had caused the corporation to incur certain expenses
for their benefit without appropriate corporate action.
The Court concluded that the demand in Kubik v. Kubik, supra, was legally insufficient.
The court noted that the demand specified the individuals to be sued, but provided no detail
regarding the specifications of alleged negligence on the part of those individuals or the date or
amounts of any alleged improper disbursements made or expenses incurred. Thus, according to
the court, the demand failed to state specific facts upon which its charges were based. The court
held that the demand was based on mere conclusions.
In this case, John attached to his amended complaint a copy of a letter sent by his counsel
and addressed to Digiorgio’s in October 2012. It is this letter that John argues satisfied the
demand requirement of § 21-2072. The letter begins with a salutation to “Mr. DeGeorge,” but it
is not apparent which of the appellees was the intended recipient. The letter then indicates that
John “has been frozen out of the company,” that “the other owners are violating the fiduciary
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duty they owe to Mr. DeGeorge”--presumably John and not the “Mr. DeGeorge” referenced in
the salutation--and expresses a “belief that there have been misappropriations and waste of
company funds to the detriment of its shareholders.” The letter then indicates a “formal demand
pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 2[1]-2072 for all financial information relevant to Digiorgio’s . . .
from January 1, 2009 to the present.” The letter concludes by requesting a response within 4 days
and indicates that if such response is not received, then John will “proceed with a lawsuit to force
you to do so.”
We conclude that the district court did not err in finding that this demand is not sufficient
to satisfy the requirements of § 21-2072 and the Nebraska Supreme Court’s decision in Kubik v.
Kubik, supra. Contrary to John’s assertion on appeal that “[i]t is difficult to imagine how this
request could be made more specific” and that the court’s decision that it was not specific
enough “defies logic,” the October 2012 letter fails to include the necessary details required by
Kubik. Brief for appellant at 7.
First, the letter does not specify the individuals to be sued. The letter indicates that “the
other owners” are violating an unspecified fiduciary duty. But the letter then indicates that “there
have been misappropriations and waste of company funds to the detriment of its shareholders.”
There is no indication in the letter of who is alleged to have engaged in misappropriations and
waste of resources. Similarly, the letter indicates that if an adequate response is not received,
John will “proceed with a lawsuit to force you to do so,” but does not indicate who that lawsuit
would be brought against. The letter is addressed to Digiorgio’s, but the salutation is directed
only to “Mr. DeGeorge,” without indicating which of the appellees is being addressed. The
combination of the salutation and the closing threat to force “you” to take action suggests that
whichever “Mr. DeGeorge” the letter was intended to address might be the party to be sued, but
the letter never indicates with any clarity.
Additionally, similar to the demand at issue in Kubik v. Kubik, 268 Neb. 337, 683
N.W.2d 330 (2004), the October 2012 letter provides no detail regarding the specifications of
alleged wrongdoing on the part of the alleged wrongdoers or the date or amounts of any alleged
misappropriations and waste of resources. The demand fails to state any specific facts that would
support any of the eight causes of action actually alleged in John’s derivative action.
John’s argument on appeal does not directly concede that the demand was insufficient
concerning all alleged causes of action other than accounting, but does limit its assertions that the
demand was sufficient to arguing that one of his derivative claims was for accounting and that,
with regard to the accounting claim, the demand was sufficient. We disagree with this assertion,
as well. John asserts on appeal that the letter “specifically and clearly makes a formal demand for
an accounting of corporate finances” and that “[i]t states that the reason this demand is necessary
is that the addressee, Anthony DeGeorge” (who, as noted above, was not clearly the addressee),
“and the other Defendants (who were the only other shareholders at the time) had prevented and
precluded [John] from having access to the corporate financial information.” We disagree with
John’s characterization of the October 2012 letter.
The letter does include a “formal demand . . . for all financial information.” The letter
specifies all of the financial documents that John was demanding be provided. The letter does
not, however, include any assertion that anyone had prevented and precluded him from having
access to the corporate financial information or that he had made any such request for access to
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any such information. The assertion that John had been “frozen out” of the company included no
explanation of its meaning, made no reference to having requested any financial information, and
made no reference to any denial of access to financial information. The assertion was, simply
put, not a statement of “specific facts” to demonstrate the alleged wrong that justified action. See
Kubik v. Kubik, supra.
Like the alleged demand in Kubik v. Kubik, supra, and the alleged demand in Association
of Commonwealth Claimants v. Hake, 2 Neb. App. 123, 507 N.W.2d 665 (1993), John’s alleged
demand in this case was, at best, based on mere conclusions. Accordingly, the district court’s
decision did not defy logic and was not erroneous. John’s assertions to the contrary are meritless.
4. DISMISSAL OF INDIVIDUAL CLAIMS
Finally, John asserts that the district court erred in dismissing his individual actions
because the demand requirement of § 21-2072 applies only to derivative actions and not
individual actions. We find no merit to this assertion because it is not apparent that John actually
brought any individual claims.
As this court noted in Association of Commonwealth Claimants v. Hake, supra, a
derivative action is a suit by a shareholder to enforce a cause of action belonging to the
corporation. The general rule is that an individual shareholder may not bring an individual action
in his own name to recover for wrongs done to the corporation. Ferer v. Aaron Ferer & Sons
Co., 278 Neb. 282, 770 N.W.2d 608 (2009). To establish an individual cause of action, the
shareholder must allege a separate and distinct injury or special duty owed by the defendant to
the individual shareholder. Klingelhoefer v. Parker, Grossart, 20 Neb. App. 825, 834 N.W.2d
249 (2013).
In this case, John’s amended complaint included nine alleged causes of action, based on
allegations of misconduct by the appellees as officers of the corporation. John’s amended
complaint alleged that the appellees had acted in a manner that is illegal, oppressive, and
contrary to the interests of the corporation; had misapplied and wasted corporate assets; had
converted money and other assets; had caused or threatened irreparable injury to the corporation;
had engaged in fraud; and had breached fiduciary duties based upon their status as shareholders
of the corporation. John requested declaratory relief, an accounting, appointment of a receiver,
and damages.
On appeal, John asserts that there was “no basis in fact or law” for the district court to
dismiss his individual actions. But John has not indicated how his complaint actually asserts any
individual causes of action. The allegations raised in the complaint are all against the appellees
based on their status as officers and employees of the corporation, and set forth assertions that
the actions have harmed the corporation or harmed John as a shareholder of the corporation. It is
apparent that the claims are all claims asserted by John on behalf of the corporation, as derivative
claims. John has not demonstrated that he alleged any separate and distinct injury or any special
duty owed to him, aside from the rights of the corporation.
We note that in paragraph 18f of the complaint, John asserted that “John is entitled to an
award of damages against defendants, and each of them, individually, and in favor of John, for
Leick’s intentional and fraudulent actions.” Similarly, in paragraph 24 of the complaint, John
asserted that “Leick has misapplied and wasted, and continue[s] to misapply and waste, [the
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corporation’s] assets.” There is no indication who “Leick” is or how he or she might be related to
any of the issues raised in this case. The named defendants are Timothy DeGeorge, Anthony
DeGeorge, and Christopher Tribulato. The portion of the complaint setting forth the parties
makes no reference to any party named “Leick.” The portion of the complaint setting forth
general allegations, including the background of the case and general allegations of wrongdoing,
makes no reference to any party named “Leick.” In short, we have no idea who “Leick” is or
what relation “Leick” has to any of the allegations in this case.
We find no merit to John’s assertion that the district court erred in dismissing his
individual causes of action, because we conclude that John did not assert any individual causes
of action. Thus, there was no error in dismissing the complaint in its entirety.
V. CONCLUSION
We find no merit to John’s assertions on appeal. The order of the district court dismissing
his complaint is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
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