Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-13-00754-CR
Jose Angel FLORES Jr.,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the County Court at Law No. 2, Guadalupe County, Texas
Trial Court No. CCL-10-0869
Honorable Frank Follis, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice
Sitting: Catherine Stone, Chief Justice
Karen Angelini, Justice
Rebeca C. Martinez, Justice
Delivered and Filed: December 17, 2014
REVERSED AND REMANDED
Jose Angel Flores Jr. appeals the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress blood
evidence, arguing his motion should have been granted pursuant to the Supreme Court’s recent
decision in Missouri v. McNeely, 133 S. Ct. 1552 (2013). Because we agree that Flores’s motion
to suppress should have been granted, we reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand the
cause for a new trial.
04-13-00754-CR
BACKGROUND
On November 3, 2009, at about 8:00 p.m., Flores was stopped for a traffic violation by
Deputy Robert Williams and asked to provide a breath specimen. Flores refused. He was then
arrested and placed inside Deputy Williams’s patrol vehicle. While en route to the jail, Deputy
Williams called dispatch and asked that a background check be run on Flores. Deputy Williams
was informed by dispatch that Flores had two prior convictions for DWI. Deputy Williams then
took Flores to the medical center so that a blood sample could be taken from Flores pursuant to
section 724.012(b)(3)(B) of the Texas Transportation Code. Deputy Williams did not obtain a
warrant for the blood draw. It was later determined that Flores did not, in fact, have two prior
convictions for DWI.
This is the second time we have heard an appeal from a decision in the underlying cause.
In the first appeal, State v. Flores, 392 S.W.3d 229 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2012, pet. ref’d), the
State appealed the trial court’s interlocutory order granting Flores’s first motion to suppress, which
had been based on a statutory violation of section 724.012(b)(3)(B). We reversed the trial court’s
order, holding that Flores had not met his burden of making a prima facie showing of a statutory
violation under section 724.012(b)(3)(B). On remand, Flores filed a second motion to suppress
based on the Supreme Court’s recent decision in McNeely, arguing that the mandatory blood draw
violated his rights under the Fourth Amendment.
On July 17, 2013, at the hearing on Flores’s second motion to suppress, the trial court took
judicial notice of the testimony that was provided in the first suppression hearing. Deputy Williams
then provided additional testimony. Deputy Williams testified that the normal business hours for
the Guadalupe County offices were 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and that judges are not readily available
after hours. According to Deputy Williams, there must be “special circumstances” before an officer
can attempt to locate a judge outside of normal business hours, and “to do that, [the officer] ha[s]
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to go up [his] chain of command.” Deputy Williams testified that at that time, he would need to
contact and notify his supervisor, Sergeant Strauss, that he needed a warrant. Deputy Williams
testified that he did not attempt to obtain a warrant to authorize the blood draw on Flores. Deputy
Williams explained that he did not believe he needed a warrant under section 724.012(b)(3)(B).
On cross-examination, Deputy Williams confirmed that his department did, in fact, have
procedures for obtaining a warrant after normal business hours. After hearing all the evidence
presented, the trial court denied Flores’s second motion to suppress. Flores then pled guilty and
now appeals the denial of his pre-trial motion to suppress.
DISCUSSION
Flores argues that the warrantless blood draw performed on him violated his rights under
the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution. For support, Flores relies on the Supreme Court’s
decision in McNeely and this court’s decision in Weems v. State, 434 S.W.3d 655 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio 2014, pet. granted). 1 In Weems, 434 S.W.3d at 665, we analyzed McNeely and
concluded that section 724.12(b)(3)(B) does not constitute a valid exception to the Fourth
Amendment’s warrant requirement. The State recognizes the applicability of our holding in
Weems, but argues that we should reconsider our holding in Weems. We need not do so, however,
as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals recently held in State v. Villarreal, No. PD-0306-14, 2014
WL 6734178, at *20 (Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 26, 2014), that “the provisions in the Transportation
Code do not, taken by themselves, form a constitutionally valid alternative to the Fourth
Amendment warrant requirement.” The court of criminal appeals explained that “the Supreme
Court’s holding in McNeely makes clear that drawing the blood of an individual suspected of DWI
falls under the category of cases holding that ‘a warrantless search of a person is reasonable only
1
When the trial court held its hearing on Flores’s second suppression motion, it did not have the benefit of this court’s
decision in Weems.
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if it falls within a recognized exception’ to the warrant requirement.” Villarreal, 2014 WL
6734178, at *20 (quoting McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1558) (emphasis added). The court of criminal
appeals emphasized that the McNeely Court “explained that such an intrusion implicates an
individual’s ‘most personal and deep-rooted expectations of privacy.’” Villarreal, 2014 WL
6734178, at *20 (quoting McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1558). According to the court of criminal appeals,
“[t]hese principles from McNeely—the recognition of the substantial privacy interests at stake and
the applicability of the traditional Fourth Amendment framework that requires either a warrant or
an applicable exception—apply with equal force to this case.” Villarreal, 2014 WL 6734178, at
*20. Thus, the court of criminal appeals “reject[ed] the State’s assertion that a warrantless,
nonconsensual blood draw conducted pursuant to those provisions [of the Transportation Code]
can fall under one of the established exceptions to the warrant requirement.” Id. The court of
criminal appeals further “reject[ed] the State’s suggestion that such a search may be upheld under
a general Fourth Amendment balancing test.” Id.
Alternatively, the State argues that a recognized exception to the Fourth Amendment’s
warrant requirement applies in this case—exigent circumstances. The State points to the testimony
of Deputy Williams that the traffic stop occurred after normal business hours and that before
requesting a warrant, Deputy Williams would have to go up his chain of command, which began
with Sergeant Strauss. We disagree with the State that this record supports exigent circumstances.
Exigent circumstances “applies when the exigencies of the situation make the needs of law
enforcement so compelling that a warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment.” McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1558. The State had the burden below to prove the
warrantless search was reasonable pursuant to the exigent circumstances exception under the
totality of the circumstances. See Amador v. State, 275 S.W.3d 872 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009);
Gutierrez v. State, 221 S.W.3d 680, 686 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
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The only evidence presented at the hearing was from Deputy Williams, who confirmed that
his department did, in fact, have procedures for obtaining a warrant after normal business hours.
His knowledge on these procedures was limited. Deputy Williams knew that he had to contact his
supervisor, but did not know what occurred after he did so. Deputy Williams testified he made no
attempt to secure such a warrant by following these procedures. Thus, this record is limited in its
testimony regarding “procedures in place for obtaining a warrant or the availability of a magistrate
judge.” McNeely, 133 S. Ct. at 1568. It also does not reflect “the practical problems of obtaining a
warrant within a timeframe that still preserves the opportunity to obtain reliable evidence.” Id. We
therefore conclude that this record does not show that under the totality of the circumstances, the
warrantless blood draw was justified by the exigent circumstances exception to the Fourth
Amendment’s warrant requirement. See Weems, 434 S.W.3d at 666.
As the State did not show that the warrantless blood draw was reasonable under the Fourth
Amendment, Flores’s second motion to suppress should have been granted. After the trial court
denied Flores’s second motion to suppress, he decided to plead guilty. We cannot determine
beyond a reasonable doubt that the trial court’s failure to grant his motion to suppress did not
contribute in some measure to the State’s leverage in obtaining Flores’s guilty plea and thus to
Flores’s conviction. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(a); Kennedy v. State, 338 S.W.3d 84, 102-03 (Tex.
App.—Austin 2011, no pet.).
Finally, the State argues that even if we hold that Flores’s rights under the Fourth
Amendment were violated by the warrantless, nonconsensual blood draw, the Texas exclusionary
rule as enunciated in article 38.23(a) should not apply. According to the State, the blood draw was
not taken “in violation” of law. See TEX. CODE OF CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(a) (West 2005)
(“No evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any provisions of the
Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the Constitution or laws of the United States of
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America, shall be admitted in evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case.”). The
State argues that “it is indisputable that the state of the law on November 3, 2009, was that
warrantless blood draws made pursuant to section 724.012(b)(3)(B) were permissible and was not
seized in violation of the law as it was understood on that day.” We disagree with the State. Section
724.012(b)(3)(B) does not explicitly authorize a warrantless search. Weems, 434 S.W.3d at 666;
see also McNeil v. State, 443 S.W.3d 295, 303 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. filed). It “does
not address or purport to dispense with the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement for blood
draws.” Weems, 434 S.W.3d at 666 (citation omitted). In responding “to the contention that the
Legislature has clearly indicated its desire to create a new exception to the warrant requirement,”
the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals observed in Villarreal, 2014 WL 6734178, at *19, that the
statutory language contained within the provisions in the Texas Transportation Code “is silent as
to whether a law-enforcement officer conducting a mandatory, nonconsensual search of a DWI
suspect’s blood is required to first seek a warrant.” Further, warrantless seizures have always been
impermissible under the Fourth Amendment unless founded on a recognized exception. See United
States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 518, 224 (1973). In Villarreal, 2014 WL 6734178, at *19, the court
of criminal appeals emphasized that the Texas Legislature “may not restrict guaranteed rights set
out in constitutional provisions.” According to the court of criminal appeals, “[t]o the extent the
mandatory-blood-draw statute may be interpreted as authorizing a warrantless search that would
violate a defendant’s rights under the Fourth Amendment, it cannot do so.” Id.
The State also argues the Texas exclusionary rule and federal exclusionary rule should not
apply because the officer relied on section 724.012(b)(3)(B) in good faith. We rejected this
argument in Weems and in subsequent cases. See Weems, 434 S.W.3d at 666-67; see also McNeil,
443 S.W.3d at 303; Fitzgerald v. State, No. 04-13-00662-CR, 2014 WL 3747270, at *2 (Tex.
App.—San Antonio July 30, 2014, pet. filed).
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CONCLUSION
Because the warrantless blood draw violated Flores’s rights under the Fourth Amendment,
his second motion to suppress should have been granted. We thus reverse the judgment of the trial
court and remand for a new trial.
Karen Angelini, Justice
Do not publish
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Jose Angel Flores Jr. v. State
Combined Opinion