William Smith v. Steckman Ridge LP

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
_____________

No. 14-2027
_____________

WILLIAM W. SMITH;
ANGELA M. SMITH,
Appellant

v.

STECKMAN RIDGE, LP
_______________

On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civil No. 3:09-cv-00268)
District Judge: Honorable Kim R. Gibson
_______________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
December 9, 2014

Before: VANASKIE, COWEN and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: December 18, 2014)
_______________

OPINION OF THE COURT*
____________

*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

William and Angela Smith (the “Smiths”) appeal the final order of the District

Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, dated March 27, 2014, granting summary

judgment in favor of defendant Steckman Ridge, LP (“Steckman”). Smith v. Steckman

Ridge, LP, No. CIV. 3:09–268, 2014 WL 1278120, at *11 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 27, 2014). For

the reasons that follow, we affirm the District Court.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The Smiths argue that Steckman’s storage of natural gas under their property

constitutes a de facto taking under Pennsylvania eminent domain law. Steckman

maintains that the parties’ oil and gas lease remains in full effect and permits the storage.

The Smiths respond that, although the lease permits the storage of natural gas, Steckman

forfeited the lease after it stopped extracting gas from the land in 2006.

The Smiths executed an oil and gas lease with Pennsylvania General Energy

Corporation (“PGE”), Steckman’s predecessor in interest, for 105.572 acres of property

in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, on May 18, 2000. (Lease, at ¶¶ 2–3).1 The dual

purpose lease contemplated both the extraction and storage of gas for a primary term of

five years. (Lease, at ¶ 1). The lease was to continue

for as long thereafter as prescribed payments are made, or . . . operations are
conducted on the Leasehold in search of or production of oil, gas, or their
constituents, or for as long as a well capable of production is located on the
Leasehold, or for as long as extended by any provision herein, or for as long as the
Leasehold is used for the underground storage of gas.

1
A full copy of the lease agreement between the parties is included in the
Appendix at 140–43.

2
(Lease, at ¶ 3).

Under the parties’ lease, the lessee—PGE, and later Steckman—was obligated to

make payments to the Smiths as follows. First, prior to the commencement of production,

the lessee was required to pay a delay rental of five dollars per net mineral acre per year,

paid annually in advance. (Lease, at ¶ 4). After production began, the lessee was required

to pay the Smiths royalties equal to one-eighth of the total revenue realized on

production. (Lease, at ¶ 4(B)). In the event that a producing well was “shut-in” pursuant

to Paragraph 4(D) of the lease, the lessee was required to pay the Smiths “one half (1/2

the annual delay rental until such time as production is re-established.” (Lease, at ¶ 4(D)).

Finally, in the event that the lease was converted from production to storage, it required

the lessee to pay for the remaining estimated economically recoverable gas reserves and

the annual delay rental fee. (Lease, at ¶ 7).

PGE paid all annual delay rentals as required by the lease from 2000 through

2004. Smith v. Steckman Ridge, LP, No. CIV. 3:09–268, 2014 WL 1278120, at *3 (W.D.

Pa. Mar. 27, 2014). On April 22, 2004, PGE began operating a well—known as Well

1663—on the Smiths’ property. Id. PGE paid the Smiths a total of $872,031.52 in

royalties based on production from Well 1663. Id.1 Production continued until December

6, 2006, when PGE shut-in Well 1663. Id. It is undisputed that, at that time, Well 1663

was capable of producing gas in paying quantities. (Apx. at 521, ¶ 17 (sworn statement of

1
These payments were made during the period between June 9, 2004 and
February 27, 2007. Smith, 2014 WL 1278120, at *3.

3
Ginger Funk, on behalf of Steckman); Apx. at 574 (deposition of William W. Smith);

Apx. at 581 (deposition of Angela M. Smith)).

In March of 2007, PGE assigned its rights under the lease to Steckman. Id. On

July 3, 2007, Steckman sent the Smiths a check for $345,202.65. (Apx. at 620). That

amount was offered as payment for both the estimated value of the recoverable reserves

at the time of conversion to storage ($344,674.79) and the annual delay rental ($527.86).

(Apx. at 620). According to Steckman, the payment was made to convert the lease from

production to storage in accordance with Paragraph 7 of the lease. The Smiths did not

accept this payment. Smith, 2014 WL 1278120, at *3. One year later—on July 3, 2008—

Steckman offered another check for both the estimated value of the recoverable reserves

and the annual delay rental, this time in the amount of $388,056.50. (Apx. at 215). Again,

the Smiths refused the payment. Smith, 2014 WL 1278120, at *3. On March 4, 2009,

Steckman sent a check for $387,000.78. (Apx. at 217). This check was offered

exclusively as payment for the value of the recoverable gas reserves—not the gas storage

rental. Smith, 2014 WL 1278120, at *3. Steckman sent a separate check for the gas

storage rental in the amount of $1,583.58. (Apx. at 218). The Smiths accepted the March

4, 2009 check, Smith, 2014 WL 1278120, at *3, but they rejected the rental delay

payment, (Apx. at 218). Steckman offered the Smiths delay rental payments for storage

from 2007 through 2012; the Smiths never accepted any of these payments. Smith, 2014

WL 1278120, at *3.

The Smiths filed a petition in the Court of Common Pleas of Bedford County,

Pennsylvania, on September 3, 2009, alleging that the gas storage under the Smiths’

4
property constituted a de facto taking under Pennsylvania law because the lease had

expired on March 6, 2007. Steckman properly removed the case to the Western District

of Pennsylvania on October 9, 2009. Before fact discovery began, the parties filed

motions for partial summary judgment regarding the validity of the lease. The District

Court denied both motions to allow for discovery on the relevant issues. In July 2013,

Steckman filed the summary judgment motion giving rise to this appeal. The parties

presented oral argument in September 2013. The District Court granted Steckman’s

motion for summary judgment in a Final Order dated March 27, 2014. The Smiths timely

filed this appeal on April 24, 2014.

The Smiths make five arguments on appeal. First, they argue that production

“ceased” pursuant to Paragraph 12 of the lease on December 6, 2006 when PGE shut-in

Well 1663. Therefore, because production did not restart within ninety days of that

cessation of production, the lease expired. Second, they argue that the lease expired

because Steckman did not properly make its delay rental payments under the lease’s shut-

in clause. Third, the Smiths argue that the lease constitutes an impermissible “no-term”

lease under Pennsylvania law because it permits Steckman to indefinitely extend the lease

by paying only nominal delay payments. Fourth, they argue that the lease expired when

Steckman converted from production to storage without providing notice. Fifth, the

Smiths argue that their acceptance of the March 4, 2009, check from Steckman does not

estop them from bringing this action. For the reasons that follow, we reject each of these

arguments and affirm the decision of the District Court.

5
 II. DISCUSSION2

1. Standard of Review

We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s grant of summary judgment,

viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Heffner v. Murphy,

745 F.3d 56, 65 (3d Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is appropriate based on the

interpretation of a contract where “the contract is so clear that it can be read only one

way.” Allied Erecting & Dismantling v. USX Corp., 249 F.3d 191, 201 (3d Cir. 2001).

We also review the District Court’s interpretation of state law de novo. State Farm Fire

& Cas. Co. v. Estate of Mehlman, 589 F.3d 105, 110 (3d Cir. 2009).

2. Expiration of Lease Due to Cessation of Production

The Smiths first allege that the lease between the parties expired ninety days after

Well 1663 was shut-in on December 6, 2006. The validity of this argument turns on

whether the December 6, 2006, shut-in triggered the cessation-of-production clause in the

parties’ lease (Lease, at ¶ 12) or the lease’s shut-in clause (Lease, at ¶ 4(D)).

A. Principles of Lease Interpretation

General principles of contract interpretation govern the interpretation of

Pennsylvania oil and gas leases. T.W. Phillips Gas & Oil Co. v. Jedlicka, 42 A.3d 261,

267 (Pa. 2012) (citing J.K. Willison v. Consol. Coal Co., 637 A.2d 979, 982 (Pa. 1994)).

2
The District Court had jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship and amount
in controversy pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. We have jurisdiction to review the District
Court’s March 27, 2014 Final Order granting Steckman’s motion for summary judgment
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

6
“Determining the intention of the parties is a paramount consideration” in interpreting a

lease. Hutchison v. Sunbeam Coal Corp., 519 A.2d 385, 389 (Pa. 1986) (citing Robert F.

Felte, Inc. v. White, 302 A.2d 347, 351 (Pa. 1973)). Where the terms of a lease are clear

and unambiguous, the parties’ intentions can be ascertained from the terms of the lease

itself, as manifestly expressed within the lease’s four corners. Id. at 389–90; see also

T.W. Phillips, 42 A.3d at 267 (“[A lease] must be construed in accordance with the terms

of the agreement as manifestly expressed.”). Each of those terms should be given its

plain meaning. T.W. Phillips, 42 A.3d at 267. However, where a portion of a lease is

ambiguous, parol evidence is admissible to resolve the ambiguity. Hutchison, 519 A.2d at

390.

The court determines as a matter of law whether an ambiguity exists. Id.3 To make

this determination, we consider the words of the contract itself, the differing

constructions proffered by the parties, and any objective evidence offered to support

those constructions. Bohler-Uddeholm America, Inc. v. Ellwood Group, Inc., 247 F.3d

79, 93 (3d Cir. 2001). “A contract is ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible of different

constructions and capable of being understood in more than one sense.” Hutchison, 519

A.2d at 390 (emphasis added). We emphasize that only reasonable differing

constructions can create an ambiguity. Id. We will not entertain baseless constructions

proffered by parties, nor will we muddle or stretch the meaning of language in order to

3
If the court finds an ambiguity, it becomes the duty of the trier of fact to resolve
that ambiguity by assessing conflicting parol evidence. Hutchinson, 519 A.2d at 390
(citing Easton v. Washington County Insurance Co., 137 A.2d 332 (Pa. 1957)). Because
there is no ambiguity in the parties’ lease, such an inquiry is not warranted in this case.

7
find an ambiguity. Id. (citing Madison Constr. Co. v. Harleysville Mut. Ins. Co., 735 A.2d

100, 106 (Pa. 1999)). As we conduct our review, we are mindful that summary judgment

is only appropriate for an issue of contract interpretation where “the contract is so clear

that it can be read only one way.” Allied Erecting & Dismantling v. USX Corp., 249 F.3d

191, 201 (3d Cir. 2001).

B. Background on Oil and Gas Lease Provisions

Before we begin our interpretation of the parties’ lease, we first provide a brief

overview of several standard provisions in modern oil and gas leases that are “universally

recognized within the field.” Smith v. Steckman Ridge, LP, No. CIV. 3:09–268, 2014 WL

1278120, at *5 (W.D. Pa. Mar. 27, 2014) (citing Jacobs v. CNG Transmission Corp., 332

F. Supp. 2d 759, 764 (W.D. Pa. 2004)). These standard provisions include, inter alia, (1)

the granting clause, (2) the habendum clause, and (3) certain savings clauses. The

granting clause of an oil and gas lease specifies what interests are being conveyed to the

lessee. Patrick H. Martin and Bruce M. Kramer, Williams & Meyers, Oil and Gas Law §

665 (LexisNexis Matthew Bender 2013) [hereinafter Williams & Meyers, Oil and Gas

Law].4 The parties’ lease gives Steckman the rights to both produce and store

hydrocarbon—making it a dual purpose lease. (Lease, at ¶ 1).

4
As the District Court noted, “William and Meyers, Oil and Gas Law, along with its
Manual of Oil and Gas Terms, is arguably the foremost authoritative treatise on the law
relating to oil and gas.” Smith, 2014 WL 1278120, at *11 n.5. The United States Supreme
Court has relied on Williams & Meyers to determine the meaning of terms used in the oil
and gas context. See, e.g., Cotton Petroleum Corp. v. New Mexico, 490 U.S. 163, 208
(1989) (relying on Williams & Meyers for the meaning of an infill well); C.I.R. v. Engle,
464 U.S. 206, 209 n.4 (1984) (relying on Williams & Meyers for the meaning of a lease
bonus payment). Pennsylvania courts also frequently cite Williams & Meyers. See, e.g.,
8
 The habendum clause of an oil and gas lease sets forth the term of the lease. A

typical habendum clause sets forth both a primary and secondary term. Williams &

Meyers, Oil and Gas Law § 603. The primary term typically covers a fixed period of

time, while the secondary term is usually indefinite and continues only where certain

conditions are present. Id. The lease at issue has a primary term of five years, which

commenced on May 18, 2000. (Lease, at ¶ 3). It also has a secondary term that extends

the lease “for as long thereafter as” (1) “prescribed payments are made,” (2) operations

are conducted in search of production of oil, gas, or their constituents, (3) “a well capable

of production is located on the Leasehold,” (4) otherwise extended by other provisions of

the lease, or (5) the Leasehold is used for the storage of gas. (Lease, at ¶ 3).

Most modern oil and gas leases also contain one or more savings clauses. Savings

clauses serve to extend the lease when the terms of the habendum clause are not satisfied.

Patrick H. Martin and Bruce M. Kramer, Williams & Meyers, Oil and Gas Law, Oil and

Gas Law Scope (LexisNexis Matthew Bender 2013) [hereinafter Williams & Meyers,

Manual of Oil and Gas Terms] (defining “savings clause”). Two common examples of

savings clauses are cessation-of-production clauses and shut-in clauses. A cessation-of-

production clause is a “lease clause providing that under certain circumstances a lease

may be preserved despite cessation of production in the primary or secondary term.”

Williams & Meyers, Manual of Oil and Gas Terms (defining “cessation-of-production

clause”). The parties’ lease has a cessation-of-production clause for both the primary and

Kilmer v. Elexco Land Servs., Inc., 990 A.2d 1147, 1157 (Pa. 2010) (citing Williams &
Meyers for the definition of the term royalty); Syzmanowski v. Brace, 987 A.2d 717, 724
(Pa. Super. Ct. 2009) (citing Williams & Meyers for the definition of overriding royalty).
9
secondary terms of the lease. Relevant to this case is the secondary term cessation-of-

production clause, which states in pertinent part:

If, after the expiration of the primary term of this lease, production of oil, gas or
condensate . . . should cease, this lease shall not terminate, provided that Lessee
commences operations for drilling, reworking, plugging back or deepening a well
within ninety (90) days from such cessation.

(Lease, at ¶ 12).

Another type of savings clause is a shut-in clause, or a

lease clause which authorizes a lessee to pay a shut-in gas well royalty and thereby
keep a lease alive without actual production when and if a well has been drilled
which is capable of producing gas in paying quantities but which is shut-in,
usually by reason of lack of a market.

Williams & Meyers, Manual of Oil and Gas Terms (defining “shut-in clause”). In

addition to its cessation-of-production savings clause, the lease in question also has a

shut-in clause, which states:

In the event that production of oil, gas, or their constituents is interrupted and not
marketed for a period of six months, and there is no producing well on the
Leasehold . . ., and the lease is not otherwise held in force by any of the provisions
herein, Lessee shall pay a shut-in payment equal in amount to one half (1/2) the
annual delay rental until such time as production is re-established and said
payment shall maintain this lease in full force and effect to the same extent as
payment of royalty.

(Lease, at ¶ 4(D)).

C. Interpreting the Parties’ Lease

With this background in mind, we must determine whether the cessation-of-

production and shut-in clauses of the parties’ lease are ambiguous. The parties advance

conflicting interpretations of these two clauses. The Smiths argue that the cessation-of-

production clause applies where a producer voluntarily ceases production. (Appellant

10
Brief at 15). They then contend that the shut-in clause applies where production ceases

due to forces beyond the producer’s control. Id. Steckman argues the exact opposite—

that the cessation-of-production clause applies to involuntary stoppages in production and

the shut-in clause applies to voluntary interruptions of production. (Appellee Brief at 17–

18). For the reasons that follow, we agree with Steckman’s proposed construction of

these two clauses and determine that no ambiguity exists. We therefore interpret the

contract based on the plain meaning of the terms expressed therein. It is our view that

there is only one way to read both the cessation-of-production and shut-in clauses.

i. The Cessation-of-Production Clause

We first determine whether the cessation-of-production clause applies to voluntary

or involuntary halts in production. To aid our decision making, we consider the contract

itself, the meanings suggested by the parties, and any objective evidence offered to

support those suggestions. Bohler-Uddeholm, 247 F.3d at 93. In addition to providing an

explanation of the cessation-of-production clause, Williams & Meyers also defines

“cessation of production.” Williams & Meyers, Manual of Oil and Gas Terms (defining

“cessation of production”). A cessation of production is a stoppage in production “due to

mechanical breakdowns, clogging of the hole, reworking operations, governmental orders

or exhaustion of the deposit.” Id. The causes of a stoppage set forth in this definition are

involuntary in nature. For example, a producer does not elect to have a mechanical

breakdown, a clogged hole, or an exhausted deposit.

Persuasive case law from other jurisdictions and the language of the contract itself

are consistent with this definition. First, several courts have held that production has

11
“ceased” for purposes of the cessation-of-production clause only where a well becomes

incapable of production. For example, the Supreme Court of Oklahoma has held that “the

express provisions of the cessation-of-production clause . . . are intended to come into

play in the event that production from the well shall cease, i.e. the well becomes

incapable of producing in paying quantities.” Pack v. Santa Fe Minerals, 869 P.2d 323,

328 (Okla. 1994). The Supreme Court of Texas has similarly held that “the cessation-of-

production clause only applies if a well holding the lease ceases to be capable of

producing gas.” Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. Thompson, 94 S.W. 3d 550, 556 (Tex.

2002).

The language of the contract itself also helps establish that the cessation-of-

production clause is triggered by an involuntary stop in production. The cessation-of-

production clause in the parties’ lease states that the lease will not expire if the “Lessee

commences operations for drilling, reworking, plugging back or deepening a well within

ninety (90) days from such cessation.” (Lease, at ¶ 12). A well-known commentator on

oil and gas law has weighed in on the meaning of this language:

The fact that the event which is designed to prevent termination is the
commencement of drilling or reworking operations gives some indication of the
purpose of the clause and the intention of the parties. It indicates that the parties
are concerned with a situation where cessation of production is of the type that is
remedied by drilling or reworking operations. Thus, the parties must have intended
that the clause would become operative if a dry well is drilled or if a producing
well ceases to be capable of producing in paying quantities.

2 Eugene O. Kuntz, A Treatise on the Law of Oil & Gas § 26.13, at 416–17 (1989)

(emphasis added). Thus, substantial authority—authoritative secondary sources,

persuasive case law, and the contract itself—supports the meaning offered by Steckman.

12
In contrast, there is no authority to support the Smiths’ suggestion that the cessation-of-

production clause only applies to voluntary halts in production. We therefore conclude

that the cessation-of-production clause applies to involuntary stoppages of production

that occur where a well becomes incapable of production.

ii. The Shut-In Clause

We next determine whether the shut-in clause applies to voluntary or involuntary

stoppages in production. After considering the contract, the parties’ suggested meanings

of the clause, and persuasive authority, we conclude that the shut-in clause applies where

a stoppage in production is voluntary. Williams & Meyers states that the purpose of a

shut-in provision is to “keep a lease alive without actual production when and if a well

has been drilled which is capable of producing gas in paying quantities but which is shut-

in, usually by reason of lack of a market.” Williams & Meyers, Manual of Oil and Gas

Terms (emphasis added) (defining “shut-in clause”). Three aspects of this definition are

of particular importance. First, the definition states that the purpose of a shut-in clause is

to continue the life of a lease without actual production. Id. Second, the definition

clarifies that the shut-in provision applies when a producer shuts in a well that is capable

of producing gas. Id. Third and finally, the definition explains that this type of shut-in

usually occurs because of a lack of market. Id.

The combination of these three aspects evince that the shut-in provision applies

when a producer voluntarily stops producing gas from a functioning well. Usually, the

producer makes this decision because there is not a ready (or sufficiently lucrative)

market for the oil or gas. See Pack v. Santa Fe Minerals, 869 P.2d 323, 325–26 (Okla.

13
1994) (describing a shut-in situation where lessee producers elected to overproduce wells

in the winter months where prices were significantly higher and underproduce the

wells—thereby shutting them in—during the summer months when prices were lower).

The language of the lease itself also establishes that the shut-in clause applies to

voluntary interruptions in production. First, the lease describes a shut-in as a situation

where production is “interrupted and not marketed.” (Lease, at ¶ 4(D)). Hence, the lease

expressly contemplates that a producer shuts in a well when it elects not to produce or

market oil or gas. Further, the event that prevents termination under the shut-in clause is

the payment of a delay fee. (See id. (“[In the event of a shut-in,] Lessee shall pay a shut-

in payment equal in amount to one half (1/2) the annual delay rental until such time as

production is re-established . . .”)). This is in stark contrast to the cessation-of-production

clause, under which the lease terminates unless the producer recommences drilling or

reworking operations. Thus, substantial authority again supports the meaning offered by

Steckman, while there is no authority to support the Smiths’ proffered interpretation of

the shut-in clause.5 We therefore conclude that the shut-in clause applies where a

5
The Smiths briefly argue that the use of the word “interrupted” in the shut-in
clause compels a finding that the clause applies to involuntary halts in production
because the word interrupted is “commonly understood to mean stopped by forces
beyond the producer’s control.” (Appellant Brief at 14). This argument lacks merit. First,
the authority relied on by the Smiths is inapposite. See Allied Erecting & Dismantling
Co., Inc. v. USX Corp., 249 F.3d 191 (3d Cir. 2001) (not using the word “interrupt” once
in the entire opinion). Further, the Smiths’ reading of the word “interrupt” conflicts with
the word’s plain meaning. See, e.g., Definition of Interrupt, Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary, available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/interrupt (listing
this sample use of the word: “We interrupt this program to bring you a special
announcement.”).

14
producer elects to temporarily cease producing oil or gas from a functioning well—

typically because of market conditions.

To summarize, our review has established that the cessation-of-production clause

applies to situations where production stops because a well has somehow become

incapable of production. The shut-in clause, on the other hand, applies where a producer

voluntarily elects to temporarily suspend production. The parties agree that Well 1663

was shut-in on December 6, 2006. (Apx. at 521, ¶ 17; 574; 581). They also agree that the

well was capable of production on that date. (Id.) Therefore, it is evident that the shut-in

clause—and not the cessation-of-production clause—was implicated when production

from Well 1663 ceased on December 6, 2006.

3. Satisfaction of the Shut-In Clause

Having determined that the shut-in clause is the applicable clause in this situation,

we must next determine whether Steckman satisfied the terms of that clause. We hold

that it did. For the shut-in clause to operate to keep the lease in effect, the lessee—

Steckman—must make the “shut-in payment” within forty-five days of the end of any

six-month period during which no production took place. (Lease, at ¶ 4(D)). The “shut-in

payment” equals “one half (1/2) the annual delay rental.” Id. Therefore, Steckman was

required to pay $263.93 by July 21, 2007 to satisfy the terms of the lease.6 The parties

6
The six-month shut-in period, starting December 6, 2006 lapsed on June 6, 2007.
Steckman was required to pay within 45 days of this lapse—by July 21, 2007. The annual
delay rental is $5.00 per net mineral acre. (Lease, at ¶ 4(A)). The lease conveys an
interest in 105.572 acres. (Lease, at ¶ 2). Thus, the total annual delay rental is $527.86
($5.00 x 105.572). One half of that amount is $263.93.

15
agree that Steckman tendered a payment of $345,202.65 to the Smiths on July 3, 2007.

(Apx. at 526, 620). However, the Smiths argue that the proffered payment was

insufficient to continue the lease in force because the payment was not “annually in

advance” as required by the shut-in clause. That is, the payment offered did not include

the six months after the well was closed on December 6, 2006, until payment was

proffered on July 3, 2007. For the following reasons, this argument is invalid.

Pennsylvania law discourages forfeiture. McCausland v. Wagner, 78 A.3d 1093,

1102 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2013) (“We observe it is an oft-stated maxim that the law abhors a

forfeiture.” (citation omitted)). Indeed, forfeiture of the lease would be inequitable given

the expectations of the bargaining parties. See id. at 1105 (stating that it would “impede[]

logic” for the oil and gas industry to develop a lease “that allows a lessor to declare a

forfeiture for failure to make a royalty payment after a well has been completed and oil or

gas is being produced”). Additionally, Pennsylvania law does not encourage forfeiture in

the absence of bad faith. T. W. Phillips Gas & Oil Co. v. Jedlicka, 964, A.2d 13, 16 (Pa

Super. Ct. 2008), aff’d, 42 A.3d 261 (Pa. 2012).

We believe that Steckman consistently acted with good faith. Under the shut-in

clause, Steckman was only required to pay the Smiths $263.93. In lieu of that payment,

they offered the Smiths $345,202.65. Because the Smiths were timely offered

significantly more money than was required to keep the lease in force under the shut-in

clause, there is no prejudice warranting forfeiture. Any nominal amount due under the

shut-in clause was exceeded by the royalty payment for conversion to storage,

notwithstanding the Smiths refusal to accept payment. Therefore, it would be inequitable

16
to find that Steckman’s good faith payment for an amount greater than required by the

shut-in clause requires a complete forfeiture of the lease. We agree with the District

Court that damages are the appropriate remedy for any sums not collected from the end

of extraction on December 6, 2006. Accordingly, the District Court committed no error.

To summarize, we hold that the parties’ lease never expired. From the signing of

the lease on May 18, 2000 until May 18, 2005, the lease was held in force under the

primary term of the habendum clause. (Lease, at ¶ 3). During the period of production—

from May 18, 2005 through December 6, 2006—the lease was held in force under the

secondary term of the habendum clause—specifically, the provisions stating that the lease

was effective “for as long thereafter as prescribed payments are made, or . . . operations

are conducted on the Leasehold in search of or production of oil, gas, or their

constituents.” Id. From December 6, 2006, through July 3, 2007, the shut-in clause kept

the lease effective. (Lease, at ¶ 4(D)). Finally, since July 3, 2007—when Steckman

tendered the appropriate payments to convert the lease to storage—the lease has remained

effective pursuant to the final provision of the habendum clause and its conversion to

storage clause. (Lease, at ¶¶ 3, 7).

4. No-Term Lease

Third, the Smiths argue that the lease constitutes a “no-term” lease under

Pennsylvania law and is therefore unenforceable. Generally, a lessee may not use delay

rental payments to indefinitely extend a lease after making no effort to extract reserves

during the lease’s primary term. Hite v. Falcon Partners, 13 A.3d 942, 948 n.4 (Pa.

Super. Ct. 2011). The longstanding policy of delay rentals is to spur the lessee towards

17
development. Id. at 948. Indeed, “no-term” leases have been consistently rejected by the

Pennsylvania courts from their general introduction in the 1890s. Jacobs v. CNG

Transmission Corp, 332 F. Supp. 2d 759, 790 (W.D. Pa. 2004) (citing 2 Summers, The

Law of Oil and Gas § 290). Pennsylvania law also frowns upon lease terms that enable

lessees to forego extraction in favor of speculation so as to deprive the lessor of his or her

bargain. T.W. Phillips Gas & Oil Co. v. Jedlicka, 42 A.3d 261, 273 (Pa. 2012).

The Smiths rely heavily on Hite for their argument that the lease is an

unenforceable “no-term” lease. In Hite, the lessors granted rights to extract for a primary

term of one year, “or as Lessee shall continue to pay Lessors two dollars ($2.00) per acre

as delayed rentals, or until all oil and gas has been removed from the Property, whichever

shall last occur.” Id. at 944. The lessees never attempted to extract reserves during the

primary term. Id. After receiving annual rental payments of $2.00 per acre for the next

four years without production, the lessors sought competing bids for extraction. Id. The

Hite court held the lessee to have forfeited the lease by delaying production past the

primary term. Id. at 950. In so doing, the Hite court recognized the utility and validity of

habendum clauses to lessees, but also the competing interest of lessors, in fairness, to

receive within the primary term of the lease the benefit of their bargain—royalties of

extraction. Id. at 946–48. However, the Hite court also noted that the construction of the

lease at issue in the case—with its lack of separate habendum and delay rental clauses—

was not typical of modern oil and gas leases. Id. at 944 n.1.

We agree that the District Court properly distinguished Hite. First, Hite does not

stand for the broad proposition that delay payments may never extend a lease after the

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primary term. Rather, Hite reiterates Pennsylvania policy that a lessee cannot use a delay

rental payment to extend the lease indefinitely for speculative purposes without

production. Second, Hite did not address what effect a dual purpose lease or a shut-in

clause would have upon a delay rental payments clause. We believe that Hite does not

apply to leases where the lessor acts in good faith, extracts reserves during the primary

term of the lease, and does not attempt to indefinitely preserve extraction rights without

compensating the lessor for the dormant reserves in accord with habendum and shut-in

clauses. Hite, 13 A.3d at 948–50.

Here, PGE properly paid delay rental payments until extraction began during the

primary term of the lease. During the period of extraction, PGE paid the Smiths

$872,031.52 in royalty payments. After taking over the lease, Steckman offered the

Smiths over $300,000 for the viable dormant reserves after production stopped, as

required by the shut-in clause. Therefore, the delay payments during the secondary term

of the lease were not indefinite, but temporary. In other words, Steckman did not

indefinitely extend the lease so as to deprive the Smiths of any benefit of their bargain.

Effectively, the Smiths argue that any delay payment after the primary term of the lease

has expired transforms the lease into a prohibited “no-term” lease. This position is at

odds with the facts of Hite, as well as the policy prohibiting no-term leases. Thus, the

District Court committed no error in holding the lease valid.

6. Lack of Notice of Conversion

Similar to its “no-term” lease argument, the Smiths argue that Steckman forfeited

the lease for failure to provide adequate notice of the conversion from production to

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storage. This argument is also without merit. The plain terms of the lease do not require

Steckman to provide notice—formal or informal—before conversion. The “Conversion to

Storage” clause only requires Steckman to pay the appropriate value of the “estimated

recoverable gas remaining in the well using methods of calculating gas reserves as are

generally accepted by the natural gas industry, and [the Smiths] shall be paid Delay

Rental for as long thereafter as the Leasehold is used for gas storage.” (Lease, at ¶ 7).

Steckman properly submitted payment according to this provision when it tendered the

$345,202.65 payment to the Smiths on July 3, 2007. (Apx. at 620). Accordingly, the

District Court committed no error holding that the lack of notice, if any, did not result in

forfeiture of the lease.

7. Estoppel

Finally, the Smiths argue that the District Court erred in holding them estopped

from arguing forfeiture of the lease because they accepted the March 4, 2009, check for

gas storage under the shut-in clause. Lessors who accept royalty payments under a lease

relinquish any claim of forfeiture of the lease based upon the lessee’s failure to provide

payments under the lease. McCausland v. Wagner, 78 A.3d 1093, 1104–05 (Pa. Super.

Ct. 2013). This accords with the basic principle that a party who accepts benefits from an

agreement is estopped from denying the agreement’s validity. 31 C.J.S. Estoppel and

Waiver § 163 (2013); Laurel Mobile Health Servs. Ltd. v. Com., Dep’t of Health, 550

A.2d 616, 621 (Pa. Commw. Ct. 1988). The Smiths maintain that they consistently

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rejected the rental payments under the lease and only accepted the March 4, 2009, check

for partial payment of royalties.7

The Smiths misread the holding of the District Court. On account of the receipt of

the March 4, 2009, check for storage of gas reserves under the shut-in clause, the Smiths

have established that the lease continued in force despite their objections to the contrary.

This does not prevent the Smiths from challenging the method of reserve calculation

giving rise to the March 4, 2009, payment. However, that issue was not properly raised

before the District Court and is not properly before us on appeal. Because the Smiths

subsequently accepted Steckman’s March 4, 2009, check for stored reserves pursuant to

the shut-in clause, they are estopped from denying the continuing validity of the lease.

The principles of equity do not allow the Smiths to retain the March 4, 2009, payment

while simultaneously arguing that Steckman forfeited the lease in 2007.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the District Court.

7
The Smiths additionally argue that they are due more money for the reserves
based upon alleged undervaluation of the reserves according to the doctrine of divisible
strata in an oil and gas leases.

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