Pursuant to to
Pursuant Ind.Appellate RuleRule
Ind.Appellate 65(D), this
65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not
Memorandum
be regarded Decision shall ornotcited
as precedent be Dec 23 2014, 10:10 am
before any court except for the
regarded
purposeasofprecedent or cited
establishing before any
the defense of
res judicata, collateral estoppel, or
court except for the purpose of
the law of the case.
establishing the defense of res judicata,
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
DARREN BEDWELL GREGORY F. ZOELLER
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
BRIAN REITZ
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
JAMAR WASHINGTON, )
)
Appellant-Defendant, )
)
vs. ) No. 49A02-1405-CR-306
)
STATE OF INDIANA, )
)
Appellee-Plaintiff. )
APPEAL FROM THE MARION SUPERIOR COURT
The Honorable Marc T. Rothenberg, Judge
Cause No. 49G02-1203-FA-17626
December 23, 2014
MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION
BROWN, Judge
Jamar Washington appeals his conviction for dealing in cocaine as a class A
felony. Washington raises one issue which we revise and restate as whether the trial
court abused its discretion by admitting evidence found following a canine sniff. We
affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On March 15, 2012, Detective Ingram contacted Indianapolis Metropolitan Police
Officer Luke Schmitt with respect to an investigation. Officer Schmitt was asked to
perform a stop on Washington.1 At some point that day, Officer Schmitt called
Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Officer Scott Wildauer, a canine handler, and said that
he was helping “Metro Drug” and that they were going to do a stop and asked for his
assistance. Transcript at 54. Officer Schmitt initiated a traffic stop of Washington after
observing him speeding and making an illegal lane change. Washington pulled over
immediately. Less than thirty to forty seconds after the vehicles stopped, the camera in
Officer Schmitt’s vehicle began recording. The video recording begins with a time stamp
of 4:17:44 p.m.2
Officer Schmitt approached Washington’s vehicle and asked him a few questions
regarding his license. Officer Wildauer arrived at the scene shortly after Officer Schmitt
stopped Washington and appears on the video walking to Washington’s vehicle and
Officer Schmitt at 4:19:19. Officer Schmitt asked Washington to step out of the vehicle
At the suppression hearing, the prosecutor asked Officer Schmitt: “So you were asked . . . by
1
vice or the drug task force or whomever to get involved . . . and stop, if needed to, right, stop Mr.
Washington?” Transcript at 27. Officer Schmitt responded affirmatively.
2
The time stamp on the video is military time.
2
at some point for officer safety and “to get him out a way just – to the car so I could talk
to him in the, in the back.” Id. at 133-134. Washington complied, and Officer Schmitt
patted him down for weapons and noticed a “big roll of money” in Washington’s pocket
but did not remove it. Id. at 163. Officer Schmitt then told Washington that he was
going to run his license and do a computer check.
At approximately 4:20:20, Officer Schmitt returned to his vehicle, and Officer
Wildauer engaged Washington in some general conversation including asking
Washington what he did for a living. Officer Schmitt typed Washington’s information
into the computer in his vehicle to check Washington’s license and registration and
determine if he had any prior criminal history. At 4:21:03, 4:21:45, 4:23:03, 4:23:28, and
4:23:55, a computer voice message stated “message sent” relating to a request by Officer
Schmitt for a license check. Id. at 137. Meanwhile at 4:22:42, dispatch informed Officer
Schmitt that Washington was “negative,” currently on probation, and had priors for
dealing in cocaine and battery. State’s Exhibit 1 at 4:22:43-44. Officer Schmitt did not
receive a response from his computer because there were certain dead spots in the signal
received by the computer. After not receiving a response, Officer Schmitt contacted
control over his radio. Specifically, at 4:24:15, Officer Schmitt contacted dispatch,
informed them that the computer was not working, and asked them to run the subject and
check any priors. At 4:25:30, dispatch informed Officer Schmitt that there were no arrest
warrants for Washington and that he had a valid driver’s license. By 4:25:40, Officer
Schmitt had Washington’s criminal history and had run his license and registration.
3
At approximately 4:25:50, Officer Schmitt exited his vehicle and asked
Washington if he had been arrested before and if there was cocaine in the car. He also
asked for permission to search Washington’s car, and Washington said no. At 4:26:06,
Officer Schmitt asked Officer Wildauer if he had a dog and if he would conduct a sniff.
Officer Schmitt later testified and characterized his asking Officer Wildauer to perform a
dog sniff as “it was, hey you got your dog, mind while I’m writing this ticket.”
Transcript at 153. At 4:26:35, Officer Schmitt began talking to Washington with respect
to his traffic violations. At 4:27:16, Officer Schmitt entered his car and began preparing
a ticket for the traffic violations, and Officer Wildauer went to obtain his dog.
At approximately 4:27:33, Officer Wildauer deployed his dog. At that time,
Officer Schmitt had not finished completing the electronic ticket. At approximately
4:28:02, Officer Wildauer’s dog alerted for the odor of narcotics. Officer Wildauer told
Officer Schmitt that his dog had made a positive indication, which meant that there was
an odor of narcotics coming from the vehicle.
At approximately 4:28:34, Officer Schmitt exited his vehicle. At approximately
4:29:40, Officer Schmitt placed Washington in handcuffs. Officer Wildauer searched
Washington’s vehicle and discovered cocaine, a digital scale, and a razor blade in the
center console, three cell phones in the passenger compartment of the vehicle, and a
“shoe box . . . filled with bundles of money just laying there rubberbanded” in the trunk.
Id. at 60.
At some point, Officer Schmitt completed writing Washington an electronic ticket
for speeding and failure to signal a lane change. Officer Schmitt typically hands the
4
ticket to the violator, but gave the ticket to Detective Ingram because Washington was
arrested for other offenses.
Officer Wildauer’s dog later performed a sniff on storage facilities rented by
Washington and positively indicated the odor of narcotics. The police obtained a search
warrant, and no narcotics were found. The police later inventoried the vehicle and
discovered a bag of crack cocaine hidden in the dashboard.
On March 20, 2012, the State charged Washington with dealing in cocaine as a
class A felony and possession of cocaine as a class C felony. On September 11, 2013,
Washington filed a motion to suppress and alleged that the evidence was obtained as a
result of an illegal search and seizure in violation of the Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 11 of the Indiana
Constitution.
On October 4, 2013, the court held a hearing on Washington’s motion to suppress.
On October 23, 2013, the court denied Washington’s motion to suppress and entered
findings of fact and conclusions of law which states in part:
2. DURATION AND NATURE OF STOP AND CANINE SNIFF
Dog “sniffs” do not themselves trigger Constitutional protections, as
they do not compromise any legitimate privacy interest, nor do they intrude
on a Fourth Amendment privacy interest. Illinois v. [Caballes], 543 U.S.
405 (2005); Myers v. State[,] 839 N.E.2d 1146 (Ind. 2005). What may
raise a constitutional claim is the duration of the “dog sniff” and whether
[it] goes beyond the time required to write the traffic ticket. The Courts
have ruled that a “dog sniff” must be initiated within the time it would take
an officer to complete the mission of the underlying traffic stop. Id., at
407; State v. Gibson, 886 N.E.2d 639 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008). Also, it is not
just the time it takes to write the ticket, or complete the mission of the
traffic stop, it is whether the mission or, in this case, the ticket, was
completed in a diligent, efficient matter, [sic] not delayed by the “dog
sniff”. “In assessing whether a detention is too long in duration, we
5
examine whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that
was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly.” Wilson v. State,
847 N.E.2d 1064, 1067 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) citing Bradshaw v. State,[]759
N.E.2d 271, 273-74[] (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). In the case at hand, the court,
having examined the timing of the traffic stop, through officer testimony
and the video evidence, believes that the stop was conducted in an efficient
diligent manner, and not done in such a way that the traffic stop’s
“mission”, namely writing the traffic ticket (which involved checking the
defendant’s identity, driver’s license, and running it through control), was
extended or delayed due to the “dog sniff”. From a pure timing standpoint,
the “dog sniff” did not exceed the time used to pull over the defendant,
remove him from the car, check his ID through control, and explain the
ticket to the defendant. From an efficiency standpoint, the Court observed
and heard no unreasonable actions in the traffic ticket writing process
which would trigger suspicions of purposeful delay. The Court finds that
the duration and nature of the stop and canine sniff passes the tests set forth
by the U.S. and Indiana Constitutions, and federal and state case law.
Appellant’s Appendix at 153-154.
On October 30, 2013, Washington filed a motion for certification of interlocutory
order and for stay of proceedings pending appeal, and the court granted the motion. On
January 14, 2014, this court denied Washington’s motion to accept jurisdiction of an
interlocutory appeal.
On March 21, 2014, the court held a bench trial. At the beginning of the trial, the
court incorporated the evidence from the suppression hearing. Washington made a
standing objection to the evidence obtained as a result of the search and seizure under the
Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 11 of the
Indiana Constitution. The court found Washington guilty of both counts but entered a
judgment of conviction for only dealing in cocaine as a class A felony due to double
jeopardy concerns. The court sentenced Washington to thirty years with twenty-seven
6
years executed in the Department of Correction and three years executed in community
corrections.
DISCUSSION
The issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion by admitting evidence
found following the canine sniff. In reviewing the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility
of evidence from an allegedly illegal search, an appellate court does not reweigh the
evidence but defers to the trial court’s factual determinations unless clearly erroneous,
views conflicting evidence most favorably to the ruling, and considers afresh any legal
question of the constitutionality of a search or seizure. Meredith v. State, 906 N.E.2d
867, 869 (Ind. 2009). While this case contains a video recording of the stop, we note that
the Indiana Supreme Court has observed that “[w]hile technology marches on, the
appellate standard of review remains constant.” Robinson v. State, 5 N.E.3d 362, 365
(Ind. 2014) (addressing the standard of review in a case in which the parties disputed the
significance of video evidence).
Washington does not argue that the initial stop was improper. Rather, he argues
that the police violated his constitutional right to freedom from unreasonable seizures
under the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 11
of the Indiana Constitution by delaying the traffic stop for a dog sniff. We will address
his claims separately.
A. Fourth Amendment
“It is unequivocal under our jurisprudence that even a minor traffic violation is
sufficient to give an officer probable cause to stop the driver of a vehicle.” Austin v.
7
State, 997 N.E.2d 1027, 1034 (Ind. 2013). The use of narcotics sniffing dogs by police
has been addressed by the United States Supreme Court. Deciding “[w]hether the Fourth
Amendment requires reasonable, articulable suspicion to justify using a drug-detention
dog to sniff a vehicle during a legitimate traffic stop,” the Court declared that the use of a
narcotics-detection dog “generally does not implicate legitimate privacy interests.”
Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 407-409, 125 S. Ct. 834, 837-838 (2005). It reasoned
that “[o]fficial conduct that does not compromise any legitimate interest in privacy is not
a search subject to the Fourth Amendment,” that “governmental conduct that only reveals
the possession of contraband compromises no legitimate privacy interests,” and that “the
expectation that certain facts will not come to the attention of the authorities is not the
same as an interest in privacy that society is prepared to consider reasonable.” Id. at 408-
409, 125 S. Ct. at 837-838 (included quotations omitted). The Court held that
“conducting a dog sniff would not change the character of a traffic stop that is lawful at
its inception and otherwise executed in a reasonable manner . . . .” Id. at 408, 125 S. Ct.
at 837. The Court did note, however, that a “seizure that is justified solely by the interest
in issuing a warning ticket to the driver can become unlawful if it is prolonged beyond
the time reasonably required to complete that mission.” Id. at 407, 125 S. Ct. at 837. The
burden is on the State to show the time for the traffic stop was not increased due to the
canine sniff. Wells v. State, 922 N.E.2d 697, 700 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied.
“An officer’s inquiries into matters unrelated to the justification for the traffic stop do not
convert the encounter into something other than a lawful seizure, so long as the inquiries
8
do not measurably extend the stop’s duration.” Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323, 325,
129 S. Ct. 781, 783 (2009).
The State concedes that it did not claim below that reasonable suspicion existed to
detain Washington longer than necessary to complete the traffic stop. Thus, the question
is whether the dog sniff was conducted in a manner that prolonged the stop beyond the
time reasonably required to complete the mission of issuing a ticket.
Washington asserts that the State failed in its burden to show that the time for the
traffic stop was not increased due to the canine sniff. The State argues that the traffic
stop, which lasted just about eleven minutes prior to the canine indicating on his vehicle,
is on all-fours with the length of stops that have consistently been found reasonable under
the Fourth Amendment. It argues that the officers are allowed to ask questions that are
not directly related to the traffic stop, and that the dog sniff did not extend the traffic stop
and occurred simultaneously to Officer Schmitt’s writing of the electronic ticket.
The record reveals that the video recording began thirty to forty seconds after the
vehicles stopped and the recording shows a time stamp of 4:17:44. Officer Schmitt asked
Washington a few questions and returned to his vehicle less than three minutes after the
start of the video. His computer was in a dead spot and after four or five minutes of not
receiving a response, he contacted control. At 4:25:30, dispatch informed Officer
Schmitt that Washington had a valid driver’s license. Officer Wildauer deployed his dog
at 4:27:33, less than ten minutes after the beginning of the video and less than eleven
minutes after the vehicles stopped. At this point, Officer Schmitt had not finished
completing the electronic ticket. At approximately 4:28:02, Officer Wildauer’s dog
9
indicated the presence of the odor of narcotics. While Officer Schmitt typically hands the
traffic ticket to the violator, he had to give the ticket to Detective Ingram because
Washington was arrested for the other offenses. Under the circumstances, we cannot say
that the dog sniff or Officer Schmitt’s actions were conducted in a manner that prolonged
the stop beyond the time reasonably required to complete the mission of issuing a ticket.
See Myers v. State, 839 N.E.2d 1146, 1150 (Ind. 2005) (finding no error in the trial
court’s determination that the canine sniff test occurred while the traffic stop was
ongoing, that is, while defendant was having the traffic citation explained to him); see
also United States v. Carpenter, 406 F.3d 915, 916 (7th Cir. 2005) (holding that evidence
was admissible where canine unit took no more than five minutes to arrive and did arrive
while officer was giving defendant a ticket for evading red light); cf. Wells, 922 N.E.2d
at 700-702 (holding that dog sniff and ensuing search were the result of an
unconstitutional seizure where canine unit summoned only after officer obtained all
information needed to write traffic ticket and canine unit arrived “nearly twenty minutes
after [defendant’s] traffic stop could have been completed and almost forty minutes after
it began”); Wilson v. State, 847 N.E.2d 1064, 1066 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006) (holding that the
trial court erred in denying the defendant’s motion to suppress where warrant check was
completed at 1:58 a.m., warning tickets were written at 2:06 a.m., and canine unit was
summoned at 2:15 a.m., only after defendant declined consent to search car).
Consequently, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the
evidence obtained after the stop.3
3
Washington argues that the facts of this case are like those in State v. Gray, 997 N.E.2d 1147
10
B. Article 1, Section 11
Article 1, Section 11 provides, “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall not be
violated . . . .” While almost identical in wording to the federal Fourth Amendment, the
Indiana Constitution’s Search and Seizure clause is given an independent interpretation
and application. Myers v. State, 839 N.E.2d 1146, 1153 (Ind. 2005). The purpose of this
section is to protect from unreasonable police activity those areas of life that Hoosiers
regard as private. State v. Quirk, 842 N.E.2d 334, 339-340 (Ind. 2006). The provision
must receive a liberal construction in its application to guarantee the people against
unreasonable search and seizure. Id. at 340 (citing Brown v. State, 653 N.E.2d 77, 79
(Ind. 1995)). “In resolving challenges asserting a Section 11 violation, courts must
consider the circumstances presented in each case to determine ‘whether the police
behavior was reasonable.’” Id. (quoting Brown, 653 N.E.2d at 79). We place the burden
on the State to show that under the totality of the circumstances its intrusion was
reasonable. Id. (citing State v. Bulington, 802 N.E.2d 435, 438 (Ind. 2004)).
A police stop and brief detention of a motorist is reasonable and permitted under
Section 11 if the officer reasonably suspects that the motorist is engaged in, or is about to
(Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied, which addressed the Fourth Amendment, and emphasizes that Officer
Wildauer and his dog were present for nearly the entire duration of the traffic stop and could easily have
conducted a sniff earlier. To the extent Washington relies upon State v. Gray, we observe that the officer
in Gray did not call a second officer to assist and chose to suspend the traffic stop in order to perform the
canine sniff himself, there was no evidence that the officer ever wrote the defendant a ticket for a traffic
violation, and the traffic stop was delayed by the dog sniff. 997 N.E.2d at 1152. Here, Officer Schmitt
had a second officer at the scene with a dog available to perform a dog sniff while he wrote the ticket for
the traffic violations; Officer Schmitt wrote a ticket; and the traffic stop was not delayed by the dog sniff.
Thus, we find Gray distinguishable.
11
engage in, illegal activity. Quirk, 842 N.E.2d at 340 (citing Mitchell v. State, 745 N.E.2d
775, 786 (Ind. 2001)). Section 11 permits an officer, during an investigatory stop, to
detain a motorist briefly only as necessary to complete the officer’s work related to the
illegality for which the motorist was stopped. Id. (citing Mitchell, 745 N.E.2d at 788).
Where an officer stops a vehicle for a traffic violation, a request for the driver’s license
and vehicle registration, a license plate check, a request to search the driver’s vehicle and
an inquiry regarding whether the driver has a weapon in the vehicle are within the scope
of reasonable detention. Id. (citing Halsema v. State, 823 N.E.2d 668, 670-671 (Ind.
2005) (license plate check performed after traffic stop); Lockett v. State, 747 N.E.2d 539,
543 (Ind. 2001) (an officer may as a matter of routine practice ask a driver stopped for a
traffic violation if he has a weapon in the vehicle or on his person), reh’g denied; Jones v.
State, 655 N.E.2d 49, 52-53 (Ind. 1995) (after a traffic stop, officer requested driver’s
license and registration, asked the driver if the car and its contents belonged to him, and
whether the officers could search the driver’s car), reh’g denied). In analyzing a
defendant’s claim under Article 1, Section 11, the Indiana Supreme Court held that a dog
sniff “is an unreasonable investigatory detention if the motorist is held for longer than
necessary to complete the officer’s work related to the traffic violation and the officer
lacks reasonable suspicion that the motorist is engaged in criminal activity.” Austin v.
State, 997 N.E.2d 1027, 1034 (Ind. 2013).
Washington argues that the video shows that the traffic stop was delayed while
Officer Schmitt gathered information about his prior arrests and for the dog sniff. He
concedes that neither the Fourth Amendment nor the Indiana Constitution categorically
12
bars police officers from asking drivers about prior arrests or convictions, but points out
that the decision to check his priors was special to this particular stop and contends that
Officer Schmitt spent several minutes inquiring about his prior arrests, evidently in an
effort to find an objectively reasonable justification for a dog sniff. He contends that,
“[f]rom [4]:24:08 to [4]:25:51, [Officer] Schmitt was occupied on the terminal and radio
in his squad car, gathering information about Washington’s prior arrests for cocaine
possession.” Appellant’s Brief at 13. The State argues that the eleven-minute traffic stop
was reasonable both in scope and length.
As mentioned earlier, less than ten minutes after the beginning of the video and
less than eleven minutes after the vehicles stopped, Officer Wildauer deployed his dog.
At that point, Officer Schmitt had not finished completing the electronic ticket. While
Officer Schmitt typically hands the traffic ticket to the violator, he had to give the ticket
to Detective Ingram because Washington was arrested for the other offenses. To the
extent Washington contends that Officer Schmitt was occupied gathering information
about Washington’s prior arrests for cocaine possession from 4:24:08 to 4:25:51, we
observe that Officer Schmitt repeatedly attempted to send a message via the computer,
contacted dispatch, and did not receive indication that Washington’s license was valid
until 4:25:27. Under the circumstances, we cannot say that Washington was held longer
than necessary to complete the officer’s work related to the traffic violation. Further,
Officer Schmitt’s questioning of Washington’s criminal history did not extend the stop
beyond the time necessary to complete the officer’s work. We conclude that the officers’
13
actions did not constitute an unreasonable search or seizure under Article 1, § 11 of the
Indiana Constitution.4
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Washington’s conviction.
Affirmed.
BAILEY, J., and ROBB, J., concur.
4
To the extent Washington argues that Officer Schmitt’s decision to detain him while checking
his criminal history is like the traffic stop in Quirk, we disagree. In that case, a trooper stopped Thomas
Quirk because his headlight was out. Id. at 338. The trooper wrote Quirk a warning ticket and told him
that he was free to leave. Id. at 339. The trooper then called to Quirk who was walking to his truck and
said that he wanted to ask a few more questions. Id. Quirk consented to a search of the trailer portion of
the truck and declined consent to search the cabin portion of the tractor. Id. The trooper once again
allowed Quirk to leave, and Quirk entered his truck, drove into a rest area, exited the truck, and went
inside the building to use the facilities. Id. As Quirk exited the building, the troopers informed him that
although he was free to leave, the truck would have to remain. Id. Approximately twenty minutes later
other officers began arriving on the scene with a canine unit, and the drug-sniffing dog alerted to the
presence of a controlled substance in the cabin area of the tractor. Id. A subsequent search revealed a
white powdery substance later identified as cocaine. Id. The trial court granted Quirk’s motion to
suppress the cocaine. Id. On appeal, the Court concluded that under the totality of the circumstances the
troopers’ detention of Quirk beyond the period necessary to issue a warning ticket and the subsequent
search of his truck was unreasonable within the meaning of Article 1, Section 11. We find Quirk
factually distinguishable.
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