December 23 2014
DA 13-0355
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2014 MT 340N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
ZACHARY G. SHAFFER,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Twenty-Second Judicial District,
In and For the County of Carbon, Cause Nos. DC 12-01 and DC 12-26
Honorable Blair Jones, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Julie Brown, Montana Legal Justice, PLLC; Missoula, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Micheal S. Wellenstein,
Assistant Attorney General; Helena, Montana
Alex Nixon, Carbon County Attorney; Red Lodge, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: November 19, 2014
Decided: December 23, 2014
Filed:
__________________________________________
Clerk
Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(d), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not serve
as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this Court’s
quarterly list of nonciteable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana Reports.
¶2 Zachary Shaffer (Shaffer) appeals from the judgments and sentences of the Montana
Twenty-Second Judicial District Court, Carbon County, committing him to prison for the
felony offenses of assault on a peace officer and intimidation. We affirm.
¶3 The State brought two cases against Shaffer, D.C. 12-01 and D.C. 12-26. Each
charged Shaffer with two felonies and two misdemeanors, though the charged offenses and
underlying events were different in each case. Shaffer was charged on January 10, 2012, in
D.C. 12-01. He was charged on July 26, 2012, while D.C. 12-01 was ongoing, in D.C.
12-26.
¶4 At some point before November 20, 2012, Shaffer made a pro se motion to dismiss
both cases. This motion was not filed or made part of the District Court’s record. On
November 20, 2012, at the prosecutor’s request, the District Court held a status conference
on Shaffer’s motion. During that conference, Shaffer explained that the motion was based
on his belief that his attorney did not communicate with him frequently enough. The District
Court also heard from the State and Shaffer’s attorney and ultimately denied the motion.
¶5 On January 14, 2013, a jury trial was held for D.C. 12-01. By this time, the State had
dismissed three of the charges in that case. The jury found Shaffer guilty of the remaining
felony charge, assault on a peace officer. D.C. 12-26 did not go to trial at the same time.
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Instead, on February 22, 2013, Shaffer entered into a plea agreement with the State. He
agreed to enter a nolo contendere plea to the felony intimidation charge, and in return the
State agreed to dismiss the other three charges. Shaffer appeared in the District Court on that
same day and entered the nolo contendere plea, which the District Court accepted.
¶6 On March 6, 2013, the District Court sentenced Shaffer in both D.C. 12-01 and D.C.
12-26. Shaffer was committed to Montana State Prison for two consecutive ten-year
sentences. Shaffer appeals.
¶7 Shaffer argues that the judgments in both cases should be vacated. Arguing that his
right to a speedy trial was violated and that the charges against him would have been
dismissed on that ground but for his counsel’s failure to move for dismissal, he claims that
he received ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC).
¶8 Claims of IAC present mixed questions of law and fact that we review de novo.
State v. Brown, 2011 MT 94, ¶ 8, 360 Mont. 278, 253 P.3d 859. However, where an IAC
claim is brought, as here, on direct appeal, we must first consider whether the claim is more
appropriately addressed in a postconviction relief proceeding. Brown, ¶ 13. Generally, if the
record fails to indicate why counsel made the acts or omissions causing the alleged IAC, the
claims are better raised in a petition for postconviction relief. This is because the record can
be more fully developed in such a proceeding. Brown, ¶ 13. The exception to this general
rule is where there is no plausible justification for counsel’s acts or omissions. Brown, ¶ 13.
In such a case, a fully developed record is not necessary and we will review the claim on
direct appeal. See State v. Kougl, 2004 MT 243, ¶ 15, 323 Mont. 6, 97 P.3d 1095.
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¶9 Here, the record contains no indication of why counsel did not move to dismiss the
cases. As such, we will only review this claim now if there was no plausible justification for
Shaffer’s attorney to fail to so move.
¶10 Shaffer argues that our decision in Brown is directly analogous to the present case. In
Brown, as here, the defendant claimed that his right to a speedy trial was violated and that
counsel was ineffective for failing to move to dismiss the charges against him on that
ground. Brown, ¶ 3. The charges in that case were misdemeanors, and, as such, our speedy
trial analysis was controlled by statute. According to § 46-13-401(2), MCA, the charges
against the defendant had to be dismissed after six months if the State did not show cause for
the delay. Brown, ¶ 10. Since six months had passed and the State failed to show cause, we
recognized that the defendant in Brown was entitled pursuant to that statute to have the
charges against him dismissed. As such, we held that there was no plausible justification for
counsel’s failure to move for dismissal, and we reviewed and reversed the District Court’s
judgment on direct appeal. See Brown, ¶¶ 14-16.
¶11 Unlike in Brown, where dismissal of the charges would have been all but inevitable
upon counsel’s motion, it is not so clear whether dismissal would have resulted from a
similar motion in Shaffer’s case. Since Shaffer was charged with felonies, analysis of
Shaffer’s right to a speedy trial is controlled by our decision in State v. Ariegwe, 2007 MT
204, 338 Mont. 442, 167 P.3d 815, rather than § 46-13-401(2), MCA. According to our
opinion in that case, a four-factor balancing test is used to determine whether the right to a
speedy trial has been violated. This is a fact-intensive inquiry that requires a court to
“engage in a difficult and sensitive balancing process.” Ariegwe, ¶ 101 (quoting Barker v.
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Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 533, 92 S. Ct. 2182, 2193 (1972)). The court must consider whether
trial has been delayed past a 200-day trigger date; the extent to which the delay stretches
beyond the trigger date; the reasons for the delay and to which party these reasons can be
attributed; the accused’s response to the delay; and whether the accused has been prejudiced
by the delay. Ariegwe, ¶¶ 37-39, 63, 64, 67, 73, 86. Unlike the analysis applied in Brown,
no single factor or finding is decisive. Instead “the factors must be considered together with
such other circumstances as may be relevant.” Ariegwe, ¶ 102.
¶12 For this reason, our decision in Brown does not control the outcome here. Given a
relatively uncertain outcome from a motion to dismiss, we are unable to say that there was
no plausible justification for Shaffer’s counsel to decide not to move for dismissal. As such,
Shaffer’s IAC claim cannot be reviewed in this direct appeal. Brown, ¶ 13; Kougl, ¶ 15.
¶13 Shaffer makes the additional claim that the District Court erred by failing to consider
his pro se motion to dismiss. Yet this is not so. On November 20, 2012, the District Court
held a hearing on the motion. It is clear from the transcript of that hearing that the District
Court specifically addressed and denied Shaffer’s pro se motion. We will not disturb the
District Court’s judgment based on Shaffer’s contention otherwise.
¶14 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(d) of our
Internal Operating Rules, which provides for nonciteable memorandum opinions. The issues
in this case are controlled by the statutes and precedent.
¶15 Affirmed.
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/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT
We Concur:
/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ PATRICIA COTTER
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA
/S/ JIM RICE
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State v. Shaffer
Combined Opinion