State v. K.S. (072608)

SYLLABUS

(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the
convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the
interest of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized.)

State v. K.S. (A-36-13) (072608)

Argued September 24, 2014 -- Decided January 8, 2015

SOLOMON, J., writing for a unanimous Court.

In this appeal, the Court considers, principally, whether it was proper for the Somerset County Prosecutor
to rely upon adult criminal charges that had been dismissed and juvenile charges that had been diverted and
dismissed in rejecting defendant’s application for admission into the Pretrial Intervention Program (PTI).

Defendant K.S. was arrested and charged with driving while intoxicated and refusing to submit to a breath
test. As he was being transported to the Watchung Borough police station, defendant struck and attempted to spit
blood onto the arresting officer. In addition to the above offenses, defendant was charged and ultimately indicted
for third-degree aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer, fourth-degree throwing bodily fluids at a law
enforcement officer, third-degree resisting arrest, and fourth-degree criminal mischief.

Following his indictment, defendant sought admission into PTI. His application was reviewed by the PTI
program director, who was required to provide a written recommendation to the county prosecutor. The PTI director
recommended denial of defendant’s PTI application because of the assaultive nature of the offense and because of
defendant’s pattern of past anti-social behavior. After denial of his PTI application, defendant filed a motion to
compel admission claiming that the prosecutor failed to consider whether his bipolar disorder and mental illness
contributed to his conduct. The trial court remanded the matter to the prosecutor for consideration of the medical
report provided by defendant. The prosecutor responded by letter explaining that the report had been considered and
confirming the denial of defendant’s admission into PTI. The trial court subsequently denied defendant’s motion,
concluding that the denial of his PTI application was not a “patent and gross abuse of discretion.”

After his motion was denied, defendant entered into a negotiated plea agreement in which he agreed to
plead guilty to the charges in exchange for the State’s recommendation to dismiss the driving while intoxicated
charge. The State also agreed to recommend a non-custodial probationary sentence, community service, and
restitution. Defendant was sentenced in accordance with the plea agreement and later appealed, challenging the
denial of his PTI application. In an unpublished opinion, the Appellate Division affirmed the trial court, concluding
that “defendant failed to demonstrate that the prosecutor patently and grossly abused his discretion” by rejecting
defendant’s PTI application.

The Court granted defendant’s petition for certification. 216 N.J. 86 (2013).

HELD: Because the record includes no admissions of conduct to support the truth of the allegations in defendant’s
dismissed adult charges and diverted and dismissed juvenile charges, those charges were not appropriate factors to
be considered in deciding whether to admit defendant into PTI. Therefore, the judgment of the Appellate Division is
reversed and the matter is remanded to the prosecutor for reconsideration of defendant’s eligibility for PTI.

1. Rule 3:28 provides the administrative framework for the PTI Program, which is intended to offer an alternative to
prosecution and to promote deterrence through rehabilitation for qualified applicants. The Legislature also codified
the PTI Program by enacting N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12, which largely adopted the procedures and guidelines established by
Rule 3:28. Although the details of each county’s PTI Program vary, admission is uniformly reliant upon the
recommendation of the criminal division manager, the consent of the prosecutor, and the approval of the judge
designated to act on all matters pertaining to PTI Programs in the vicinage. R. 3:28(a), (b). N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)
lists seventeen non-exclusive factors to be considered by the criminal division manager and prosecutor in
determining admission into PTI. In addition to the factors listed in the statute, a defendant’s mental illness is
relevant to the prosecutor’s consideration of a defendant’s PTI application. (pp. 6-8).
2. Although all defendants may apply for admission into PTI, there is a presumption against acceptance into PTI for
defendants who have committed certain categories of offenses, including crimes deliberately committed with
violence or threat of violence. This presumption can be rebutted by a defendant’s showing of compelling reasons to
justify his or her admission into PTI. In determining whether reasons are “compelling,” the prosecutor and any
reviewing court are required to consider the criteria set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12. Also, the written
recommendations of the program director and prosecutor must be provided to the defendant before they are
submitted to the court. R. 3:28(c)(3). (pp. 8-9)

3. A written rejection of a given application must reflect only a proper consideration of the identified information,
and may include a defendant’s criminal record. In State v. Brooks, this Court stated that a prosecutor could consider
arrests that resulted in dismissed or diverted charges for the limited purpose of “whether the arrest or dismissed
charge[s] should have deterred the defendant from committing a subsequent offense.” 175 N.J. 215, 229 (2002)
(citing State v. Green, 62 N.J. 547, 571 (1973) (“[T]he sentencing judge might find it significant that a defendant
who experienced an unwarranted arrest was not deterred by that fact from committing a crime thereafter.”)). In the
instant opinion, filed today, the Court disapproves of those statements from Brooks and Green, reasoning that
deterrence is directed at persons who have committed wrongful acts. The Court, therefore, rejects the declaration in
Brooks that “[a]nalogiz[ed] a prosecutor’s function . . . to that of a sentencing court,” and allowed for consideration
of prior dismissed charges to infer the defendant was not deterred from his prior arrests. For prior dismissed charges
to be considered properly by a prosecutor in connection with a PTI application, the reason for consideration must be
supported by undisputed facts of record or facts found at a hearing. When no such undisputed facts exist or findings
are made, prior dismissed charges may not be considered for any purpose. (pp. 9-10)

4. To overturn a prosecutor’s decision to exclude a defendant from the PTI Program, the defendant must clearly and
convincingly show that the decision was a patent and gross abuse of discretion. When a reviewing court determines
that the prosecutor’s decision was arbitrary, irrational, or otherwise an abuse of discretion, but not a patent and gross
abuse of discretion, the reviewing court may remand to the prosecutor for further consideration. Remand is the
proper remedy where the prosecutor considers inappropriate factors, or fails to consider relevant factors. (pp. 10-11)

5. In this case, the prosecutor concluded from defendant’s juvenile arrest that defendant has a “propensity towards
violence” and a “history of aggression towards other people.” Considering defendant’s juvenile charges and other
dismissed criminal charges, the prosecutor and PTI director concluded that defendant had “a violent history” and
that the incident here was “part of a continuing pattern of anti-social behavior.” However, defendant had no record
of criminal or penal “violations” as all of his prior charges were dismissed. Use of prior dismissed charges alone as
evidence of a history of and propensity for violence or a pattern of anti-social behavior, where defendant’s
culpability or other facts germane to admission into PTI have not been established in some way, constitutes an
impermissible inference of guilt. (pp. 11-14)

6. With regard to defendant’s contention that the prosecutor failed to consider adequately his bipolar disorder, the
Court notes that the prosecutor did consider but was not swayed by defendant’s mental-health evidence. Having
concluded that the prosecutor’s decision to exclude defendant from PTI was based on “consideration of
inappropriate factors or not premised upon a consideration of all relevant factors,” the Court reverses the judgment
of the Appellate Division, and remands this matter to the Somerset County Prosecutor for further consideration of
the medical evidence provided by defendant, the victim’s objection to defendant’s admission into PTI, and the
assaultive and violent nature of the offense charged, to determine whether to admit defendant into the PTI program.
The Court directs that in exercising discretion, the prosecutor may not consider defendant’s prior dismissed offenses
unless there are admissions or fact-findings that are relevant to one or more of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A.
2C:43-12(e). (pp. 14-16)

The judgment of the Appellate Division is REVERSED, the matter is REMANDED to the Somerset
County Prosecutor for further consideration of defendant’s PTI application consistent with this opinion.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER; JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, PATTERSON, and FERNANDEZ-
VINA; and JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned) join in JUSTICE SOLOMON’s opinion.

2
 SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
A-36 September Term 2013
072608

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

K.S.,

Defendant-Appellant.

Argued September 24, 2014 – Decided January 8, 2015

On certification to the Superior Court,
Appellate Division.

Peter T. Blum, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, argued the cause for appellant
(Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender,
attorney).

Jane C. Schuster, Deputy Attorney General,
argued the cause for respondent (John J.
Hoffman, Acting Attorney General of New
Jersey, attorney).

JUSTICE SOLOMON delivered the opinion of the Court.

In this case, we consider whether it was proper for the

Somerset County Prosecutor to rely upon adult criminal charges

that had been dismissed and juvenile charges of possession of a

weapon, assault, fighting, and harassment that had been diverted

and dismissed in rejecting defendant’s application for admission

into the Somerset County Pretrial Intervention Program (PTI).

The trial court and the Appellate Division affirmed the

1
prosecutor’s decision. Because the record includes no

admissions of conduct to support the truth of the allegations in

defendant’s dismissed adult charges and diverted and dismissed

juvenile charges, those charges were not appropriate factors to

be considered in deciding whether to admit defendant into PTI.

We therefore reverse the judgment of the Appellate Division and

remand to the prosecutor for reconsideration of defendant’s

eligibility for PTI.

I.

The pertinent facts regarding defendant’s arrest, plea, and

consideration of his PTI application are as follows. Defendant

K.S. was arrested and charged with driving while intoxicated,

N.J.S.A. 39:4-50, and refusing to submit to a breath test,

N.J.S.A. 39:4-50.2. Following his arrest, defendant was

transported to the Watchung Borough police station. While being

transported, defendant became agitated. He struck and attempted

to spit blood from a cut lip onto the arresting officer,

Sergeant Gene McAllister. Defendant continued to struggle with

officers in the police station, but was finally subdued. In

addition to the above offenses, defendant was charged and

ultimately indicted for third-degree aggravated assault on a law

enforcement officer, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-1(b)(5)(a); fourth-degree

throwing bodily fluids at a law enforcement officer, N.J.S.A.

2
2C:12-13; third-degree resisting arrest, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-

2(a)(3)(a); and fourth-degree criminal mischief, N.J.S.A. 2C:17-

3(a)(1).

Following his indictment, defendant sought admission into

PTI. His application was reviewed initially by the criminal

division manager, who operated as the PTI program director and

was required to provide a written recommendation to the county

prosecutor. The PTI director recommended denial of defendant’s

PTI application because of the assaultive nature of the offense

and because of defendant’s pattern of past anti-social behavior.

After denial of his PTI application, defendant filed a

motion to compel admission with the trial court claiming that

the prosecutor failed to consider whether defendant’s bipolar

disorder and mental illness contributed to his conduct. The

trial court remanded the matter to the prosecutor for

consideration of the medical report provided by defendant in

support of his motion. The prosecutor responded by letter

explaining that the report had been considered and confirming

the denial of defendant’s admission into PTI. Following the

prosecutor’s response, the trial court denied defendant’s

motion, concluding that the denial of his PTI application was

not a “patent and gross abuse of discretion.”

Subsequently, defendant entered into a negotiated plea

agreement in which he agreed to plead guilty to the charges in

3
the indictment and to the charge of refusal to submit to a

breath test in exchange for the State’s recommendation to

dismiss the driving while intoxicated charge. The State also

agreed to recommend a non-custodial probationary sentence,

community service, and restitution. Defendant was sentenced in

accordance with the plea agreement.

Defendant appealed, asserting three reasons for challenging

the denial of his PTI application: first, defendant contends

that the PTI director and prosecutor improperly concluded that

his record reflected a history of violent and anti-social

behavior and therefore impermissibly inferred guilt from

defendant’s dismissed charges; second, defendant argued that

even assuming that he committed an assault while a juvenile in

2003, with the resulting charges being diverted and dismissed,

the six-year gap between that offense and the present charges

indicated no “continuing pattern” of anti-social behavior; and

third, defendant claimed that the prosecutor failed to consider

adequately defendant’s bipolar disorder as a factor supporting

his admission into PTI.

In an unpublished opinion, the Appellate Division affirmed

the trial court, concluding that “defendant failed to

demonstrate that the prosecutor patently and grossly abused his

discretion” by rejecting defendant’s PTI application. This

Court granted certification. 216 N.J. 86 (2013). Later, the

4
Attorney General elected to supersede the Somerset County

Prosecutor’s Office as counsel for the State.

II.

Defendant argues that the prosecutor abused his discretion

in denying defendant’s PTI application by failing to consider

all relevant criteria, namely the evidence of his mental

illness. Relying on this Court’s opinion in State v. Brooks,

175 N.J. 215 (2002), defendant also asserts the prosecutor

improperly inferred guilt from his arrest history, which

consisted only of dismissed charges, because he never admitted

guilt to any of the dismissed charges. Because of those legal

errors, defendant contends that this case must be remanded so

that the prosecutor can consider defendant’s application anew.

The State contends that the prosecutor merely considered

that defendant was not deterred by unwarranted arrests, and that

those arrests constituted part of a continuing pattern of anti-

social behavior. The State also argues that defendant admitted

his guilt to the 2003 diverted juvenile charges in a letter of

apology written as a condition of his diversion.

Finally, the State asserts that remand is not required

because the prosecutor provided other, appropriate reasons for

denying defendant admission into PTI -- including the assault of

Sergeant McAllister, which created a presumption against

admission into PTI that defendant failed to overcome.

5
 Therefore, there are two issues presented to this Court:

first, whether the Somerset County Prosecutor’s Office

inappropriately considered defendant’s prior record of dismissed

charges; and second, whether the prosecutor failed to consider

properly defendant’s bipolar disorder in rejecting defendant’s

admission into PTI.

III.

We begin our discussion with the history of Pretrial

Intervention and the prosecutor’s responsibilities in the

admission of a defendant into the program. The Pretrial

Intervention Program began in 1970 as a municipal work release

diversionary program for Newark defendants. State v. Leonardis,

71 N.J. 85, 103 (1976). In subsequent years, the program was

expanded and, as a result of this Court’s decision in Leonardis,

uniform statewide guidelines were promulgated. See id. at 121-

22.

Rule 3:28 provides the administrative framework for the

program, which is intended to offer an alternative to

prosecution and to promote deterrence through rehabilitation for

qualified applicants. See also N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(a)(stating the

purpose of Pretrial Intervention is to “[p]rovide an alternative

to prosecution” and “deterrence of future criminal or disorderly

behavior”). In 1979, the Legislature codified the Pretrial

Intervention Program by enacting N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12, which
6
largely adopted the procedures and guidelines established by

Rule 3:28. See State v. Watkins, 193 N.J. 507, 517 (2008);

State v. Nwobu, 139 N.J. 236, 245 (1995).

Although the details of each county’s Pretrial Intervention

Program vary, admission into a program is uniformly reliant upon

the recommendation of the criminal division manager, the consent

of the prosecutor, and the approval of the judge designated to

act on all matters pertaining to Pretrial Intervention Programs

in the vicinage. R. 3:28(a), (b). N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e) lists

seventeen non-exclusive factors to be considered by the criminal

division manager and prosecutor in determining admission into

Pretrial Intervention. Six of those factors are relevant to

this appeal: the “desire of the complainant or victim to forego

prosecution,” N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(4); “the needs and interests

of the victim and society,” N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(7); “the extent

to which the applicant’s crime constituted a continuing pattern

of anti-social behavior,” N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(8); “the

applicant’s record of criminal and penal violations,” N.J.S.A.

2C:43-12(e)(9); “whether or not the crime is of an assaultive or

violent nature,” N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(10); and “the history of

the use of physical violence toward others,” N.J.S.A. 2C:43-

12(e)(12). In addition to the factors listed in the statute, a

defendant’s mental illness is relevant to the prosecutor’s

consideration of a defendant’s Pretrial Intervention

7
application. State v. Hoffman, 399 N.J. Super. 207, 214-15

(App. Div. 2008). The factors that must be considered by the

prosecutor in determining an offender’s suitability for Pretrial

Intervention are not weighted. State v. Wallace, 146 N.J. 576,

585-86 (1996).

Notwithstanding the above eligibility factors, all

defendants may apply for admission. However, applicants “who

have committed serious and heinous crimes are generally

recognized as problematic from a rehabilitation standpoint.”

Watkins, supra, 193 N.J. at 513. There is a “‘presumption

against acceptance’” into Pretrial Intervention for defendants

who have committed certain categories of offenses. Id. at 520

(quoting State v. Baynes, 148 N.J. 434, 442 (1997)). Thus,

“[i]f the crime was . . . deliberately committed with violence

or threat of violence against another person . . . the

defendant’s application should generally be rejected.” Pressler

and Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, Guideline 3(i) on R.

3:28 at 1169 (2015).

This presumption can be rebutted by showing “compelling

reasons” to justify a defendant’s admission into Pretrial

Intervention. Ibid. The defendant “must bear the burden of

presenting compelling facts and materials justifying admission,”

Pressler and Verniero, supra, comment to Guideline 3(i) on R.

3:28 at 1171, and the program director and prosecutor “must

8
actually consider the merits of the defendant’s application,”

State v. Green, 413 N.J. Super. 556, 561 (App. Div. 2010). “In

determining whether the reasons defendant relied upon to justify

his admission into Pretrial Intervention are ‘compelling,’ the

prosecutor and any reviewing court are required to consider the

criteria set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12.” State v. Seyler, 323

N.J. Super. 360, 369 (App. Div. 1999), aff’d o.b., 163 N.J. 69

(2000). Also, the written recommendations of the program

director and prosecutor must be provided to the defendant before

they are submitted to the court. R. 3:28(c)(3).

“[A] prosecutor’s or program director’s written rejection

of a given application must reflect only a proper consideration”

of the identified information, Brooks, supra, 175 N.J. at 229,

and may include a defendant’s criminal record, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-

12(e)(9). That consideration includes “‘facts . . . not in

dispute.’” Brooks, supra, 175 N.J. at 230-31 (citation

omitted). In Brooks, relying on State v. Green, 62 N.J. 547,

571 (1973), we stated that a prosecutor could consider arrests

that resulted in dismissed or diverted charges for the limited

purpose of “whether the arrest or dismissed charge[s] should

have deterred the defendant from committing a subsequent

offense.” Id. at 229; Green, supra, 62 N.J. at 571 (“[T]he

sentencing judge might find it significant that a defendant who

experienced an unwarranted arrest was not deterred by that fact

9
from committing a crime thereafter.”). We disapprove of those

statements in Brooks and Green because deterrence is directed at

persons who have committed wrongful acts.

Proper consideration requires more than a prior arrest when

the identified information is reviewed in connection with the

rejection of a Pretrial Intervention application. The

prosecutor and program director may not infer guilt from the

sole fact that a defendant was charged, where the charges were

dismissed. Ibid. For the prior dismissed charges to be

considered properly by a prosecutor in connection with an

application, the reason for consideration must be supported by

undisputed facts of record or facts found at a hearing. Neither

are present here.

Accordingly, we hold that when no such undisputed facts

exist or findings are made, prior dismissed charges may not be

considered for any purpose. Thus, we reject the declaration in

Brooks that “[a]nalogiz[ed] a prosecutor’s function . . . to

that of a sentencing court,” and allowed for consideration of a

defendant’s prior dismissed charges to infer the defendant was

not deterred from his prior arrests. Ibid.

In considering and evaluating information bearing upon a

defendant’s admission into Pretrial Intervention, prosecutors

are granted broad discretion to determine if a defendant should

be diverted. Wallace, supra, 146 N.J. at 582; State v.

10
Dalglish, 86 N.J. 503, 509 (1981). This discretion arises out

of “the fundamental responsibility of prosecutors for deciding

whom to prosecute.” Dalglish, supra, 86 N.J. at 509.

Accordingly, to overturn a prosecutor’s decision to exclude a

defendant from the program, the defendant must “clearly and

convincingly” show that the decision was a “patent and gross

abuse of . . . discretion.” Wallace, supra, 146 N.J. at 582

(citing State v. Leonardis, 73 N.J. 360, 382 (1977)).

When a reviewing court determines that the “prosecutor’s

decision was arbitrary, irrational, or otherwise an abuse of

discretion, but not a patent and gross abuse of discretion,” the

reviewing court may remand to the prosecutor for further

consideration. Dalglish, supra, 86 N.J. at 509. Remand is the

proper remedy when, for example, the prosecutor considers

inappropriate factors, or fails to consider relevant factors.

Id. at 510. A remand to the prosecutor affords an opportunity

to apply the standards set forth by the court “without

supplanting the prosecutor’s primacy in determining whether

[Pretrial Intervention] is appropriate in individual cases.”

Id. at 514.

IV.

With these principles in mind, we now turn to the denial of

defendant’s PTI application in this case. In her recommendation

to the prosecutor, the PTI director concluded that a pattern of
11
anti-social behavior was evidenced by defendant’s “history of

arrests dating back [to] 2003 including a prior [a]ggravated

[a]ssault as a juvenile for which he was granted a diversion.”

The prosecutor then stated that defendant’s criminal history

suggested the incident with Sergeant McAllister was “not

[defendant’s] first arrest for an aggressive or assaultive

offense,” and this offense was “part of a continuing pattern of

anti-social behavior.”

The prosecutor provided the following reasons for rejecting

defendant’s PTI application: the victim, Sergeant McAllister,

objected to defendant’s admission into the program, N.J.S.A.

2C:43-12(e)(4); the needs and interests of the victim and

society, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(7); defendant’s continuing pattern

of anti-social behavior, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(8); defendant’s

criminal record, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(9); the assaultive and

violent nature of the offense charged, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(10);

and defendant’s propensity towards violence, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-

12(e)(12). The prosecutor’s conclusions regarding defendant’s

continuing pattern of anti-social behavior, propensity towards

violence, and criminal record are germane to this appeal.

There is no question that “[t]he extent to which the

applicant’s crime constitutes part of a continuing pattern of

anti-social behavior” is relevant to a prosecutor’s

consideration of a Pretrial Intervention application. N.J.S.A.

12
2C:43-12(e)(8). Anti-social behavior includes “not only serious

criminal acts, but less serious conduct.” Brooks, supra, 175

N.J. at 227.

In State v. Negran, 178 N.J. 73 (2003), we considered a

prosecutor’s reliance on a twelve-year-old driving-while-

intoxicated charge and other motor vehicle offenses that were

more than ten years old. Although we concluded that the

offenses were too “temporally distant” to support a finding by

the prosecutor of a “‘pattern of anti-social behavior,’” we held

that a broad category of offenses could be considered in

determining an applicant’s suitability for Pretrial

Intervention. Id. at 84-85 (quoting Brooks, supra, 175 N.J. at

227). Such offenses “‘includ[e] disorderly person offenses,

offenses found under the juvenile code, and acts that

technically do not rise to the level of adult criminal

conduct.’” Ibid.

In his denial of defendant’s admission into PTI, the

prosecutor here concluded from defendant’s juvenile arrest for

possession of a weapon, assault, fighting, and harassment that

defendant has a “propensity towards violence” and a “history of

aggression towards other people.” In light of those juvenile

charges and considering defendant’s other dismissed criminal

charges, the prosecutor and PTI director concluded that

defendant had “a violent history” and that the incident with

13
Sergeant McAllister was “part of a continuing pattern of anti-

social behavior.” To support its conclusions, the State claims

that defendant admitted to the underlying conduct supporting the

dismissed juvenile charges in an apology letter to the teacher

whom he allegedly assaulted. If the apology letter associated

with defendant’s dismissed juvenile charges had been part of the

record before the trial court or this Court and contained

admissions made by defendant, it would have been relevant.

However, the letter is not part of the record, and the PTI

director and prosecutor referenced only the underlying charge,

not the contents of or admissions in the letter of apology.

Because all of defendant’s prior charges were dismissed, he

had no record of criminal or penal “violations.” We have not

been provided with any writings, transcripts, or other evidence

considered by the PTI director and the prosecutor containing

admissions made by defendant in any of the matters, adult or

juvenile, for which the charges were dismissed. Unless an

inference of guilt or other conclusions could be drawn from at

least one dismissed charge, based on facts, defendant’s criminal

record includes no indication that he had a history of violence

or presented a danger toward others. Use of prior dismissed

charges alone as evidence of a history of and propensity for

violence or a pattern of anti-social behavior, where defendant’s

culpability or other facts germane to admission into Pretrial

14
Intervention have not been established in some way, constitutes

an impermissible inference of guilt. See Brooks, supra, 175

N.J. at 229.

In turning to defendant’s final contention, that the

prosecutor failed to consider adequately his bipolar disorder,

we note that prosecutors in making a Pretrial Intervention

determination must make an individualized assessment of the

defendant, taking into account all relevant factors. Watkins,

supra, 193 N.J. at 520. Because mental health issues impact

that assessment, the prosecutor is required to consider a

defendant’s mental illness. Hoffman, supra, 399 N.J. Super. at

214-15.

Here, the prosecutor did consider but was not swayed by

defendant’s mental-health evidence. The prosecutor stated in

his letter to the trial court, “[r]egardless of defendant’s

[bipolar] condition . . . defendant does [indeed] have a history

and propensity to act out in a violent manner towards others.”

It appears that the only evidence of defendant’s “history and

propensity to act out in a violent manner towards others” was

his offense history. Because we find that defendant has no

prior offenses that could be considered in evaluating his PTI

application, we find that remand is warranted to consider de

novo whether the medical evidence of defendant’s bipolar

15
disorder applies to the factors relating to his admission into,

or presumptive exclusion from PTI.

Having concluded that the prosecutor’s decision was based

on “consideration of inappropriate factors or not premised upon

a consideration of all relevant factors,” we reverse the

judgment of the Appellate Division, and remand this matter to

the Somerset County Prosecutor for further consideration of the

medical evidence provided by defendant, the victim’s objection

to defendant’s admission into PTI, and the assaultive and

violent nature of the offense charged, to determine whether to

admit defendant into the PTI program. In exercising discretion,

the prosecutor may not consider defendant’s prior dismissed

offenses unless there are admissions or fact-findings that are

relevant to one or more of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A.

2C:43-12(e).

V.

For the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the

Appellate Division is reversed and this matter is remanded to

the Somerset County Prosecutor for further consideration of

defendant’s PTI application consistent with this opinion.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER; JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, PATTERSON,
and FERNANDEZ-VINA; and JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned) join
in JUSTICE SOLOMON’s opinion.

16
 SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY

NO. A-36 SEPTEMBER TERM 2013

ON CERTIFICATION TO Appellate Division, Superior Court

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

v.

K.S.,

Defendant-Appellant.

DECIDED January 8, 2015
Chief Justice Rabner PRESIDING
OPINION BY Justice Solomon
CONCURRING/DISSENTING OPINIONS BY
DISSENTING OPINION BY

REVERSE AND
CHECKLIST
REMAND
CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER X
JUSTICE LaVECCHIA X
JUSTICE ALBIN X
JUSTICE PATTERSON X
JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA X
JUSTICE SOLOMON X
JUDGE CUFF (t/a) X
TOTALS 7