Ben Villarreal Jr., Cleo Martinez, and Lacasa Martinez Tex Mex, Inc. v. United Fire & Casualty Company D/B/A United Fire Group

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-0298
Filed January 14, 2015

BEN VILLARREAL JR., CLEO MARTINEZ,
and LACASA MARTINEZ TEX MEX, INC.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,

vs.

UNITED FIRE & CASUALTY COMPANY
d/b/a UNITED FIRE GROUP,
Defendant-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Cerro Gordo County, Rustin T.

Davenport, Judge.

The plaintiffs appeal the district court order granting summary judgment to

the insurance company on their bad faith claim. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Bruce H. Stoltze and Eric Updegraff of Stoltz & Updegraff, P.C., Des

Moines, for appellants.

Davis L. Phipps, S. Luke Craven, and Stephen Doohen of Whitfield &

Eddy, P.L.C., Des Moines, for appellee.

Heard by Mullins, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
 2

BOWER, J.

The plaintiffs, Cleo Martinez, her husband Ben Villarreal Jr., and La Casa

Martinez Tex Mex, Inc., appeal the district court order granting summary

judgment to defendant United Fire & Casualty Company on their claim alleging

the intentional tort of bad faith.1 We reverse and remand for further proceedings.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

In October 2006 the plaintiffs purchased commercial property insurance

from United Fire for their restaurant, La Casa, with coverage limits of $386,400

(building replacement) and $374,400 (personal property replacement). The

named insured on the policy was La Casa Martinez Tex Mex, Inc. On March 8,

2007, the plaintiffs’ restaurant was destroyed in a fire. In November 2007 United

Fire paid $108,310 under the policy to mortgagor Community National Bank for

the next payment on the destroyed building.

On March 7, 2008, the plaintiffs filed a petition alleging United Fire

breached the insurance contract by refusing to pay the amounts due. United Fire

answered, alleging the “plaintiffs have been fully compensated for all covered

damages.” Immediately prior to the March 2011 trial, the parties stipulated the

jury did not need to resolve the facts that (1) the three plaintiffs “were insured for

the value of the building and the personal property” with United Fire, and (2) an

1
In its appellee’s brief, United Fire challenges a separate court order reinstating the
case under Iowa Rule of Civil Procedure 1.944 and raises a separate issue—whether
the court abused its discretion in reinstating the case. The plaintiffs respond that United
Fire’s failure to file a notice of appeal or a cross-appeal shows error has not been
preserved. Assuming, without deciding, error has been preserved, we find no abuse of
discretion by the trial court. See Sladek v. G & M Midwest Floor Cleaning, Inc., 403
N.W.2d 774, 778 (Iowa 1987) (“The district court has a duty to exercise discretion in
considering any application to reinstate.”).
 3

“accidental” fire “destroyed the property.” The jury awarded the plaintiffs

$236,901.52 in compensatory damages, and the court entered judgment on the

verdict. Four years after the fire, in April 2011, the plaintiffs filed a satisfaction of

judgment.

In June 2011 the plaintiffs filed a petition against United Fire, alleging the

intentional tort of bad faith. They claimed (1) United Fire “knew it had no

objective reasonable basis for the denial or failure to make payment” on their

insurance claim, and (2) United Fire’s “bad faith was the proximate cause of

damage,” including “lost profits, lost wages, [and] emotional distress.” Plaintiffs

also sought punitive damages for United Fire’s “willful and intentional disregard”

of the plaintiffs’ rights.

A. Motion to Dismiss. United Fire filed a pre-answer motion to dismiss,

alleging it had paid all sums due “with respect to the fire loss” and the bad faith

claim is barred by the doctrines of “res judicata” and “claim preclusion.” United

Fire claimed because the plaintiffs did not assert their bad faith claim during the

prior contract action, it is barred. In support, United Fire cited Arnevik v.

University of Minnesota Board of Regents, 642 N.W.2d 315, 319 (Iowa 2002) (“A

second claim is likely to be barred by claim preclusion where the ‘acts

complained of, and the recovery demanded are the same or when the same

evidence will support both actions.’”) (quoting Whalen v. Connelly, 621 N.W.2d

681, 685 (Iowa 2000)). United Fire also claimed neither Villarreal nor Martinez is

an insured under the policy and the policy’s named insured is La Casa Martinez

Tex Mex, Inc.
 4

The plaintiffs resisted, contending the bad faith claim is not the “same

claim” as the previously adjudicated breach of contract claim. They stated the

tort claim is based on “facts that came into existence after March 7, 2007 (the

date of loss) including the state of mind of the insurance adjustor,” the quality of

United Fire’s investigation of their claim, and “whether there exists a reasonable

basis” for United Fire to deny payment. Those “facts are substantially different

than the set of facts giving rise to the breach of contract claim,” which focused on

the value of the insured property and whether the plaintiffs had a policy on March

7 and met the conditions of the policy. The plaintiffs also claimed the tort

remedies were not the same because noneconomic damages such as emotional

distress could be recovered only in their bad faith claim. In support, the plaintiffs

cited Westway Trading Corp. v. River Terminal Corp., 314 N.W.2d 398, 401

(Iowa 1982) (“The right to join related causes of action does not bar subsequent

litigation of a distinct cause of action that was not joined. The situation is the

same as with a permissive counterclaim.”).

The district court framed the issue as “whether the doctrine of claim

preclusion bars a bad faith claim against an insurance company when there has

already been a prior law suit on the underlying policy.” Relying on an Iowa case

resolving the same issue, the court denied United Fire’s motion to dismiss. See

Leuchtenmacher v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 460 N.W.2d 858, 859 (Iowa

1990) (“The issue here is whether an insured estate which has recovered in a

suit against its own insurance company for uninsured motorist benefits is

thereafter precluded from suing the company for its alleged bad-faith failure to
 5

settle the claim.”). The Leuchtenmacher defendant sought dismissal, claiming

“an action for bad-faith failure to settle must be brought simultaneously with the

claim to recover the policy proceeds, and a bad-faith claim not so joined is barred

by claim preclusion.” Id. The district court agreed and ordered the case

dismissed. Id. On appeal, our supreme court reversed and remanded, ruling:

Whether the cases arise out of a single transaction or a
series of transactions turns on whether there is “a natural grouping
or common nucleus of operative facts” and involves “a
determination whether the facts are so woven together as to
constitute a single claim.”
The question of whether the estate’s “bad-faith” case was
precluded by the prior suit depends on whether the cases arose out
of the same facts. We cannot conclude as a matter of law that they
did. In fact, a bad-faith claim might well be based on events
subsequent to the filing of the suit on a policy and therefore could
not be based on the “same” facts.

Id. at 861 (emphasis added and citations omitted). Based on Leuchtenmacher,

the district court denied United Fire’s motion to dismiss, recognizing events

“during the course of the prior litigation could be evidence of bad faith” and “the

elements to establish breach of an insurance contract are different than the

elements to establish bad faith.”

B. Motion for Summary Judgment. Eighteen months later, United Fire

filed a motion for summary judgment, contending (1) the plaintiffs’ bad faith claim

is barred by the doctrine of claim preclusion, and (2) neither Villarreal nor

Martinez is an “insured” under the policy. The plaintiffs resisted. The district

court first discussed the relationship between the breach of contract case and the

tort case:

The breach of contract case arises out of the fire and the
value of the business. The bad faith case relies upon facts
 6

occurring after the fire involving the company’s handling of the
case. While the two matters are related, the claims are different.
The recovery demanded is also different. The first action involves
damages based upon the value of the business. The bad faith
action seeks damages outside of the terms of the contract. The
evidence that would be presented in the breach of contract case
depends largely upon evidence as to the value of the business.
The bad faith case goes substantially beyond those facts and
involves proof as to whether or not the insurance company’s
conduct was reasonable, and whether the insurance company
knew or had reason to know its denial was without reasonable
basis.

(Emphasis added.) The district court recognized the likelihood “the bad faith

action would have been bifurcated from the breach of contract case” and the

likelihood the “plaintiffs would have been denied access to the adjuster’s file until

the breach of contract case had been fully tried. Even if the cases were brought

together, a second trial might ultimately be necessary.” Further:

[W]hile the plaintiffs largely rely upon decisions made by [United
Fire] prior to filing suit, there were some facts that occurred
following the filing of the breach of contract lawsuit. Although
[United Fire] could have retained an expert witness to verify [its] in-
house estimate of the value of La Casa, it did not do so. Not all the
facts that might be necessary to pursue the bad faith case would
have been available if both cases had been tried at the same time.

Recognizing “there is not any Iowa case on point,” the district court found

persuasive a First Circuit decision—Porn v. National Grange Mutual Insurance

Co.—and granted summary judgment to United Fire. 93 F.3d 31, 33-38 (1st Cir.

1996) (stating federal res judicata principles precluded a second suit against the

defendant insurance company raising bad faith claims that could have been

resolved in the initial breach of contract suit.). The district court ruled:

[In Porn,] [t]he attempt to characterize the breach of contract
and bad faith claims as arising out of two transactions was
described as “artificially narrow.” Id. at 35. Both actions arise from
 7

the insurance company’s refusal to pay the claim. Just because
the “two claims depend on different shadings of the facts or
emphasize different elements of the facts,” there are still facts
which support both claims. Id. The facts underlying the two claims
are closely related in time, space, origin, and motivation." Id.
Porn recognized that even if the two claims did not form a
convenient trial unit, that any potential prejudice could be resolved
by bifurcating the trial. Id. at 36. While this court questions
whether both claims could be tried to the same jury, bringing both
claims at once would allow a quicker resolution of both cases.
Finally, Porn recognized that some facts supporting the bad
faith claim may be unknown to the plaintiffs until the first litigation
has been completed. As in this case, the plaintiff in Porn relied
upon litigation conduct in the first case. However, most of the
factual allegations were made aware to Porn prior to the first
lawsuit. Similarly, United Fire’s refusal to pay plaintiffs’ claim and
lack of any real estate appraisal were known to plaintiffs prior to the
first lawsuit. Indeed the plaintiffs repeatedly informed United Fire
that [it] was acting in bad faith.[2]

2
The Porn court stated the First Circuit pragmatically determines what factual grouping
constitutes a “transaction” by analyzing the factors: (1) “whether the facts are related in
time, space, origin, or motivation”; (2) “whether they form a convenient trial unit”; and (3)
“whether their treatment as a unit conforms to the parties’ expectations.” 93 F.3d at 35
n.3. The Porn court first cited to cases ruling the facts are sufficiently related. See id.
(citing McCarty v. First of Ga. Ins. Co., 713 F.2d 609, 612-13 (10th Cir. 1983) (ruling
Oklahoma law requires that no matter how many “rights” of a “plaintiff are violated in the
course of a single wrong or occurrence, damages flowing therefrom must be sought in
one suit,” and the contract claim and tort claim “arose out of the same transaction,” but
also finding the “rule against splitting causes of action serves no purpose if a plaintiff
cannot reasonably be expected to include all claims in the first action,” i.e., where the
plaintiff’s omission “was brought about by defendant’s fraud, deception, or wrongful
conduct, the former judgment has been held not to be a bar to suit,” and the company’s
wrongful concealment prevented the plaintiff from asserting their tort claim in the first
action); Chandler v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 467 So. 2d 244, 250-51 (Ala. 1985)
(distinguishing a prior Alabama case “where it was not clear when the plaintiff learned of
the insurance company’s alleged bad faith” and recognizing “a counterclaim seeking
damages for the bad faith refusal to pay an insurance claim is a compulsory
counterclaim” under the Alabama rules of civil procedure); Duhaime v. Am. Reserve Life
Ins. Co., 511 A.2d 333, 335 (Conn. 1986) (ruling plaintiff’s second, lack-of-good-faith
claim is barred by res judicata when both claims turn “on only one event: the defendant’s
refusal to pay in accordance with the terms of the disability insurance policy”); Hubbell v.
Trans World Life Ins. Co., 408 N.E.2d 918, 919 (N.Y. 1980) (ruling bad faith claim is
barred by res judicata when “[t]here is nothing to indicate the present action grows out of
any facts not known when the prior action was brought to recover on the policy but which
subsequently came to light either in the course of the insurer’s defense of the first action
or thereafter”); Stone v. Beneficial Standard Life Ins. Co., 542 P.2d 892, 894 (Or. 1975)
(stating the court need not decide whether it would recognize an action for tortious
 8

Although not required to do so, the district court also ruled the plaintiffs

cannot rely upon judicial estoppel to allow the individual plaintiffs to pursue a bad

faith claim against United Fire because the individual plaintiffs are not the named

insureds in the insurance policy. This appeal followed.

II. Scope and Standards of Review

We review appeals from orders granting summary judgment for the

correction of legal error. Freedom Fin. Bank v. Estate of Boesen, 805 N.W.2d

802, 806 (Iowa 2011). Summary judgment is appropriate only when the entire

record demonstrates that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving

party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.981(3); see

Stevens v. Iowa Newspapers, Inc., 728 N.W.2d 823, 827 (Iowa 2007).

We review the record before the district court to determine whether a

genuine issue of material fact existed and whether the district court correctly

breach of contract because the rule in Oregon is “that because part of the [bad faith]
claim could have been brought under a separate cause of action, it is no excuse for not
applying res judicata when that portion of the claim could have readily been disposed of
in the original proceeding”)).
The Porn court then listed “the courts holding otherwise, i.e., that the facts
underlying the contract and bad faith claims are unrelated.” 93 F.3d at 35 n.3 (citing
Schmueser v. Burkburnett Bank, 937 F.2d 1025, 1031 (5th Cir. 1991) (applying Texas
res judicata law); Robinson v. MFA Mut. Ins. Co., 629 F.2d 497, 501–02 (8th Cir.1980)
(applying Arkansas law and stating the tort claim for deceit is an independent cause of
action because in the first suit, the plaintiff “had no reason to believe, at least until trial,”
the insurance company was advancing anything other than bona fide defenses and also
because the tort action “will require proof substantively different from that presented in
[the plaintiff’s] suit for policy proceeds”); Corral v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 155
Cal. Rptr. 342, 345 (Cal. Ct. App. 1979) (ruling arbitration proceeding to recover benefits
under insurance contract was not res judicata to bad faith cause of action that was not
based on facts surrounding the crash or the terms of the policy but on insurance
company’s actions thereafter); but see Rios v. Allstate Ins. Co., 137 Cal. Rptr. 441, 445-
46 (Cal. Ct. App. 1977) (dismissing the plaintiff’s independent bad faith cause of action
because the plaintiff failed to first use “the statutory procedure for setting aside an
arbitration award for ‘corruption, fraud or other undue means’”)).
 9

applied the law. Sain v. Ceder Rapids Cmty. Sch. Dist., 626 N.W.2d 115, 121

(Iowa 2001). The record on summary judgment includes the pleadings,

depositions, affidavits, and exhibits presented. Stevens, 728 N.W.2d at 827. We

review the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, here the

plaintiffs. See Merriam v. Farm Bureau Ins., 793 N.W.2d 520, 522 (Iowa 2011).

III. United Fire’s Defense of Claim Preclusion

A. General Principles. Claim preclusion is a part of the doctrine of res

judicata and bars further litigation on the same claim or cause of action.

Leuchtenmacher, 460 N.W.2d at 859-60. “Res Judicata as claim preclusion

applies when a litigant has brought an action, an adjudication has occurred, and

the litigant is thereafter foreclosed from further litigation on the claim.” Israel v.

Farmers Mut. Ins. Ass’n, 339 N.W.2d 143, 146 (Iowa 1983); see Geneva Corp.

Fin. v. G.B.E. Liquidation Corp., 598 N.W.2d 331, 332 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999)

(“Claim preclusion . . . is based on the principle a party may not split or try his

claim piecemeal, but must put in issue and try his entire claim or put forth his

entire defense in the case on trial.”).

Thus, an “adjudication in a former suit between the same parties on the

same claim is final as to all matters which could have been presented to the court

for determination.” Israel, 339 N.W.2d at 146 (emphasis added); see Westway,

314 N.W.2d at 401 (“A cause of action is the same when the asserted invasion of

rights is the same. A plaintiff is not entitled to a second day in court simply by

alleging a new ground of recovery for the same wrong.”). When the second

claim is the same as the first claim, the valid and final judgment on the first claim
 10

“precludes a second action on that claim or any part of it.” Arnevik, 642 N.W.2d

at 319; see Whalen, 621 N.W.2d at 685 (“Claim preclusion is generally implicated

where there has been a full and fair opportunity to litigate the claim—the claim

was litigated, or it could have been, but was not.”).

Therefore, a party must litigate all matters growing out of the same claim

at one time rather than in separate actions. B & B Asphalt Co. v. T.S. McShane

Co., 242 N.W.2d 279, 286 (Iowa 1976); see Bennett v. MC No. 619, Inc., 586

N.W.2d 512, 517 (Iowa 1998) (“[A] party is not entitled to a ‘second bite’ simply

by alleging a new theory of recovery for the same wrong.”). In fact, claim

preclusion “may preclude litigation on matters the parties never litigated in the

first claim.” Pavone v. Kirke, 807 N.W.2d 828, 835 (Iowa 2011) (stating courts

analyze whether the “acts complained of and the recovery demanded are the

same” and whether “the same evidence will support both actions”).

Under these general principles, to successfully establish claim preclusion

a defendant must show: (1) the parties in the first action and in the second action

are the same parties; (2) in the first action there was a final judgment on the

merits; and (3) the claim in the second action “could have been fully and fairly

adjudicated in the prior case (i.e., both suits involve the same cause of action).”

Id. at 836 (noting the failure to prove any one of these elements is fatal).

Here, the parties do not dispute the first two elements. Therefore, the

essential questions before us are whether the subject matter and claims for relief

in the earlier contract action and this bad faith tort action are the “same claim.”

We turn to cases discussing the general principles used to analyze whether two
 11

separate lawsuits involve the “same cause of action” or “same claim.” Our courts

examine “‘(1) the protected right, (2) the alleged wrong, and (3) the relevant

evidence.’” See id. at 837 (quoting Iowa Coal Min. Co. v. Monroe Cnty., 555

N.W.2d 418, 441 (Iowa 1996)).

In examining these elements, Iowa courts must “carefully distinguish

between two cases involving the same cause of action—where claim preclusion

bars initiation of the second suit—and two cases involving related causes of

action—where claim preclusion does not bar initiation of the second suit.” Id.

This distinction is important because a plaintiff’s “right to join related claims does

not bar subsequent litigation of a distinct claim that was not joined.”

Leuchtenmacher, 460 N.W.2d at 860. Thus, “we must be careful to distinguish

between the concept of the ‘same’ cause of action and the concept of a ‘related’

cause of action.” Iowa Coal, 555 N.W.2d at 442. We recognize that “[w]hether

or not the claims could have been joined is not controlling.” Geneva, 598 N.W.2d

at 334 (emphasis added). Accordingly, the fact that, at the plaintiff’s option, the

second claim could have been litigated in the first case “is of no consequence. If

a second suit is brought upon a different claim or cause of action, the judgment in

the first action operates as a bar only to questions actually litigated and

determined in the original action, not what might have been litigated and

determined.” Iowa Coal, 555 N.W.2d at 444 (“What we have here is a situation in

which the demand for recovery, the rights alleged to be infringed, and the

applicable principles of law are different.”).
 12

In both Leuchtenmacher and the more recent 2011 Pavone case, our

supreme court quoted approvingly to the Restatement (Second) explanation of a

single cause of action:

[A single cause of action] connotes a natural grouping or
common nucleus of operative facts. Among the factors relevant to
a determination whether the facts are so woven together as to
constitute a single claim are their relatedness in time, space, origin,
or motivation, and whether, taken together, they form a convenient
unit for trial purposes. Though no single factor is determinative, the
relevance of trial convenience makes it appropriate to ask how far
the witnesses or proofs in the second action would tend to overlap
the witnesses or proofs relevant to the first. If there is a substantial
overlap, the second action should ordinarily be held to be
precluded. But the opposite does not hold true; even when there is
not a substantial overlap, the second action may be precluded if it
stems from the same transaction or series.

Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24 cmt. b, at 199 (1982); see Pavone,

807 N.W.2d at 837 (upholding claim preclusion bar where the plaintiff’s second

suit was based on an alleged second breach of the same paragraph of the same

contract because both cases involved the “same protected right”—the plaintiff’s

right to enter into negotiations with the defendant for the management of “any

other casino in Iowa”—and also “the same alleged wrong—[the defendant’s]

failure to negotiate such an agreement in good faith pursuant to paragraph 5A” of

the contract); Leuchtenmacher, 460 N.W.2d at 860.

We next set out four cases applying these principles. In B & B Asphalt,

the court noted the challenged conduct by the defendant was the same in both

actions and upheld the res judicata defense, stating:

Here the same evidence would be probative in both actions.
They arise from the same transaction and depend on evidence of
the same events. The parties are agreed plaintiff’s first action was
based on a theory of fraud. Plaintiff’s petition in the second action
 13

is in three divisions. In the first division, the conduct alleged in
plaintiff’s first action to be fraud is alleged instead to constitute
express warranties. In the second division, the same conduct is
alleged to give rise to implied warranties. In the third division, the
same conduct is alleged to be negligent.
Claim preclusion is plainly applicable. In his second action
plaintiff sought a second day in court on the same claim he made in
the first action. Only the theories of recovery are different. Plaintiff
could have advanced all these theories in the first action. It is
barred by the defense of res judicata from seeking to do so in the
second action.

242 N.W.2d at 287 (emphasis added).

In Westway, the court ruled the plaintiff “is free to bring separate actions

on different provisions of a single lease”3 and explained the plaintiff’s “right to join

related causes of action does not bar subsequent litigation of a distinct cause of

action that was not joined. The situation is the same as with a permissive

counterclaim.” 314 N.W.2d at 401 (“A cause of action is the same when the

asserted invasion of rights is the same.”).

3
The plaintiff in Westway first brought a declaratory judgment action seeking to uphold
its lease, define the leasehold boundaries, and determine the plaintiff’s right to use the
truck scales. 314 N.W.2d at 401. The plaintiff sought damages for being denied the use
of the truck scales, interference with moving a storage tank, and efforts to evict the
plaintiff. Id. The plaintiff sought injunctive relief against interference with the occupancy
of its leasehold. Id. A consent judgment confirmed the lease’s validity, reformed the
lease by describing the leasehold, and enjoined the defendants from interfering with the
plaintiff’s occupancy. Id.
In the second action, the plaintiff alleged the defendants interfered with the
plaintiff’s rights under the same lease to use a steam line that crossed the defendants’
property. Id. at 400. The district court awarded damages to the plaintiff. Id. The
defendants appealed, asserting the second action was barred by res judicata because
the lease was “completely examined and reformed” in the first action, and the plaintiff
was obligated to litigate the steam line issue in the first action. Id. at 401. The Westway
court rejected this defense, ruling the “protected right” in the second action was the
alleged right to use the steam line; the alleged wrong was the defendants’ denial of this
use; the relevant evidence concerned whether the right was granted in the lease and if it
was, whether the defendants wrongfully denied the right. Id.
 14

The Westway court “illustrated” a permissive-counterclaim case by citing

approvingly to Forrest Village, where the plaintiff’s first action challenged a

government regulation as invalid and sought recovery of the entire prepayment

charge, which regulation the court upheld. See id. (citing Forrest Village Apts.

Inc. v. United States, 371 F.2d 500, 503-04 (Ct. Cl. 1967)). The Forrest Village

plaintiff’s second cause of action sought recovery of a percentage of the charges

imposed based on the valid regulation. 371 F.2d at 503. While acknowledging

the second action could have been joined with the first, the Forrest Village court

nevertheless rejected the claim preclusion defense, stating:

We have here, in short, a situation in which (i) the demand for
recovery, the rights alleged to be infringed, and the applicable
principles of law are different; and (ii) judgment in the present suit
would not infringe rights established in the original action. In such
circumstances, res judicata does not preclude the present litigation
. . . . The fact that (at plaintiff’s option) the question might have
been litigated in that action is of no consequence.

Id.

Finally, in the Iowa Coal case cited by Pavone, the court explained “the

principles of res judicata are applied much more narrowly where the second

action is predicated upon a different cause or demand from the first action.” 555

N.W.2d at 443. Plaintiff Iowa Coal’s first action sought damages based on two

theories, the ordinance (1) was invalid and (2) resulted in an unconstitutional

taking of the plaintiff’s property. Both theories sought the same recovery—the

value of the plaintiff’s business and the loss of royalties. Id. Iowa Coal was not

successful in the first action. Id. Iowa Coal then sued for tortious interference—

the protected right was its right to contract with Metro Waste without interference
 15

from the defendant. Id. The alleged wrong was the defendant’s interference with

the protected right. The relevant evidence in the second suit concerned “whether

there was a prospective contractual relationship with Metro Waste, and, if so,

whether [the defendant] tortuously interfered with that relationship.” Id.

The Iowa Coal court recognized “there was evidence before the district

court in the first action from which the court could find [the defendant] interfered

with this prospective contractual relationship.” Id. The court concluded,

however, the tortious interference claim was separate and distinct from the first

claim:

The two theories in Iowa Coal I and the tortious interference
theory in the second action require different proof. To sustain the
two theories in Iowa Coal I, Iowa Coal had to prove that ordinance
6 was invalid or that the passage of the ordinance constituted an
unconstitutional taking of its property. To substantiate its takings
claim, Iowa Coal had to prove that passage of ordinance 6 deprived
Iowa Coal of all economically beneficial or productive use of its
property.
To substantiate its tortious interference claim . . . , Iowa Coal
had to prove that [the defendant] improperly interfered with Iowa
Coal’s prospective contractual relationship with Metro Waste. As
part of that proof, Iowa Coal had to prove [the defendant’s] motive
in its interference was to financially injure or destroy Iowa Coal.
Additionally, Iowa Coal had to prove the profits it lost from such
interference.
What we have here is a situation in which the demand for
recovery, the rights alleged to be infringed, and the applicable
principles of law are different. Additionally, the award in the present
action for the tortious interference claim would not infringe rights
established in Iowa Coal I. In short, the causes of action or claims
in the two lawsuits are not the same. In such circumstances, res
judicata in the sense of claim preclusion does not bar the
intentional interference claim inasmuch as such claim was not
litigated or determined in Iowa Coal I. The fact that at Iowa Coal’s
option the intentional interference claim might have been litigated in
Iowa Coal I is of no consequence. If a second suit is brought upon
a different claim or cause of action, the judgment in the first action
operates as a bar only to questions actually litigated and
 16

determined in the original action, not what might have been litigated
and determined.

Id. at 444 (emphasis added).

B. Merits. We first address United Fire’s claim the protected right in both

cases is the right to recover the proper amount under the insurance policy.

When we look at the rights involved, we disagree. The plaintiffs’ right under the

first action—a contract claim—is the right to be paid the contracted-for insurance

benefits after suffering an insured loss. See Magnusson Agency v. Pub. Entity

Nat’l Co.-Midwest, 560 N.W.2d 20, 25 (Iowa 1997) (stating elements for breach

of contract). In contrast, the plaintiffs’ protected right under the intentional tort of

bad faith is the right to have United Fire process its claim in a nontortious,

reasonable manner. See Kiner v. Reliance Ins. Co., 463 N.W.2d 9, 12 (Iowa

1990) (“To show a claim for bad faith, a plaintiff must show the absence of a

reasonable basis for denying benefits of the policy and defendant’s knowledge or

reckless disregard of the lack of a reasonable basis for denying the claim.”).

Accordingly, the protected right of being paid contracted-for benefits is not the

same as the protected right that the insurance company utilize an objectively and

subjectively nontortious claim process. See Westway, 314 N.W.2d at 401

(holding res judicata did not bar a second action in which the relevant issue was

whether the defendants wrongfully denied a right under the contract—the

asserted invasion of rights was not the same).

United Fire also claims the alleged wrong is the same—it did not pay as

much as the plaintiffs’ claimed was due based on a disagreement as to the

proper amount of damages. See Pavone, 807 N.W.2d at 835 (stating courts
 17

analyze whether “the acts complained of” are the same). We believe, however,

the alleged wrong in the first action was United Fire’s breach of contract by failing

to pay the amounts owed under the insurance policy while the alleged wrong in

this tort action is United Fire’s knowing and intentional failure to conduct its claim

process and claim administration in a nontortious manner—a scope of conduct

much broader than a mere failure to pay. See Schmueser, 937 F.2d at 1031

(ruling the two cases involved separate and distinct causes of action under Texas

law where: (1) the actions have different theories of recovery, i.e., contract and

tort; (2) the actions have different operative facts—the contract action “required

nothing more than a showing that the conditions contained in the letter of credit

were satisfied, yet the Bank refused to pay,” in contrast the breach-of-duty-of-

good-faith claim “required proof that the Bank engaged in unfair or dishonest

conduct involving the letter of credit”; and (3) the actions have different measures

of recovery—the Bank’s contract-liability damages, in contrast the tort damages

not available in the first contract action); see also Young Eng’rs, Inc. v. U.S. Int’l

Trade Comm’n, 721 F.2d 1305, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (stating “we find no

authority that claim preclusion would apply to conduct of a different nature from

that involved in the prior litigation”).

We further note the recovery available in the contract action is not the

same as the recovery the plaintiffs’ seek in the tort action. See Pavone, 807

N.W.2d at 835 (stating courts analyze whether the “recovery demanded” is the

same); Iowa Coal, 555 N.W.2d at 444 (finding claim preclusion inapplicable—the

second action seeks “a far different recovery”).
 18

Finally, we turn to the “relevant evidence” element. Pavone, 807 N.W.2d

at 835 (stating courts analyze whether “the same evidence will support both

actions”). The Iowa Coal court instructed, the “test generally applied is to

consider the identity of facts essential to their maintenance, or whether the same

evidence would sustain both. If the same facts or evidence would sustain both,”

the second action is barred. 555 N.W.2d at 441. “If, however, the two actions

rest upon different states of facts, or if different proofs would be required to

sustain the two actions, a judgment in one is no bar to the maintenance of the

other.” Id.; see Leuchtenmacher, 460 N.W.2d at 861 (recognizing “a bad-faith

claim might well be based on events subsequent to the filing of the suit on a

policy and therefore could not be based on the ‘same’ facts”).

Here, the relevant evidence in the contract case, as shown on the jury

form, involved a determination of the value of the building and the value of the

personal property. In contrast, in this tort action the jury will evaluate the facts

showing how United Fire employees conducted the processing of the plaintiffs’

claim and the employee’s decision-making processes. See Computer Assocs.

Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 126 F.3d 365, 369 (2d Cir. 1997) (“A first judgment will

generally have preclusive effect only where the transaction or connected series

of transactions at issue in both suits is the same, that is where the same

evidence is needed to support both claims, and where the facts essential to the

second were present in the first.”). As one example, the internal discussions of

the facts between the adjuster and the adjuster’s supervisors would not be

relevant to or discoverable in the contract action but would be both relevant and
 19

discoverable in the tort action. Specifically, the first element the plaintiffs must

prove is that United Fire objectively “had no reasonable basis for denying” their

claim. See Bellville v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 702 N.W.2d 468, 473-74 (Iowa

2005) (stating the jury decides “whether evidence existed to justify denial of the

claim” and recognizing the fact the insurer’s position ultimately is not successful

“is not sufficient by itself to establish the first element of a bad faith claim”).

The second element the plaintiffs must establish in tort is that United Fire

subjectively “knew or had reason to know” its denial “was without a reasonable

basis.” See id. at 474-75 (“An insurer’s negligent or sub-par investigation or

evaluation of a claim is relevant to the fact finder’s determination of whether the

insurer should have known its denial lacked a reasonable basis.”). On this

subjective element, the plaintiffs must provide evidence showing “the basis” for

United Fire’s valuation was unreasonable. See id. at 475. Because bad faith is

an intentional tort, the evidence will involve the intent of the employees

throughout the claim process. See id. Evidence of United Fire employees’ intent

and conduct during their processing of the plaintiffs’ claim is not necessary for or

relevant to the evidence proving damages for a breach of contract. See

Robinson, 629 F.2d at 501–02 (stating the Arkansas tort claim for deceit is an

independent cause of action, in part, because the tort action “will require proof

substantively different from that presented in [the plaintiff’s] suit for policy

proceeds”); Corral, 155 Cal. Rptr. at 345 (ruling a proceeding to recover benefits

under insurance contract was not res judicata to a bad-faith cause of action that

was not based on facts surrounding the crash or the terms of the policy but on
 20

the insurance company’s actions thereafter). Therefore, unlike the B & B Asphalt

case, the tort claim here does not depend on “evidence of the same events” and

the “same conduct.” 242 N.W.2d at 287.

United Fire points to the letters sent by the previous lawyer for the

plaintiffs alleging it was acting in bad faith. However, we conclude the letters

broadly alleging bad faith during the parties’ negotiations of the insurance claim

do not show the bar of claim preclusion is mandated. On the other hand, United

Fire’s file notes, discoverable only in the tort action, show its own attorney

recognized the differences between the evidence needed for the breach-of-

contract claim and the evidence needed for a potential bad-faith claim. In the file

notes the attorney explained that if the first lawsuit for breach of contract had

asserted bad faith, he would need to withdraw as an attorney and be a witness.

But, as the first lawsuit did not assert bad faith, he explained he would not have

to withdraw and would not need to testify. Thus, the file notes available in tort

discovery provide additional support for our determination the relevant evidence

is not the same.

Our discussion of the relevant evidence shows the facts in the two cases

are not sufficiently related in time, space, origin, or motivation to constitute the

same transaction and same claim. See Restatement (Second) of Judgments

§ 24, cmt. b, at 199. Neither do the claims form a convenient trial unit since the

plaintiffs’ discovery of United Fire’s file notes showing its claim-processing

decisions would logically occur after the conclusion of the litigation limited to a

breach of contract. As the district court noted, trial to the same panel of jurors
 21

after extended discovery on the bad-faith claim is not likely. See id. Also, a

leading treatise recognizes that nearly all federal circuit courts agree claim

preclusion is measured by claims that had accrued by the time of the original

pleading in the earlier action and here, some of the evidence of bad faith

occurred as late as during the first trial, for example, the surprising trial testimony

of United Fire’s primary claims adjuster that she had no opinion of the actual

value of the building, in contrast to her file documentation, discoverable in the tort

action, wherein she did, in fact, place a fair value on the building. See 18

Charles A. Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Edward H. Cooper, Federal Practice and

Procedure § 4409, at 213-20 (2d ed. 2002) (“The rules that expand the

dimensions of a cause of action as time goes on require clear identification of a

stopping point. Most cases rule that an action need include only the portions of

the claim due at the time of commencing that action, frequently observing that

the opportunity to file a supplemental complaint is not an obligation . . . .

Substantial disruption could result from forced amendment at any time after

substantial discovery has been accomplished, and it is hard to justify any test

relating to the progress of discovery or other pretrial events so clear that plaintiffs

could afford to apply it without seeking explicit judicial guidance. The better rule

is that a claim for damages need include only matters arising out of injuries

inflicted before the action is filed.”); see, e.g., Rawe v. Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co.,

462 F.3d 521, 530 (6th Cir. 2006) (rejecting the insurance company’s argument

res judicata applied because the plaintiff could have amended her complaint and

also concluding the first suit under the UIM policy “does not prospectively
 22

immunize the [insurance company] from liability for future actionable conduct for

bad faith”); Baker Group, L.C. v. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co., 228 F.3d 883,

886 (8th Cir. 2000) (stating under the federal and Kansas rules of civil procedure

the trial court “may permit a plaintiff to supplement its complaint with a cause of

action arising after the original complaint”—the rules are “permissive for the

parties and discretionary for the court” so that the plaintiff’s failure to supplement

its already-commenced action did not raise a res judicata bar precluding the

second suit); Florida Power & Light Co. v. United States, 198 F.3d 1358, 1361

(Fed. Cir. 1999) (stating the two claims are sufficiently discrete and res judicata is

inapplicable where the claims “call for a different legal analysis”); S.E.C. v. First

Jersey Sec., Inc., 101 F.3d 1450, 1464 (2d Cir. 1996) (stating a plaintiff can seek

leave to file a supplemental pleading when the defendant engages in actionable

conduct after the lawsuit is filed “but there is no requirement that plaintiffs do so”

and an “election not to do so is not penalized by application of res judicata”).

In conclusion, because the protected right, the alleged wrong, the

recovery sought, and the relevant evidence in the current tort lawsuit are different

than in the prior contract lawsuit, claim preclusion does not apply to bar the

plaintiffs’ tort claim. See Iowa Coal, 555 N.W.2d at 444. (“What we have here is

a situation in which the demand for recovery, the rights alleged to be infringed,

and the applicable principles of law are different.”). The plaintiffs’ separate and

distinct bad-faith tort claim, in the circumstances of this case, is a “related”

permissible counterclaim as opposed to being the “same claim.” See Westway,

314 N.W.2d at 401. As was the case in Iowa Coal, “[t]he fact that at [the
 23

plaintiffs’] option the intentional [tort] claim might have been litigated in [the

contract case] is of no consequence.” 555 N.W.2d at 444. The plaintiffs’ tort

lawsuit, therefore, is not barred by the doctrine of claim preclusion, and the

district court erred in so ruling.

IV. Parties in Interest

The plaintiffs also appeal the district court’s ruling that the individual

plaintiffs, Villarreal and Martinez, are not entitled to recover in tort as insureds

under the insurance policy. They contend under the doctrine of issue preclusion,

United Fire cannot now claim the individual plaintiffs are not insured under the

policy.

The doctrine of “issue preclusion provides once a court has decided an

issue of fact or law necessary to its judgment, the same issue should not be

relitigated in later proceedings.” Gardner v. Hartford Ins. Accident & Indem. Co.,

659 N.W.2d 198, 202 (Iowa 2003) (stating issue preclusion protects litigants from

“the vexation of relitigating identical issues with identical parties” and the doctrine

“promotes judicial economy”). For issue preclusion to apply, the plaintiffs must

prove four elements: (1) “the issue determined in the prior action is identical to

the present issue”; (2) in the prior action, “the issue was raised and litigated”; (3)

in the prior action, “the issue was material and relevant to the disposition”; and

(4) in the prior action, “the determination made of the issue was necessary and

essential to the resulting judgment.” Id.

In paragraph 5 of the plaintiffs’ breach-of-contract petition, they alleged the

plaintiffs and United Fire “entered into a contractual agreement wherein [United
 24

Fire] provided the plaintiffs with commercial property insurance.” (Emphasis

added.) United Fire’s answer stated it “[a]dmits the allegation contained in

paragraph 5.” In paragraph 14 of the plaintiffs’ breach-of-contract petition, they

alleged: “The plaintiffs purchased the insurance coverage and executed the

insurance contract in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa.” (Emphasis added.) United

Fire’s answer stated it “[a]dmits the allegation contained in paragraph 14.”

Immediately prior to trial in the contract action, the parties informed the court of

their stipulations that again showed the agreement of the parties on the factual

issue of whether Ben Villarreal Jr. and Cleo Martinez were insureds under the

policy:

UNITED FIRE: Okay. Number 2, plaintiffs La Casa
Martinez, Ben Villarreal, Jr., and Cleo Martinez were insured for the
value of the building and the personal property with the defendant
United Fire & Casualty. And number 3, the fire that destroyed the
property in question in this lawsuit was accidental. And that’s the
end of our stipulation.
PLAINTIFFS: Yes, so stipulated.
THE COURT: . . . I’ll just put that right in the instructions
again, in writing, for the jury to review at the outset so they know
what they don’t have to decide. Thank you.

Thus, in the contract action United Fire stipulated Villarreal and Martinez

were insureds under the United Fire policy rather than leaving that issue for the

jury to determine. United Fire’s check with a memo notation “satisfaction of

judgment” listed all three plaintiffs as payees: “Ben Villarreal Jr., Cleo Martinez,

and La Casa Martinez Tex Mex Inc.”

The pleadings, the stipulation, and the check cover the identical issue

raised in this tort action—whether Villarreal and Martinez were insureds—

element one of issue preclusion, and was raised and resolved by the pleadings,
 25

the stipulation, and the check in the contract action, element two. Whether

Villarreal and Martinez were insureds under the policy was “material and

relevant” to whether United Fire breached a contractual duty to them, element

three. Finally, whether Villarreal and Martinez were insureds under the policy is

a necessary determination before judgment for United Fire’s breach of contract

can be entered on their behalf, element four. We conclude issue preclusion bars

United Fire from now claiming in the tort action that the individual plaintiffs,

Villarreal and Martinez, are not insureds under the insurance policy.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Mullins, P.J., concurs; McDonald, J., dissents.
 26

MCDONALD, J. (dissenting)

“Claim preclusion . . . is based on the principle that a party may not split or

try his claim piecemeal . . . .” See B & B Asphalt Co., Inc. v. T. S. McShane Co.,

Inc., 242 N.W.2d 279, 286 (Iowa 1976). Thus, “[a]n adjudication in a former suit

between the same parties on the same claim is final as to all matters which could

have been presented to the court for determination, and a party must litigate all

matters growing out of its claim at one time rather than in separate actions.”

Leuchtenmacher v. Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 460 N.W.2d 858, 860 (Iowa

1990). I would hold the plaintiffs’ second action is the “same claim” as that

brought in their first action and is thus barred by the doctrine of claim preclusion.

Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

Iowa has adopted the transactional approach set forth in the Restatement

(Second) of Judgments in determining whether a second claim is barred res

judicata. See id. Under this approach, “the claim extinguished includes all rights

of the plaintiff to remedies against the defendant with respect to all or any part of

the transaction, or series of connected transactions, out of which the action

arose.” Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24, at 196 (1982).

What factual grouping constitutes a ‘transaction’, and what
groupings constitute a ‘series’, are to be determined pragmatically,
giving weight to such considerations as whether the facts are
related in time, space, origin, or motivation, whether they form a
convenient trial unit, and whether their treatment as a unit conforms
to the parties’ expectations or business understanding or usage.

Id. “The expression ‘transaction, or series of connected transactions,’ is not

capable of a mathematically precise definition; it invokes a pragmatic standard to

be applied with attention to the facts of the cases.” Id., cmt. b. “In general, the
 27

expression connotes a natural grouping or common nucleus of operative facts.”

Id. at 196.

The basis of my dissent is the majority’s characterization of the claim at

issue. In concluding the plaintiffs’ second claim is not barred, the majority

characterizes the second claim as the insurer’s “knowing and intentional failure to

conduct its claim process and claim administration in a nontortious manner—a

scope of conduct much broader than a mere failure to pay.” That is not the claim

plaintiffs asserted. The plaintiffs’ claim, as pleaded, is for “denying or failing to

make payment on the insurance claims.” Bad-faith claim processing and bad-

faith claim denial are separate and distinct. See, e.g., Calvert v. Am. Family Ins.

Grp., 711 N.W.2d 733 (Iowa Ct. App. 2006) (discussing claim for bad faith delay

in processing claim); Verne R. Houghton Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Orr Drywall Co.,

470 N.W.2d 39, 41 (Iowa 1991) (noting cause of action for bad faith processing

of claim); Reuter v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., Inc., 469 N.W.2d 250, 253

(Iowa 1991) (noting causes of action for both kinds of claims). We are obligated

to compare the claims actually asserted.

The plaintiffs’ second claim, as pleaded by the plaintiffs, arises out of the

same nucleus of operative facts as their first claim and is the “same claim” for

claim preclusion purposes. Plaintiffs’ first claim arose out of the defendant’s

failure to pay insurance benefits. Plaintiffs’ second claim, as pleaded by the

plaintiffs, arose out of the defendant’s allegedly unreasonable failure to pay

insurance benefits. In both cases, the critical operative fact is the denial of

plaintiffs’ insurance claim. The transactions are thus more than closely related in
 28

time, space, and origin; they are identical. While the majority is correct that the

insurer’s reason for denying the claim is now at issue, that distinction does not

deny the second suit arises out of the same transaction as the first. Of those

courts that have adopted the transactional approach set forth in the Restatement

(Second) of Judgments, the weight of authority holds that a second suit for bad

faith claim denial is barred following a suit for breach of contract for failure to pay

the claim. See, e.g., Reid v. Transp. Ins. Co., 502 Fed. App’x 157, 159-60 (3d.

Cir. 2012) (applying New Jersey law and holding the entire controversy doctrine

barred first-party bad-faith claim following first-party underinsured motorist

litigation); Rowe v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 462 F.3d 521, 528–29 (6th Cir. 2006)

(applying federal res judicata principles and holding claim barred); Porn v. Nat’l

Grange Mut. Ins. Co., 93 F.3d 31, 34 (1st Cir. 1996) (applying “transactional

approach” and barring subsequent bad faith claims that should have been raised

in prior case for benefits); Zweber v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., ___

F.Supp.2d ___, ___, 2014 WL 3900578, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 11, 2014)

(holding bad-faith claim barred res judicata); Smith v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., No. C12-1505-JCC, 2013 WL 1499265, at *6 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 11, 2013)

(holding claim barred); Stafford v. Jewelers Mut. Ins. Co., No. C12–0050, 2013

WL 796272, at *13 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 4, 2013) (“[A] majority of the courts that have

considered whether the facts underlying a breach-of-insurance-contract claim

and a bad-faith claim are sufficiently related for purposes of res judicata have

concluded that both claims arise out of an insurer’s refusal to pay the insured the

proceeds of the policy.”); Madison v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., No. C11–0157,
 29

2012 WL 2919373, at *2–3 (W.D. Ky. July 17, 2012) (holding bad-faith claims

barred res judicata); Viscusi v. Progressive Universal Ins. Co., No. 2009AP942,

2010 WL 94024, at *2 (Wis. Ct. App. Jan 12, 2010) (summarizing cases and

concluding claim is barred); Salazar v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 148 P.3d

278 (Colo. App. 2006) (barring subsequent bad-faith action); Powell v. Infinity

Ins. Co., 922 A.2d 1073 (Conn. 2007) (same).

I would follow the majority rule and affirm the judgment of the district court.